Samonte

11-Galatians

CULTURAL VARIATION
Lesson 1

HUMAN AND CULTURAL VARIATION - Differences in physical features and social behaviors
that different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one
culture may be considered bad in another.

Factors Affecting Human and Cultural Variation

1. Natural Selection - results in one or more favorable genes to become more common
among a population
2. Genetic Drift - known as Wright Effect (Sewall Wright) ; various random processes that
affect gene frequencies in small, relatively, isolated populations ; Population Bottleneck
- drastic reduction in the size of population due to environmental events
3. Gene Flow - process involving the passing of genes from one population to another
through mating and reproduction
4. Influence of the Physical Environment - physical environment conditions can
sometimes produce variation even in the absence of genetic change.
5. Influence of Social or Cultural Environment - physical environment affects the way of
living of the people within a community

EARLY FILIPINO COMMUNITIES

Lesson 1.2

1.1. Social Classes

1.2. Ancestor's Communities
1.3. Ancestor's Culture
1.3.1. Education
1.3.2. Science and Technology
1.3.3. Music, Dance, and Literature
1.3.4. Religions and Beliefs
1.3.5. Family Customs
1.4. System of Government

Doctor Robert D. Fox (anthropologist)

- Studied the settlement patterns of ancient Philippine communities
- Pre- Hispanic Filipino Villages: coastal, near-coastal or riverine
- Callao Man Skull Cap (1962)

1.1 SOCIAL CLASSES

1. Datu/Maharlika
 - OTHER NAMES: Gat, Lakan, Panginoon, Poon, Dayang-dayang
- EXTENT OF POWER: Powerful, rich; and head of barangay
- ON TAXES: Exempted from paying taxes
- SERVICES IN THE BARANGAY: Had dependents; makes and implement laws;
judge/punished law-breakers
2. Timawa
- OTHER NAMES: Visayans - Timagua
- EXTENT OF POWER: Free; Common People
- ON TAXES: Paid taxes
- SERVICES IN THE BARANGAY: Defenders of the Datu; Worked for Datu
especially during battles
3. Aliping Namamahay
- OTHER NAMES: Visayan - oripun
- EXTENT OF POWER: could own property; lived in own house
- ON TAXES: Could not be sold
- SERVICES IN THE BARANGAY: Can become timawa if debts are paid or
married from the upper class; services were paid
4. Aliping Saguiguilid
- OTHER NAMES: none
- EXTENT OF POWER: No property; lived in the master's house
- ON TAXES: Could be sold by the masters
- SERVICES IN THE BARANGAY: Could marry with the approval of the master;
services were not paid

1.2 ANCESTOR’S COMMUNITIES

- During the early times, our ancestors lived in caves but as time progressed, the people
began to settle down in just one area.
1. Ilawod (water)
2. Ilaya (land)
● Pampanga - Pampang
● Mandaluyong - Daluyong
● Ilocos Norte - Iloc
● Pangasinan - Asin
● Pasig City - Dalampasigan
● Cagayan- Carayan
● Agusan Del Sur- Agos

1.3 CULTURE OF OUR ANCESTORS

1.2.1 Education
- Elders and parents = teachers
- Skills are being taught differently between boys and girls
- Bothoan (Panay) - formal school established were reading, writing,Informal education
arithmetic, use of war weapons, and lubus are being taught
Reading and Writing
 - "Events in the Philippine Islands"
- writing system = Baybayin
- 17 letters: 3 vowels; 14 consonants
- e-i; o-u; used interchangeably
- b,k,d,g,h,l,m,n,ng,p,s,t,w,y
- knives, dagger, pointed sticks and pointed metals (sipol)
- ink = colored sap of plants
- Muslims = Arabic system of writing (Kirim:Maranao and jiut:Tausugs)
Arts
- Abel (Ilocos)
- T’nalak (T’boli)
- Ikat (Lumad)
- Pasiking (Cordillera)
- Bul’ul (Ifugao)
- Hagabi (Ifugao)
- Manunggul Jar
- Maitum Jar
- Body painting (tattoos)

1.3.2 Science and Technology

- Banaue Rice Terraces
- Dangkal

1.3.3 Music, Dance, and Literature

● Oral and written literature
● Oral: salawikain (proverb), bugton (riddle), alamat (legend), epiko (epic)
● Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocos), Hudhud and Alim (Ifugao), Ibalon (Bikolanos), Darangan
(Maranaos), Indarapatra at Sulayman (Maguindanaos)
● Written literature: poems and plays accompanied by music and dance
● Theme: Love, war, heroes, or beloved relatives
● oyayi (cradle song), dallang (love song), dung-aw (mourning song) - Ilocanos, tagumpay
(remembrance of victory in battle),
● Songs and dances for every occasion
● kanyaw (victory dance - Igorots), binaylon (courtship dance - Manobos), panjalay (war
dance - Maranaos)

1.3.4 Religions and Beliefs

● Paganistic and Animistic
● Bathala is the supreme God of Tagalog; Laon for Visayans; Kabunian for Ilocanos
● Babaylan/Katalona leads religious rites/ activities
● Life after Death

1.3.5 Family Customs: Courtship & Marriage

● Paninilbihan
 ● Pamamanhikan
● Bigay-kaya o dote

1.3.5 Family Customs: Status of Women

● Has equal rights; could own property and head of the barangay (if datu has no son)
● High respected due to capacity to bear children
● Tasked to manage farmlands
● Intermediaries to the spirits and leaders of religious ceremonies
● has right to give names

1.4 System of Government

● Barangay System
- Barangay = balangay (Boat)
- 30-100 families ruled by datu, raha, gat, or lakan
- Self-sufficient, autonomous, and independent from other barangays
- Sanduguan
- Datu's position can be inherited even an ordinary person
- atubang sa datu = advisers of datu (community elders)
- Criminal cases trials - pot of boiling water and diving under the sea
● Sultan System
- Muslim government
- 10-12 barrios with their own leaders
- Duties: political and civil; look after religious beliefs and practices
- ruma bichara (council of datus), kali (religious adviser), panglima (governor), makura
(military chief), and raja munda (sultan's heir)
- Women ≠ sultans and lead spiritual activities

ORIGIN AND DYNAMICS OF CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Lesson 2

FOOD TABOOS
● Meyer-Rochow
● Deliberate avoidance of a food item for reasons other than simple dislikes or preferences
● Unwritten social rules
Reasons:
1. Highlights special events (menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or lactation)
2. Prepare oneself like hunting, battle, wedding or funeral
3. Protect human life
4. Expression of empathy
5. Factor of group cohesion or group identity
ISTAMBAY
● Clarence Batan
● English word “standby” - local bystanders who are neither studying at school nor working
 ● Usually males, a school dropout, unemployed, lazy, and spends considerable time with
friends
● Smoking, drinking, drug abuse, and violence
● Tambayan - place where tambays usually hangout
● Result of personal and societal problem
● Taken for granted

POLITICAL DYNASTIES
● The concentration, consolidation or perpetuation of public office and political power by
persons related to one another
● Usually, they occupy the same government position in one city/municipality.
● Political dynasties can be traced to the emergence of cacique class from the Spanish
colonial era
TEXTING
● Considered by many Filipinos as a primary means of communication
● Most convenient way of expressing oneself to others
● "suspends normal conventions of grammar, spelling, and punctuation."
● Philippines as the "texting capital of the world"
Benefits:
1. Building and strengthening relationships
2. Extends possibilities of keeping traditional values in courtship
3. Can also prevent confrontations and conflicts
4. Encourages "gender-balanced communication"

STUDYING ANTHROPOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND SOCIOLOGY

Lesson 3

THE SCIENCE OF SOCIOLOGY

● Deals with society and the social interactions within or outside the society.
● Focuses attention in all kinds of social interaction involving social acts, social
relationships, social organizations, social structures and social processes
Origins of Sociology
● Enlightenment Period (France)
- Emerge due to social upheavals and huge gaps between social classes which
plagued the government
Henry de Saint Simon
Auguste Comte (Father of Sociology)
● Pioneered writing and publishing studies concerning methods and techniques of the
natural sciences that can be applied to address societal problems
Ferdinand Toennies (Gemeinschaft and Gesellschafts)
Karl Marx (Conflict Theory)
Herbert Spencer (Structural-functionalism)
● Early sociologist published new ideas that bring about social change and later gained
popularity among other scholars
Emile Durkheim (Father of Modern Sociology; Suicide Book)
Max Weber (Interpretative Sociology)
Charles Cooley (Looking Glass Self)

THE SCIENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

● Scientific study of humanity: biological, social, and cultural development and seeks to
answer the similarities and differences across the human race
Branches of Anthropology
1. Physical of Biological Anthropology
- Focus on humans as biological organism especially human evolution
- How biological changes related to the natural and social environments
- Analyze human fossils and observe living primates
2. Linguistics Anthropology
- Scientific study of written and unwritten human language
- Concerned with what languages have in common and the changes took place
over time in order to understand people’s cultures
3. Ethnology
- Concerned with present cultures
- Ethnologists immerse in a culture for 6-18 months to observe their subjects and
become participants as well.
- Informants = members of the culture who assist the ethnographers
4. Archaeology
- Under Physical Anthropology
- Collection and preservation of artifacts of past and present cultures
- Excavation of sites and studying the remnants of people have left behind such as
pottery, hunting tools, and other relics dating back 2.5 mya
- Provides record of the past civilization
Origins of Anthropology
● Started from the time of exploring the unknown seas between the 15th and 18th century
of colonization
Franz Boas (Father of Modern Anthropology)
Edward B. Taylor (1st Professor of Anthropology in Oxford University (Defined Culture)
● INDIVIDUAL CULTURE
1. Margaret Mead - studied sexual practices among native populations
2. Bronislaw Malinowski - father of Ethnography
3. Ruth Benedict - Patterns of Culture Theory
THE SCIENCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
● Focuses on the “how and why” of collective decision
● Democracy, War, Law, Rights, Wealth, Authority, and Power
Origins of Political Science
- Greek word “polis” - city
- Latin word “scire” - to know
King Hammurabi of Babylon, Code of Hammurabi
 - As early as this period, codified laws provided the legal and political framework for stable
government as justified by the existence of good rule in ancient times
DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Plato, Aristotle - analyzed the political system of the city state (Athens vs Sparta)
1. Plato (The Republic)
- Political Philosophy
- Political Ruler = Philosophical Kings - have necessary wisdom to govern a state
- First systematic study of the political process that generated the ideal of elite politicians
who relied more on rationality
- Became a popular figure behind the leadership success of Alexander the Great of
Macedonia
- Establishment of written rules of governance