DSBSC

Modulation &
Demodulation
 A DSBSC wave can be generated in multiple
ways/ methods using different modulators.

SC rs
SB to (i) Balanced modulator
D ula
od
M
(ii) Ring modulator
 (i) Balanced modulator

m(t) Product s1(t) = Ac [1+ka m(t)] cos (2πfct)

modulator
Courtesy: Communication systems (Bruce Carlson,

+
Ac cos (2πfct) Modulated
Oscillator Σ output signal
s(t)
-
s(t) = s1(t) – s2(t) =
Paul Crilly, Janet Rutledge)

2 Ac ka m(t) cos (2πfct)

- m(t) Product
modulator s2(t) = Ac [1 - ka m(t)] cos (2πfct)
 (i) Balanced modulator

s(t) = 2 Ac ka m(t) cos (2πfct)

Taking Fourier transform on both sides, we get
Courtesy: Communication systems (Bruce Carlson,

s(f) = Ac ka [ M( f - fc ) + M( f + fc ) ]

M(f)
M(0)
Paul Crilly, Janet Rutledge)

-W 0 W

S(f)
Ac ka M(0) Ac ka M(0)

-fc-W -fc -fc+W fc-W fc fc+W

 (i) Balanced modulator
If the message signal is given as m(t) = Am cos (2πfmt)
s(t) = 2 Ac ka Am cos (2πfmt) cos (2πfct)
Taking Fourier transform on both sides, we get
Courtesy: Communication systems (Bruce Carlson,

s(f) = (Ac μ/2 ) { δ[f - (fc - fm)] + δ[f + (fc – fm)] + δ[f - (fc + fm)]
+ δ[f + (fc + fm)] }
Paul Crilly, Janet Rutledge)

S(f)
(Ac μ)/2 (Ac μ)/2

-fc-fm -fc -fc+fm fc-fm fc fc+fm

 A modulating signal can be accomplished
SC or s in multiple ways/ methods using different
B a t
DS dul demodulators
o
D em (i) Coherent detector

(ii) Costas receiver

(i) Coherent detector

Modulated Demodulated
input output

s(t) = Ac cos (2πfct) m(t)

v(t) = s(t) Ac‫ ׳‬cos (2πfct + ɸ)
= Ac Ac‫ ׳‬cos (2πfct + ɸ) cos (2πfct) m(t)
Courtesy: Communication systems (Simon Haykin)
 It is assumed that the local oscillator signal is exactly coherent or
synchronized, in both frequency and phase, with the carrier wave
c(t) used in the product modulator to generate s(t).

This method of demodulation is known as coherent detection or

synchronous demodulation.

Coherent detection is a special case of the more general

demodulation process using a local oscillator signal of the same
frequency but arbitrary phase difference ɸ , measured with respect
to the carrier wave c(t).
Courtesy: Communication systems (Simon Haykin)
 We know that cos A. cos B = 1/2 {cos (A-B) + cos (A+B)}
v(t) = (Ac Ac‫)׳‬/2 cos ɸ m(t) + (Ac Ac‫)׳‬/2 cos (4πfct + ɸ) m(t)
Taking Fourier Transform on both sides

V(f) = (Ac Ac‫)׳‬/2 cos ɸ M(f) + (Ac Ac‫)׳‬/4 { M(f - 2fc) + M(f + 2fc) }
Courtesy: Communication systems (Simon Haykin)

The spectrum of a product

modulator output with a
DSB-SC modulated wave as
input.
The second term in the equation v(t) is removed by the LPF,
provided that the cut-off frequency of this filter is greater than W
but less than 2fc - W.

This is satisfied by choosing fc > W . At the filter output we then

obtain a signal given by
v0(t) = (Ac Ac‫)׳‬/2 cos ɸ m(t)

The demodulated signal v0(t) is therefore proportional to m(t) when the

phase error ɸ is a constant.

The amplitude of this demodulated signal is maximum when ɸ = 0, and

it is minimum (zero) when ɸ = ± π/2. The zero demodulated signal,
which occurs for ɸ = ± π/2 , represents the quadrature null effect of
the coherent detector.
As long as the phase error ɸ is constant, the detector output
provides an undistorted version of the original baseband signal
m(t).

In practice, the phase error ɸ varies randomly with time, due to

random variations in the communication channel.

As a result, at the detector output, the multiplying factor cos ɸ

also varies randomly with time, which is obviously undesirable.

Therefore, should maintain the local oscillator of the receiver in

perfect synchronism, in both frequency and phase, with the carrier
wave used to generate the DSB-SC modulated signal in the
transmitter. The complexity of the system increases.
(ii) Costas Receiver

It is a practical synchronous receiver system, suitable for demodulating DSB-SC waves.

The receiver consists of two coherent detectors, the same input signal, namely, the
incoming DSB-SC wave Ac cos(2πfct) m(t) , but with individual local oscillator signals that
are in phase quadrature with respect to each other.

Assume that the frequency of the local oscillator is adjusted to be the same as the carrier
frequency fc.

The detector in the upper path is the in-phase coherent detector or I-channel, and that
in the lower path is the quadrature-phase coherent detector or Q-channel.

These two detectors are coupled together to form a negative feedback system designed
in such a way as to maintain the local oscillator synchronous with the carrier wave.
Courtesy: Communication systems (Simon Haykin)
(ii) Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver operation

The local oscillator signal is of the same phase as the carrier wave Ac cos(2πfct)
used to generate the incoming DSB-SC wave.

Under these conditions, we find that the I-channel output contains the desired
demodulated signal m(t), whereas the (I-channel output is zero due to the
quadrature null effect of the Q-channel.

Next the local oscillator phase drifts by a small angle ɸ radians . The I-channel
output will remain essentially unchanged, but there will now be some signal
appearing at the (I-channel output, which is proportional to sin ɸ.

By combining the I - and Q- channel outputs in a phase discriminator (consists of a

multiplier followed by a low-pass filter), a dc control signal is obtained that
automatically corrects for local phase errors in the voltage-controlled oscillator.
Courtesy: Communication systems (Simon Haykin)
 SSB or SSBSC

Why SSB?
Courtesy: Electronic Communication system (George Kennedy)

In double-sideband modulation, we are transmitting with bandwidth of 2W.

Is it actually required?

In fact, due to the symmetry of the DSB signal about the carrier frequency, the same
information is transmitted in the upper and lower sidebands.

Hence only one of the sidebands needs to be transmitted. Bandwidth saving can be
achieved by suppressing one of the sidebands.

Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC), or simply single-sideband (SSB), is a form

of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is fully suppressed and one of the sidebands
(lower or upper) is also suppressed.
 SSB (Time domain)

s(t)DSBSC = (μAc)/2 [cos (2π(fc-fm)t)] + (μAc)/2 [cos (2π(fc+fm)t)]

Courtesy: Electronic Communication system (George Kennedy)

If LSB is chosen for transmission, then

s(t)SSB = (μAc)/2 [cos (2π(fc-fm)t)]

If USB is chosen for transmission, then

s(t)SSB = (μAc)/2 [cos (2π(fc+fm)t)]

Disadvantage of SSB:
The SSB modulation complicates the receiver design to extract the modulating signal.

Practical difficulty in suppressing the unwanted sideband, since it lies close to the
wanted sideband.
 SSB Frequency Spectrum

S(f) SSB = USB

Courtesy: Electronic Communication system (George Kennedy)

(Ac μ)/2

fc-fm fc fc+fm

S(f) SSB = LSB

(Ac μ)/2

fc-fm fc fc+fm
 SSB Generation
DSBSC

DSBSC
Courtesy: Electronic Communication system (George Kennedy)

m(t) BPF SSB

Modulator

c(t)

BPF selects one of the sidebands depending on the cutoff frequencies.

If the cutoff frequencies are fc and (fc – fm), LSB is transmitted.

If the cutoff frequencies are fc and (fc + fm), USB is transmitted.

Transmission bandwidth BT (SSB) = (fc + fm) – fc = fc – (fc – fm) = fm

 Total power in SSB

PT (SSB) = PUSB = PLSB = (μ2Ac2)/(8R)

PT (SSB) = PUSB = PLSB = (μ2/4) (Ac2/2R)

PT (SSB) = Pc (μ2/4)

For 100% modulation, μ = 1, therefore, PT (SSB) = Pc /4 = 0.25 Pc

Hence we need only 25% of unmodulated carrier power for the

transmission of SSB wave.

Courtesy: Electronic Communication system (George Kennedy)

Comparison of AM (DSBFC), DSBSC, SSB and VSB:

Courtesy: Analog and Digital Communications (T L Singal)

THANK YOU