Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MIT16 36s09 Lec07
MIT16 36s09 Lec07
http://ocw.mit.edu
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
Lectures 7: Modulation with 2-D signal
Eytan Modiano
Eytan Modiano
Slide 1
Two-dimensional signals
called a constellation
S2 =(-1,-1) S3 =(1,-1)
• Common constellations
– QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Eytan Modiano
– PSK: Phase Shift Keying
Slide 2
Special constellation where all symbols have equal power
Symmetric M-QAM
{ }
Sm = (Amx , Amy ), Amx , Amy ! + / " 1, + / " 3,...,+ / " ( M " 1)
# M = K 2 , for some K 3
1
Signal levels on each axis are
the same as for PAM -3 -1 1 3
-1
E.g.,4 ! QAM " Amx , Amy #{+ / ! 1}
-3
16 ! QAM" Amx , Amy #{+ / ! 1, + / ! 3}
Eytan Modiano
Slide 3
g(t) |G(f)|
AT
A
But as we will see next, QAM is more energy efficient than PAM
Eytan Modiano
Slide 4
Energy efficiency
K2 !1 M !1
E[( Amx ) 2 ]= E[( Amy ) 2 ] = = , K= M
3 3
2(M ! 1)
Es = Eg
3
Es (M ! 1)
Transmitted energy = = Eg
2 3
(M !1)
Eb (QAM) = Energy / bit = Eg
3Log2 (M)
(M 2 ! 1)
Eb (PAM) = E
Eytan Modiano
6Log2 (M) g
Slide 5
Bandpass QAM
Eytan Modiano
Slide 6
Modulator
g(t)
g(t)
Eytan Modiano
Slide 7
Demodulation: Recovering the baseband signals
2Cos(2πfct)
U(t) LPF Syr(t)
2Sin(2πfct)
• Over a symbol duration, Sin(2πfct) and Cos(2πfct) are orthogonal
– As long as the symbol duration is an integer number of cycles of the carrier wave
(fc = n/T) for some n
• When multiplied by a sine, the cosine component of U(t) disappears and similarly
the sine component disappears when multiplied by cosine
Eytan Modiano
Slide 8
Demodulation, cont.
2
# U(t)2Cos(2! fct) = S x (t) + S x (t)cos(4! fct) !$ LPF!!# S x (t) = A x g(t)
Similarly,
U(t)2Sin(2! fct) = 2A x g(t)Cos(2! fct)Sin ( 2! fct ) + 2A y g(t)sin 2 ( 2! fct )
1 % cos(2" )
Sin 2 (" ) =
2
# U(t)2Sin(2! fct) = S y (t) % S y (t)cos(4! fct) $ LPF!!# S y (t) = A y g(t)
Eytan Modiano
Slide 9
• Two Dimensional signals where all symbols have equal energy levels
– I.e., they lie on a circle or radius Es
Es
Eytan Modiano
Slide 10
M-PSK
Slide 11
M-PSK Summary
• Modulation:
g(t)
g(t)
• Notice that for PSK we subtract the sine component from the cosine component
– For convenience of notation only. If we added, the phase shift would have been negative but the
end result is the same
Slide 12