@

Forests.Treesand Livelihoods, 2006, Vol. 16,pp. 00-00

1472-8028$10
<02006 A B Academic Publishers-Printed in Great Britain

SMALI.JHOLDER TREE NURSERY OPERATIONS IN

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES -SUPPORTING MECHANISMS
FOR TIMBER TREE DOMESTICATION

W.M. CARANDANOI, E.L. TOLENTINO JR,2AND I.M. ROSHETKO3

JInstitute ofAgroforestry, College ofForestryand Natural Resources
2Institute of RenewableNatural Resources,Collegeof Forestryand Natural Resources
3World Agroforestry Centre and Winrock International

ABSTRACT

The production of high quality planting stock is a critical activity for the improvement of
agroforestry practices through tree domestication. Tree nurseries of smallholder farmers' in three
Provinces of southern and central Philippines were surveyed to determine the forces that int1uenced
the production and distribution of seedlings. The reasons for tree nursery establishment. the choice
of species and the marketing of the planting stock were investigated by questionnaire. These data
were used to assess the implications of these factors on tree domestication efforts in the country.
The reasons given by nurserymen for the establishment of small nurseries included:

@ .the large demand for planting material,

.the desire among farmers to plant trees on farm,
~
.the need for an opportunity to augment meager income, and
.the encouragement being given by government and non-government organizations to promote
upland development.

The choice of species was driven by:

.the existing market demand,
.the availa"tl,\!ityof seeds and other propagules in the locality,
.the influence of organizf.r.ionsftmding llpland agroforestry activities; and
.the previous experience of the nursery operators.

Interest in producing planting material of indigenous tree species is high but constrained by: a
lack of seed, the distance to seed sources, the lack of propagation technologies, and the lack of
awarenessamong agroforestry practitioners of the use and potentia) of native species and their niche
on-farm. The increasing interest in tree planting in agroforestry farms in the Philippines clearly is
complemented by the interest and development of these smallholder tree nurseries. However, this
interest is constrained by the lack of technical skills among the potential nursery operators and the
inadequacy of extension services to facilitate the acquisition of such skills.

Key words: Agroforestry, smallholder timber production, timber marketing, village nurseries.

lUniversity of the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.

e-mail: iaf@laguna.net
2University of the Philippines Los Banos, College. Laguna 4031, Philippines.
e-mail: eltj@mudspring.uplb.edu.ph
3PQBox 161,Bogor 16001, Indonesia,e-mail: j.roshetko@cgiar.org

@
 @

2 CARANDANGETAL.

INTRODUCTION

The interest in and practice of smallholder timber farming has grown

phenomenally in the Philippines since the 1980s. Today, small tree farms dot
the landscape of the island of Mindanao and some provinces in the northern
part of the island of Luzon. For example, small plantations of Gmelina arborea
Roxb are common in the Cagayan Valley and in northern Mindanao, while
Eucalyptus spp. have been planted on a large number of farms on the slopes
of Mt. Kitanglad in Bukidnon (Figure 1). Swietenia macrophyLLaKing & S. has
been widely planted in Laguna. This establishmentof small tree farms allover
the country has resulted from the phasing-out of large-scale commercial logging
and the increased emphasis on community-based forest resources management.
Trees have "occupied ecological niches in lowland and upland farms in the
Philippines for a long time, but it is only since smallholder farmers have become
aware of the huge market existing for timber and wood products that they have
started to plant timber species.The growing awarenessamong Filipino farmers
of the economic benefits of introducing trees and other perennial crops into their
farming systems has become the incentive for smallholder tree farming in the
country.
In the Philippines, the current interest in smallholder tree farming has
contributed to the movement of trees from the forests to farmers' fields. As
in other parts, Qf the world, agroforestry by smallholder tree farmers in the
@ Philippines is a potent force for positive changes in the rural sector, one which @
can be driven by the science and practice of tree domestication (Koffa and
Garrity 2001, Simons and Leakey 2004). Garrity (2004) has indicated ways in
which the domestication and commercialization of high-value tree products can
contribute to the attainment of the United Nation's Millennium Development
Goals -to alleviate poverty and hunger, encourage social equity and reduce
environmental deg,radation.
From a 'system's perspective', tree farming involves the integration of
trees into the landscape in ways that have economic, social and environmental
benefits. This is dependent on the availability of both infrastructure and skills
for tree seed production, the propagation of planting material in tree nurseries,
the establishment and maintenance of trees on farms, the harvesting of the tree
products and their marketing. This paper discussesthe importance of tree nursery
operations to th~ success of smallholder tree farming.

METHODOLOGY

This study on smallholder tree nurseries was done in the Provinces of Cebu
in central Philippines and in Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental in the south of
the Philippine archipelago (Figure 1). Forty-eight tree nurseries were selected,
visited and their operators interviewed using a structured questionnaire to
determine the factors, which govern the production and distribution of planting

@)
 @

SMALLHOLDER TREE NURSERY OPERATIONSIN SOUTHERNPHILIPPINES 3

'"~ Q-'~
' I");~'
I "
"""Cebu
!
j ;"""'

~ ~4~

""",Ii1,,,~
(14 Nurseries)

Figure 1, Map of the Philippines showing field study sites.

@ stocks in their respective areas. Specifically, the survey focused on:- the reasons @
for developing the tree nursery enterprise, the factors influencing the choice of
species to produce, and the process of marketing planting material.
Nurseries were identified with the assistance of the regional office of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in Cebu City. This
office also facilitated the visits and interviews in Cebu Province. Nurseries
collaborati~ with the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) in Bukidnon, and
in Misamis Oriental, were used in the Municipalities of Lantapan and Claveria,
respectively. After completing the nursery interviews and doing the preliminary
analyses of the data, a half-day workshop was conducted at each site to share
and to validate the observationsand results with the nursery respondents,DENR
personnel and local ICRAF staff. These gatherings also served as fora where the
nursery operators could share their experiences in tree nursery operations and
management, and express their concerns about their activities and the factors
affecting the adoption of agroforestry practices.

RESULTS

Ownership of tree nurseries

The 48 nurseries surveyed can be divided into three types -individual or family
operated (54%), group operated (40%), and school nurseries (6%). The first

@
 ~

4
CARANDANGETAL
category was common in Cebu Province. Group nurseries, which were mo~tly
established and operated by a community, were dominant in Claveria, wh!ere
'Barangays' (smallest unit of local government) maintain networks of nurseries to
support reforestation/tree planting efforts at strategic locations. School nurseries
were primarily established to provide stock for planting on school campuses\ind
to promote an awareness of the value of tree planting among students. Most
individual and group nurseries, especial1y in Bukidnon and Misamis OrieQtal,
were established to supply the planting stock requirements for the individual
operators or the members of the Group (Figure 2). The establishment and
operation of nurseries for commercial purpose was the least common, but was
more common in Cebu where there was a large demand for planting material
by govern~nt contract reforestation and community-based forest management
projects.

Physical characteristics and production capacity of the nurseries

The majority of the tree nurseries surveyed were located either near the operat~r's
house or along the road. Nurseries varied in size from 4 sq. m. to 100 sq. m.
Seedling beds, occupied the bulk of the nursery area. Crude makeshift bam~oo
facilities and structures such as germination boxes elevated on bamboo platfo~ms
and bamboo fences typify these nurseries.The production system usually utili~ed
@ black polyethylene nursery bags, although one nursery made use of milk and
candy cartons as seedling containers.
@

Ih
.~
~
Ih
5
c
'0
0
z

Figure 2. Number of nurseries responding to questionnaire about their ownership status in

Cebu, Claveria and Lantapan. in [he Philippines

@
 @

SMALLHOLDER TREE NURSERY OPERATIONS IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES 5

The majority (36) of the 48 nurseriesresponding surveyedwere producing less

than 9,000 seedlings annually (Figure 3). These nurseries were of all three types
and were mainly found in Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental, while the larger ones
were mainly individually owned. Seedling production in the smaller nurseries
primarily supplied the planting stock requirements of individual landowners (the
nursery operator) or those of the group/community members. The remaining
l2nurseries were market-oriented, producing over 9,000 seedlings per year and
were mostly found in Cebu. These commercial nurseries were often located
along the roadside making them accessibleand visible to customers.

Training and previous experiencein tree nursery management

The majority of the nursery operators interviewed had been trained in tree
establishment. management and production. Those in Bukidnon and Misamis
Oriental had attended training courses conducted by ICRAF. In Bukidnon, there
were several respondents who were former employees of provincial watershed
development and reforestation projects. In Cebu, some of the respondents had
been involved in tree nursery activities of governmentimplemented reforestation
projects. One nursery operator had been trained through a nursery program of
a mining firm operating in the province. The establishment of all tree nursery
operators in Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental was facilitated by ICRAF as part
@ of its upland development initiatives. (!j)

Figure 3. Level of plant production in different nurseries in Cebu. Claveria and Lantapan.
in the Philippines. An additional 12 nurseries only reported that their annual production was
less than 9000 plants.

@
 @

6 CARANDANGETAL.

Speciesproduced
The majority (59%) of the planting material produced in th~ tree nurseries
was of timber species; fruit trees made the next biggest group (36%) with the
remainder having other uses. Among the nurseries producing timber species,
71 % were producing only exotics, while only 29 % were raisi~ native species.
Eucalyptus deglupta Sm. (48%) and Swietenia macrophylla'- (35%) were the
two most common exotic species produced by all three nurseries. Pterocarpus
indicus Willd., Podocarpusphilippinensis Foxw. and Castanopsisphilippinensis
(Blanco)Vidal were the most common native speciesidentified during the study.
The last two species were produced by nurseries owned by individuals.
Criteria. cited by the respondents for the choice of species grown in their
nurserieswere:

.demand -individual, group or market preference (29%),

.proven utility of the species either as wood for construction or fuel (25%),
.fast growth of the species in plantation (10%),
.availability of seedsfrom nearby sources (9%),
.environmental services provided by the species (9%),
.the wide adaptation of the species (8%),
.the excellent wood quality of the species (6%),
.influence trom others (4%).
@ Lr @
In the Prqvince of C~bu there was a high demand for Gmelina arborea and
Swieteni~o\'macrophylla, the two most popular species in community-based
reforestation projects in the area, stIch as the Osmena Reforestation Project
(ORP). Plantations of G. arborea are common in both the northern and southern
parts of Cebu Province. Interestingly, most of the nursery operators in the area
are either former employees of the ORP or have family connections with the
project. In contrast, in Bukidnon, the high demand for Eucalyptus spp. is based
on the species excellent growth characteristicsand a good supply of seedsfrom
the nearby stands. In addition, ICRAF staff helped nursery operators to obtain
seed from non-local sources for testing.
Following the observed emphasis on the exotics in most of the tree nurseries
surveyed, the study sought information as to why operators were not producing
indigenous tree species (ITS). The most common response was;

.lack of seed or other germplasm (45%), followed by

.lack of propagation technologies (19%),
.the absence of market demand (11 %),
.their slow growth (6%), and
.the popularity of exotics (6%)

13% of nursery operatorspreferred to raise fruit trees becausethey are in demand.

while others believed that governmentrestrictions on the cutting of native species

@
 @

SMALLHOLDER TREE NURSERY OPERATIONS IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

was a disincentive to farmers wanting to plant indigenous species.The majority

of the nursery operators" however, expresseda willingness to produce seedlings
of native species if the identified constraints could be overcome.

DISCUSSION

In Lantapan and Claveria, the smallholder tree nurseries were established to

support smallholder tree farming sy~tems in the area. In the remote areas of
the Philippines, small, decentralized tree nurseries are better in this role than
larger centralized nurseries (Koffa and Garrity 200 I) because they are located
near the smallholder farms, making them more convenient, safe, and less
cos"tly. Smallholder tree nursery operations also provide a wider distribution of
the economic benefits from planting stock production. Consequently, it is not
surprising to see that in Misamis Oriental. there is a multitude of small scale
woodlots planted as blocks. boundaries and other agroforestry practices.
Participatory tree domestication involves accelerated and human-induced
evolution to bring speciesinto wider cultivation through a farmer-led and market-
driven process (Simons, 1996). In the case of exotic tree species, Roshetko
and Verbist (2000) interpret this as the process of naturalizing, improving its
cultivation and enhancing its use for humankind. As a tree speciesis domesticated,
its biological characteristics change in responseto selection pressures and as it
@ adapts to a new environment. Genetic selection within the domestication process @
typically targets production and utilization (quality) traits of the species, so
improving the growth and usefulness of the trees in different ways. The tree
domestication process, therefore. involves interactions between people and trees,
as does the establishment of a tree nursery. Thus, when a native tree species is
cultivated for the first time in an area, tree nurseries can serve as the focus for
domestiootion and increased cultivation, making planting material more readily
available.':Consequently,the production of pl~nting material in tree nurseries is
one of the pathways to "domestication.

Factors driving the establishmentof smallholder tree nurseries

The results of this study indicate that the informal nursery network in the
Philippines has the potential to provide support for future participatory tree
domestication programmes by meeting the needs of farmers and the marketplace.
In the province of Cebu. the nursery operators were clearly motivated by
the demand for planting material of timber trees (Swietenia macrophylla and
Gmelina arborea) for reforestation and watershed rehabilitation. The latter was
a strong motivating force in the northern part of the province. while in Misamis
Oriental. there was a strong preference for fruit trees.
Market opportunities genera11y influence the developmentof tree domestication
(Leakey and Simons. 1998). This study clearly confirmed that nursery operators

@
 @

8 CARANDANGETAL

in the Philippines are responding to market forces. When asked about the reasons
for choosing the speciesto be raised in the tree nurseries,32% of the responses
were market related. In this study, some of the driving forces for domestication
which are related to the market were found to be:

fair accessto markets.

efficient and effective promotional strategies for their planting stocks.
well established marketing channels. and
the provision of adequate market information to guide them in the pricing of
their products.

This supports.t\1eresults of a study (Koffa and Garrity unpublished) in Lantapan,

and Bukidnon. that found that the need to earn money is the primary reason
that 47% of the people planted trees. Arnold and Dewees (1992) have reported
that farmers are likely to enter the market for tree products in the absence of
other income opportunities; a situation that is common in the Philippine uplands.
However, Predo (2002) has found that timber trees are planted when the returns
from other crops decline.
~! Constraints to the establishment of smallholder tree nurseries
v'
Inadequate supply of seeds
,.
@ This study identified the need for a sustained supply or local source of seeds @
as a primary requirement for producing planting material of particular species.
The presence of these species in the area may have acted as a stimulus to the
establishment of nurseries producing progeny from numerous phenotypically
superior mother trees of Swietenia macrophylla in central Cebu, and eucalypts
in Lantapan. Bukidnon. Conversely, the lack of seed was said to be preventing
these opera~o!,!fr~ producing indigenous species in their nurseries. This has
also been(~lso:found to be a serious constraint to nursery operations in other
afeas~'So,j.ttteasi
Asia (Roshetko et al. 2004, Harwood et at. 1999).
Q,,4"
Gehetic improvement of germplasm

The use of quality germplasm was not identified as an important aspect of tree
nursery operation by any of the tree nursery operators interviewed. In most
cases,farmers repeatedly collect seedsfrom the same sources without following
appropriate seed handling and processing. Farmers' and nursery operators'
methods of production, collection, processing and handling are inadequate and
do not ensure the physical and genetic quality of the tree seeds. Support to
enhance their technical capacity in tree improvement through formal or informal
training is required.
The emerging interest in growing indigenous species in the Philippines through
domestication and genetic improvement, could provide welcome alternatives
for industrial wood production, potentially satisfying the increasing demand

@J
 @

SMALLHOLDER TREE NURSERY OPERATIONS IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES 9

for wood in the country. Importantly, there are many native species such as
Prerocarpus indicus, Podocarpus philippinensis and Casranopsisphilippinensis
with high production potential, good growth qualities and excellent utilization
properties. for which there is also a high market demand. The identification and
domestication of native timber speciescould create opportunities for tree farming
by smallholders. Overcoming the regenerationconstraints for these species will
make them suitable for the low intensity silvicultural regimes of smallolder tree
farmers. The development of nursery production technologies that are suitable
to the smallholder production systems of these native species are crucial for the
widespread adoption of agroforestry.

Pathwaysfor seed distribution

Roshetko and Verbist (2000) recognized three ways in which improved seeds can
be made available to the farmers. The first pathway is through the distribution
of seedsoriginating from national researchcentres, community based NGOs and
the private sector. The second is through the dissemination of selectedtree seeds
originating from farmers and farmer groups. The last is direct diffusion, through
informal farmer-to-farmer exchange.Tree domestication efforts can be enhanced
by the intensity with which the last two pathways are realized in the field.
Smallholder farmers are relatively independent from the formal seed sector, as
there is a. ~endencyfor smallholder tree nursery operators to produce or procure
@ seed themselves. This results from experience with agronomic crops, in which @
the formal sector often fails to meet the requirements of the farmers (Sperling et
al. 1996, Tripp 1995, Hendersenand Singh 1990) and is characterized as often
unreliable, inefficient and expensive for farmers (Koffa and Roshetko 1999).
One of the positive impacts of this self reliance is the ability of farmers to
test empirical knowledge, enhance innovation, and to invest limited resources
to serve their own interests (Garay 1990). This is especially important because
smallholder, resource-poor,farmers generally are not able to pay the high costs
of improved germplasm. The benefits of farmer-managed seed production and
distribution systems have been further enumerated by Koffa and Garrity (2001).
When farmers collect, handle, process and store seed for themselves, they are
readily available, investment is minimal, and farmers can know the quality of
their seed through tests done under their own conditions.
Formal sources of quality tree seeds were not available to farmers in the
Philippines. To fill this niche, a farmer-managed system for seed production
and distribution has been established in Bukidnon. The Agroforestry Tree Seed
Association of Lantapan (ATSAL) is a group of smallholder seed producers
whose objectives are:

.to sustainably collect and process tree seedsto meet household tree growing
needs and for the markets;
.to establish, develop and efficiently manage tree nurseries and tree-growing
activities;

@t
 @t

10 CARANDANGETAL

to harvest, process and market trees and tree products and to produce wood
for home consumption;
to train other farmers in Lantapan and beyond in the proper collection and
handling of tree seeds,and
to serve as a channel through which quality tree seed or any form of
germplasm can be made available to farmers in the Philippines and Southeast
Asia (ATSAL 2002).

ATSAL may also serve as a catalyst for other individuals and groups who
may develop tree seed production and marketing systems. This farmer-driven
endeavour has great potential to scale-up tree domestication efforts in the
country.
Before ATSAL came into being, most of the nursery operators interviewed
in this study received seeds and/or seedlings from NGOs, the government
through the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) or
local government reforestation projects. Now with ATSAL, smallholder nursery
operators in Bukidnon are raising eucalypts, Maesopsis eminii Engl. and Albizia
lebbekoides(DC.) Benth. becauseseedsupplies of thesespeciesare available from
~\l?e.I\Qr~\'at\d~~~t~b\i&bedthrough the initiatives of various upland development
projects. Such organizations have influenced what farmer's plant in their fields
and are promoting new species, or new varieties of trees for smallholder farms.
A secondary penefit of these development projects has been through capacity
@ building as a number of nursery operators started their businesseswhen they left (!j)
their jobs in the reforestation projects having had some form of training in the
production of planting stocks of tree species.The empowerment of smallholder
tree nursery operator~ through training is generally recognized as the best
means to improve the levels of tree planting skills and develops interests in
greater appreciation of the ecological and economic roles of planting trees in
farms (Koffa and Garrity 2001). Nevertheless training is still needed if more
smallholder tree n.urseriesare to be established.The additional skills gained by
training may also enhance their capacity to disseminate information, knowledge
or skills to other smallholder farmers. with benefits to broader participation in
tree domestication and agroforestry in the area.

The global conte~1

The results of this study have identified a number of forces that have seemingly
encouraged the establishment and operations of tree nurseries as vehicles of
domesticating tree species in the Philippines. The study also revealed certain
factors that tended to deter the progress of timber tree domestication in the
country. The influences of some of these factors on tree domestication, whether
positive or negative. have been reported earlier in other parts of the world.
The smallholder nursery operators' decision to go into seedling production
was not significantly influenced by outside factors. This observation basically
conforms with evidence from many regions of the world (Scherr, 1995). In

@
 @

SMALLHOLDER TREE NURSERY OPERATIONS IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

Southern Cameroon for instance, Schreckenberget al. (2002) found that farmers
have been cultivating safou (Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam) for a long
period without outside influence and despite having no formally acquired skills
in tree planting. The same study also observed that the lack of credit, and the
absence of outside support in terms of seedlings and other inputs did not deter
the farmers from propagating this species.
While external interventions in the form of funds and other material inputs
may not be crucial determinants in encouraging tree domestication efforts as
evidenced in a number of studies (Godoy 1992, Arnold 1996), technical support
on appropriate and cost-effective tree propagation methods is considered critical.
Tree nursel"yoperators in the study have expressedtheir need for further training
on most aspectsof seedlingproduction in general. Observationsalso indicate that
the tree nursery practices of the respondentsin the study mostly fall short of the
standard prescriptions for the production of quality planting stocks including the
use of quality germplasms.The same need for extension is emphasized in South
Cameroon with regards to the growing of safou (Schreckenberg et at. 2002).
This study has pointed out that the tree nursery operators in Cebu were
motivated by the existence of a market for their stocks and that marketing was
facilitated by the proximity of their nurseries to the road. This was also the
case among the farmers in Southern Cameroon who were encouraged to plant
safou because of the easy access to the market for their fruits (Schreckenberg
et at. 2002). They also acknowledge that the marketing of planting material was
@ adversely'affected by the insufficiency of information on the marketing of the @
end product. Poor markets and low prices for their products were identified as
constraints to the domesticationof fruit trees in the Kitui District of Kenya (Muok
et at. 2000). In the Peruvian Amazon Basin, Weber et at. (2000) noted that the
market orientation of the farmers was shown by their increasing attention to the
quality of the fruit trees they were raising rather than on quantity. Their selection
of trees for,..propagationwas principally based on marketable characteristics of
the fruit -lit<e size, sweetness,texture, and skin thickness.
A lack of concern on the use of quality seeds in the production of planting
stocks was observed in all the tree nurseries studied. Earlier studies conducted in
the SoutheastAsian region also revealed this weakness. In the region, Harwood
et at. (1999) recognized that farmers and farmer groups have little access to
sources of quality tree seed and germplasm,and attributed this to the remoteness
of the farms or woodlots, and the lack of information and organizations able to
supply selected material (Koffa and Roshetko 1997, Roshetko et at. 2004).

CONCLUSIONS

This study has established that market forces and the desire to produce planting
stocks for their farms were the factors promoting the establishmentof smallholder
tree nurseries in the Philippines. The existence of a demand for planting
stocks and the presence of well established marketing channels encouraged the

@
 @

12 CARANDANG ET AL.

establishment and operation of such nurseries. Inadequate seed supply and: the
lack of production technologies are constraints to the expansion of smallholder
tree nurseries for the benefit of tree domestication. The critical role of nursery
operators and farmers in providing the pathway for seed/germplasm distributIon,
rather than the national research centres, was identified. To date there \has
been relatively little progress made with improving the genetic quality of "the
germplasm made available to farmers. This aspect of domestication, especi~lly
for indigenous species. and the promotion of training programmesmust " be
tackled. '

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) SoutheastAsia Regional Programme

and Winrock International are thanked for providing funds for this study. 1!'he
.
valuable help of Ms. CatherIne de Luna. Ms. Rose F. Paelmo and other staff of
the Institute of Agroforestry, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLBj is
acknowledged, as are the Institute of Renewable Natural Resources.the Coll~ge
of Forestry and Natural Resources. UPLB for facilities and equipment ~d
field staff of ICRAF- Philippines in Lantapan, Bukidnon and Claveria. Misarnis
Oriental, and staff of the Ecosystems Research and Development Services of
DENR Region,yn in Cebu City. "
@ @

REFERENCES

Arnold J.E.M. and Dewees P.A. (eds). 1995. Tree Management in Farmer Strategies: Responsesto
AgriCllllllrnl lIttensification. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 292 p.
Arnold J.E.M. 1996. Economic factors in farmer adoption of forest products activities. Pp. 131-
146 in: Leakey R'B.. Temu A.B., Melnyk M. and Vantomme P. (eds.), Domestication a!1d
Commercialization of Non-1imber Forest Products in Agroforestry Syslems,Non-Wood Forcst
Products No.9, FAO, Rome, Italy.
ATSAL. 2002. ATSAL -Seed is Life. Agroforesu-y Tree Seed Association of Lantapan (ATSAlI.).
Association Brochure. Lantapan. Bukidnon, The Philippines. 6 p.
Garay A.E. 1990. Artisanal seed supply schemes;a strategy to extend tIle development of organized
seed supply systems to medium and small farmers. Seed Production Mechanisms Workshop,
Singapore, 5-9 November 1990. 7 p.
Garrity D.P. 2004. World agroforestry and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goalls.
Agroforestry Systems61: 5-17.
Godoy R.A. 1992. Determinants of Smallholder Commercial Tree Cultivation. World Developmei;lt
20(5):.713-725.
Harwood C.. Roshetko J.M.. Cadiz R.T., Christie B.o Crompton H., Danarto S., Djogo T., Garrity
D., Palmer J., Pedersen A., Pottinger A., Pushpakumara D.K.N.G., Utama R., van Cooten D..
1999. Domestication strategies and process. pp217-225 in Roshetko J.M. and Evans D.O. (ed$)
Domestication of Agroforestry Trees in Southeast Asia. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree
Research Reports, Special issue. Winrock International, Arkansas, USA.
Hendersen P. and Singh R. 1990. NGO -government link in seed production: case studies from
Gambia and Ethiopia. OverseasDevelopmenl Institute Nettyork Paper no. 14. 27 pp.

@J
 @

SMALLHOLDER TREE NURSERYOPERATIONSIN SOUTHERNPHILIPPINES 13

Koffa S.N. and Garrity D.P. 2001. GrassrOOISempowerment and sustainability in the management
of critical natural resources: the Agroforestry Tree Association of Lantapall. Pp197-217
in: Coxhead I. and Buenavista G. (eds). Seeking sustainability: Challenges of agriculTural
developmentand environmental management in a Philippine watershed. Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Forestry and Natural ResourcesResearch (PCCARD), Los Banos, PhilippiPes.
Koffa S.N. and Roshetko I.M. 1999. Farmer-managedgermplasm production-diffusion pathways in
Lantapan, Bukidnon. Pp. 142-150 in Roshetko, I.M. and Evans D.O. (eds.) Domestidation of
agroforestry trees in SoutheastAsia. Winrock International, Arkansas, USA.
Leakey, R.R.B. and A.I. Simons. 1998. The domestication and commercialization of indigenous
trees in agroforeslry for the alleviation of poverty. Agroforestry Systems38: 165-176.
Muok B.O., Owuor B., Dawson I. and Were I.. 2000. The potential of indigenous fruit trees: results
of a survey in Kitui District, Kenya. Agroforestry Today12(1): 13-16.
Predo C. 2002. Bioeconomic modeling of alternative land uses for grassland area and farmers'
tree-growing decisions in Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Los Banos.
The PhiHppines. 194 pp.
Roshetko J.M., Mulawarman and Dianarto A. 2004. Tree Seed Procurement-Diffusion Parqways in
Wonogiri and Ponorogo, Java: Indonesia's Main Source of Tree Seed, ICRAF Southeast Asia
Working Paper, No. I. Bogor, Indonesia. 16 pp.
Roshetko J. and Verbist B. 2000. Tree Domestication. Lecture Note 6. ICRAF Southeast Asia,
Bogor, Indonesia. ]2 pp.
Schreckenberg K., Degrande A., Mbosso C., Boli-Baboule Z., Boyd C., Enyong L., Karunegne J.
and Ngong C. 2002. The Social and Economic Importance of Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J.
Lam in Southern Cameroon. Forests. Treesand Livelihoods 12: 15-40.
Scherr, S.I. 1995. Meeting household needs: farmer tree-growing strategies in western Kenya.
pp. 141-173 in Arnold J.E.M. and Dewees P.A. (eds) Tree Management in Farmer StraTegies:
Respunsetu Agricultural Inlensificatiun. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

~ Simons A.I.' 1996. ICRAF's strategy for domestication of non-wood forest products. Pp 8-
22 in Leakey R.R.B., Temu A.B., Melnyk M. and Vantomme P. (eds.) Domesticatwn and
Commercialization of Non-1i"mber Forest Products in Agroforestry Systems,Non-Wood Forest
@

Products 9, FAD, Rome, Italy.

Simons A.J. and Leakey R.R.B. 2004. Tree domestication in tropical agroforestry. Agroforestry
Systems 61: 167-181.
Sperling L., Scheidegger U. and Buruhara R. 1996. Designing seed systems with small farmers.
Principles derived from bean researchin the GreatLakes Region of Africa. OverseasDeve~opment
Institute Ne~~rk Paper No. 60. 15 pp.
Tripp R. 1995. Seed regulatory frameworks and resource-poor farmers: a literature review. Overseas
Developmenl Institute Nenvork Paper no. 51. 53 pp.
Weber I.C., Chavarri R.L., Montes C.S., Brodie A.W., Cromwell E., SchreckenbergK. and Simons
A.J. 2000. How farmers use and manage tree germplasm in the Peruvian Amazon Basin.
Agroforestry Today 12(1): 17-22.

@
 POBOX 42
Bicesl~r
axon (!)X6 7NW
Englarld

(O18~9 320949

Please find enclosed proofs of your paper for correction of

printer's errors, together with the ros for reference.

We should be grateful if you would return the corrected proofs,

with the
as follows: ms, within one week by . fastest post, to the Editor

DR MICHAEL PHILIP
LUTON COTTAGE
BRIDGEVIEW ROAD
ABOYNE
AB34SHB
SCOTLAND, UK
Please bear in mind that author's alterations may be chargeable

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT
 f B ACADEMICPUBLISHERS
P
Bi ~Ster
BOX 42

Ox n OX26 6NW
En land

O~869 320949
OFFPRINT ORDER FORM
gOURNAL
VOL/ISSUE
TITLE OF PAPER

~O offprintS are provided for each paper (sent to the fuSI named aLllhor in the cas of muJti-authored .
~apers unJessotherwise instructed).
AdditionaJ offprints may be ordered by compJeting and returning lht~ whole of lhl form to the publisher.
lease note thaI in the case of muJti-authored papers, this form is ~;cnlani:' 10 111euthor to whom proofs
or correction have been sent.) .
!

PRlCESCHEDULE
pT'f

ii
4pp 5-8pp
£ £ 9-12pp Add'j 4pp
£ ~3-16FP £
Iso 66 105 146
90 \79 39
138 187
102 238 52
166 235
121 199 300 73
278 363
144 248 352 85
167 300 456 104
500 190
'~33 566
358 132
508 664 155

ORDER FORM
Vwe should like [0 ordcr
offprints of me paper Jisted abovt~
Please send by air (extra 18%)

Payment enclosed of £
Pleasc send bill
J1>lease
send offprints to NAME:

ADDRESS

Please send bill to NAtvfE

t>ate ADDRESS
~rder No:
23200

i"'UTHOR/S
~