CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Philippine mango (the national fruit) is known worldwide as the best tasting variety of

Carabao mangoes in the world. The Philippines produces about 1 million metric tons of

mangoes a year (3.5% of the world production) – 95% for local consumption & 5% for

export -it generates about US$35 million annually for the country. In Asia, the Philippines is

the largest exporter of mangoes. Hong Kong and Japan are the biggest importers of mangoes

in Asia. Next to bananas and pineapples, mangoes are the Philippines’ most important

agricultural produce in terms of export earnings. (https://www.pinoybisnes.com/).

Mango production was estimated at 57.66 thousand metric tons, -3.8 percent lower

than the 59.93 thousand metric tons produced in the same period of 2021. Carabao mango

production at 47.68 thousand metric tons accounted for 82.7 percent of the country’s total

mango production. Central Visayas posted the highest production of 17.47 thousand metric

tons and contributed 30.3% to the national mango production. Northern Mindanao and

Zamboanga Peninsula followed with 22.0 percent and 13.4 percent shares, respectively (PSA,

2022).

Mango, locally known as “mangga” and scientifically name Mangifera indica L., is

the Philippines’ national fruit. It is also the third most important fruit crop based on export

volume in the Philippines, next to banana and pineapple. The Philippines ranks 10 th among

the top producers of mango in the world with a 2.5% share in production (FAO 2014). Based

on the data from the Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA), as of 2021, Ilocos Region

remained the top mango producer with 124.68 thousand metric tons, contributing 22.4

percent to the national production, followed by SOCCSKSARGEN and Zamboanga

Peninsula which both shared 9.8 percent to the national output. With a very high potential as

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a fresh or processed export product to other untapped export destinations, Carabao mano is a

wide variety, with 450.48 thousand metric tons produced from April to June 2021, accounting

for 80.0% of the total production in the Philippines.

Mangos belong to the genus Mangifera of the family Anacardiaceae. The genus

Mangifera contains several species that bear edible fruit. Most of the fruit trees that are

commonly known as mangos belong to the species Mangifera indica. The other edible

Mangifera species generally have lower quality fruit and are commonly referred to as wild

mangos.

Isabela's 5th congressional district is one of the six congressional districts of the

Philippines in the province of Isabela. It has been represented in the House of Representatives

of the Philippines since 2019.[3] The district consists of the municipalities of Aurora,

Quezon, Qurino, Roxas, and San Manuel. It is currently represented in the 18th Congress by

Faustino Michael Carlos T. Dy III of the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP), who has

represented the district since its creation.

Mango has become naturalized and adapted throughout the tropics and subtropics.

Much of the spread and naturalization has occurred in conjunction with the spread of human

populations, and as such, the mango plays an important part in the diet and cuisine of many

diverse cultures. There are over 1000 named mango varieties throughout the world, which is

a testament to their value to humankind.

Although grown widely, mangos prefer a warm, frost-free climate with a well defined

winter dry season. Rain and high humidity during flowering and fruit development reduces

fruit yields. The tree generally flowers in mid- to late winter, with fruit maturing in the early

to mid-summer months. Mango trees are usually between 3 and 10 m (10–33 ft) tall but can

reach up to 30 m (100 ft) in some forest situations. The canopy is evergreen with a generally

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spreading habit.The heavy canopy of the mango is a source of shelter and shade for both

animals and humans.

Mango fruit has a high nutritional value and health benefits due to important

components. The present manuscript is a comprehensive update on the composition of mango

fruit, including nutritional and phytochemical compounds, and the changes of these during

development and postharvest. Mango components can be grouped into macronutrients

(carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty, and organic acids), micronutrients

(vitamins and minerals), and phytochemicals (phenolic, polyphenol, pigments, and volatile

constituents). Mango fruit also contains structural carbohydrates such as pectins and

cellulose. The major amino acids include lysine, leucine, cysteine, valine, arginine,

phenylalanine, and methionine. The lipid composition increases during ripening, particularly

the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

B. Importance of the Study

The agricultural sector plays a critical role in the overall economic growth of the

Philippine economy. Indeed, agriculture is expected to lead to a significant transformation of

the economy through improvements in the sector’s productivity. it is important to know the

emergence of processing industry cluster and the enabling environment which promoted its

development. The institutional mechanism, which links mango farmers with processors and

the role of various economic agents in the setup also needs to be explored. The empirical

evidences on benefits accrued to the mango farmers and their perception on linkage with

processors assume greater significance to develop suitable policy options and strategies to

replicate similar linkage patterns in other locations.

Thus, the researcher will attempt to assess the backward and forward linkages and key

sectors of mango farm in district 5.

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C. Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the backward and forward linkages and key sectors of

mango farm in district 5.

Specifically, the researchers sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of?

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Years in Farming

1.5 Educational Attainment

2. To determine the impact of key sector of mango farm in district 5.

3. To identify the possible perceptions of mango farm backward and

forward linkages in district 5.

D. Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will be focus and will be limit on the backward and forward linkages and

key sectors of mango farm in district 5.

E. Definition of Terms

Agriculture- It is the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil

for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

Analysis- It is a detailed examination of anything complex in order to understand its

nature or to determine its essential features.

Backward- It indicate that something changes or develops in a way that is not an

improvement, but is a return to old ideas or method.

Forward- It is the direction ahead of you, or toward the front of something.

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 Integration- It is the action or process of combining two or more things in an effective

way.

Linkage- It is the existence or forming of a connection between two or more things so

that one thing happening or changing depends on the other thing happening.

Mango. It is one of the Philippines’ most important fruit crops, apart from bananas,

calamansi, and pineapple. Though not the biggest exporter internationally, the country is

well-suited for producing the best of this beloved fruit. Based on a paper by Duke University

researchers, mango trees thrive in cooler dry seasons and high heat during the flowering and

fruit stage.

Respondent- It is a person who answers a question, letter, email message, survey, or

anything else that requires a response.

Sectors- It is an area of the economy in which businesses share the same or a related

product or service.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Local Studies

(SARCGS-RA, 2022) Reported that declining productivity trends, mango producers

must adopt improved production practices including the purchase of grafted disease-free

seedlings, fruit bagging, careful harvesting methods (e.g., rejecting the use of picking poles

that exacerbate sap burn), and use of plastic crates only for packing and transport. Adoption

of GAP in harvesting has demonstrated the potential to decrease post-harvest losses, and

therefore GAP training must be made available to stakeholders at farm-consolidator level to

increase the robustness of fruit entering into the mid and downstream segments of the chain.

Cuizon, (2020) Reported that the mango industry has not only the potential to boost

the province's economy but also is vital to the interests and economic needs of its workers. In

this vein, the Guimaras mango industry should address the concerns of its workers through

the provision of services and assistance to help the sector, with the end goal of boosting

mango production.

Corrales and Bernal, (2014) Stated that mango fruit is an important source of

macronutrients such as carbohydrates, lipid and fatty acids, protein and amino acids, and

organic acids. Also, mango has micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals and, finally,

non-nutrients compound such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids and other polyphenols,

chlorophyll, carotenoids, and volatile compounds. The energy value for 100 g of the pulp

ranges from 60 to 190 kcal (250–795 kJ), being an important fruit for the human diet.

Briones, (2013) Stated that lower production cost can already be realized under

existing technologies, such as: property fertilizer management informed by soil testing; and

reduction of pesticide use (through bagging and integrated pest management). Propagation of

current and new technologies should be promoted through a responsive extension system in

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which public and private extension agents are key partners.This possibly accounts for

prevalence of small farms in the mango production sector.

Balisacan et a., (2008) Reported that the agriculture sector remains an important pillar

in the development of the Philippine economy. In the past decades, however, the sector’s

growth performance has been weak that led to the erosion of its revealed comparative

advantage especially vis-à-vis the other Asian countries. Low and declining productivity

levels in almost all commodities have primarily accounted for the poor performance of the

agriculture sector. Other factors that have exacerbated the gradual erosion of yield growth

include the degradation of natural resources, the country’s geographical diversity that

accounts for the differential capacity of the regions to respond to opportunities including the

implementation of projects or the adoption of new technologies, high incidence of

unemployment and under employment, rapid population growth and high incidence of

poverty and hunger.

B. Foreign Studies

Wardhan et al., (2022) Reported that fruit crops are high-value agricultural crops and

are mostly managed by individual farmers in India unlike in the West where large private

corporations are involved in production and exports of fruit crops. India’s fruits production

increased significantly from 28.6 million metric tonnes (MMT) in 1991–92 to 96.8 MMT in

2018–19. Among fruits, mango and bananas are the most important crops with 50% share in

fruits acreage as well as value dominated by mango.

Kar et al., (2017) Reported that linking production to processing is one of the

strategies outlined by the government to double the farmers’ income by 2022. In this context,

this study examines the role of processing industry in enhancing farmer’s income. More

specifically, the study has assessed (i) evolution of processing industry cluster and its

enabling factors, (ii) farmers-processing industry linkage mechanisms and their impact on

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farmers’ income, and (iii) farmers’ preference for marketing outlets and its key determinants.

This study is based on the comprehensive survey conducted across various stakeholders such

as mango processors, commission agents, traders, and farmers of Krishnagiri cluster of Tamil

Nadu in 2016-17.

Temursho, (2016) Reported that the importance of the backward and forward linkages

of services sectors in terms of income generation and employment support is thoroughly

examined. The results indicate that already now services play crucial role in the functioning

of the Kazakhstan economy in terms of the two mentioned policy goal variables. It further

identifies specific services sectors with the strong backward and/or forward income and

employment linkages. These sectors, thus if targeted properly by a thoughtful policy

intervention, have a high potential of spreading growth impulses throughout the economy.

Mittal, (2007) Stated that the development of horticultural sector should be

accompanied by the growth of agro-processing industry. The production strategy should

target meeting domestic and export demand of not only fresh products but of the processed

products also. There is a need to improve post-harvest operations related to handling, storage

and marketing of fresh and processed agriproduce. Volumes saved in post-harvest losses are

actually the surpluses generated, without additional cost. This sector needs to be developed as

an organized industry and has to be managed collectively by all the stakeholders with farmers

as the entrepreneurs.

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 CHAPTER III

METHDODOLOGY

A. Time and Place of the Study

The researcher will be conducted from _____________________ to

_________________ at District 5 of Isabela.

B. Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be the one hundred (100) mango farmers of District

5 of Isabela. The researcher uses a questionnaire to obtain the needed data in this study.

C. Data Requirement and Method of Data Collection

The researcher will be using a qualitative research to gather information; this

qualitative research will be self-constructed questionnaire to the selected mango farmers of

District 5 of Isabela to achieve the main objective of this research study.

1. Research Design

The method used in this study will be descriptive survey method. With the descriptive

survey method, the participants answered the questions administered through the survey

questionnaires. For the survey to be both reliable and valid, the questions will be constructed

properly.

2. Data Gathering Instruments

The researchers will be using the survey questionnaire in gather of information or

data. In choosing this, created a self-constructed questionnaire will be answerable by 5 as

“Strongly agree” , 4 as “Slightly Agree”, 3 as “Agree”, 2 as “Slightly Disagree” and 1 as

“Strongly Disagree”.

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 The survey-questionnaire will be answered by the mango farmers of District 5 of

Isabela which aimed to determine the Backward and Forward Linkages and Key Sectors of

Mango Farms at District 5 of Isabela.

3. Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will be consulted to ADVISER NAME at Isabela State University-

Roxas, campus to validate the instruments and questionnaire prepared by the researcher.

After this, the researcher will be conducted when there will be a permission from the farmers

and form the community.

After planning for the schedules in floating the questionnaires, the researcher arranged

a schedule to conduct the study that was convenient to the respondents.

The researcher will be conducted by means of guiding or giving a direction to the

farmers in answering the following questions. After an intrapersonal interaction between the

researcher and the farmers the respondent’s responses will be collected.

D. Method of data Analysis

The data gathered in response to the problems stated in Chapter I. The goal of this

study will be determined the Backward and Forward Linkages and Key Sectors of Mango

Farms at District 5 of Isabela.

The information gathered will be analyzed through tables to summarized data which

is an organized tabulation of the number of individuals and scores located under each

category of the frequency distribution. Each of the answer from the different questions

corresponded to a certain interpretation.

E. Statistical Treatment
After completion of the survey, the collected are retrieved data tallied were, tabulated

and statistically treated for analysis and interpretation.

Responses to the questionnaire by financial stability of mango farmers were

statistically analyzed with the data requirements of the study. Findings were statistically

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analyzed with the data instruments of the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency

count, mean, percent and rank are considered.

Percentage distribution

This will be used to show the distribution of the respondent’s and suggestion as well

as the Backward and Forward Linkages and Key Sectors of Mango Farms at District 5 of

Isabela.

It was solved by this formula:

% = f/n x 100

Where:

% = percentage

F = frequency of the respondent

N = number of respondents

The table below will be used as basis in the interpretation and analysis of the data

gathered.

Numerical Scale Intervals Verbal Interpretation

1 0.1-0.9 Strongly Disagree

2 1.10-2.09 Disagree

3 2.10-3.09 Agree

4 3.10-4.09 Slightly Agree

5 4.10-5.00 Strongly Agree

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Research Paradigm
INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS

1. What is the demographic

profile of the respondents
a. Age
b. Gender
1. Determining respondents
c. Years in Farming
profile
d. Educational Attainment
e. Civil Status
2. Assessment of the mango
2. To determine the impact of
farmers on the linkages and
key sector mango farm in
key sectors in District 5 of To assess the backward and
district 5
Isabela forward linkages and key
3. To identify the possible
sectors of mango farms at
perceptions of the mango
3. Determine the benefits of District 5 of Isabela
farmers in backward and
backward and forward
forward linkages in district 5
linkages of mango farm.
of Isabela.

Feedback Mechanism
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 LITERATURE CITED

Arsenio M. Balisacan, M. A. (2008). Philippines policy linkages scoping study. Australian

Centre for International Economics, Australia.

Briones, R. M. (2013). Market Structure and Distribution of Benefits from Agricultural

Exports:The Case of the Philippine Mango Industry. Philippine Institute for Development
Studies.

Corrales-Bernal, A. J.-K.-C. (2014). Mango (Mangifera indica cv. Azúcar) antiinflammatory

and chemopreventive role during colorrectal carcinogenesis. J. Food Agric, 28, 704–712.
doi:doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2015-08-593

Cuizon, C. B. (2020, November). The Philippine Mango Industry Governance, Prospects, and
Recommendations: The Case of Guimaras Province. 232-260.
doi:10.14456/tureview.2020.18
Harsh Wardhan, S. D. (2022, January). Banana and Mango Value Chains. Agricultural Value
Chains in India, 99-143.

Major Fruit Crops Quarterly Bulletin, July-September 2022. (2022). Retrieved from
https://psa.gov.ph/fruits-crops-bulletin/mango

Mittal, S. (2007). Strengthening Backward and Forward Linkages in Horticulture: Some

Successful Initiatives. Agricultural Economics Research Review.

P. Venkatesh, ,. M. (2017). Agro-Processing Industry and Farmers’ Linkages: Pattern and

Impact on Enhancing Farmers’ Income in Tamil Nadu. Agricultural Economics Research
Review, 30, 13-25. doi:DOI: 10.5958/0974-0279.2017.00018.0

Roadmap, H. P. (n.d.). Philippine mango Industry Road Map. Retrieved from

https://www.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Philippine-Mango-Industry-Roadmap-
2017-2022.pdf

Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, L. B.
(n.d.). Regional: Agricultural Value Chain Development in Selected Asian Countries . 2022.

Temursho, U. (2016). BACKWARD AND FORWARD LINKAGES AND KEY SECTORS

IN THE KAZAKHSTAN ECONOMY . JOINT GOVERNMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN and
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE EXCHANGE
PROGRAM .

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BACKWARD AND FORWARD LINKAGES AND KEY SECTORS OF MANGO

FARM IN DISTRICT 5: SPATIAL INTEGRATION ANALYSIS

NIÑA JANE O. TALLEDO

THESIS OUTLINE

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 Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Roxas, Campus

2023

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