UNIT

7: The Gas Laws ì

Mrs. Howland
Chemistry 10
Rev. April 2016
 Unit 7: Gas Laws
ì  Learners will be able to …
ì  Describe atmospheric pressure and explain how a barometer works
ì  Describe Dalton’s Law of ParGal Pressures
ì  Determine parGal pressure of gases from data
ì  List properGes of gases
ì  DifferenGate among the behavior of parGcles in solids, liquids, and gases
ì  Explain the effects of temperature, pressure, and volume changes on the
behavior of gas parGcles
ì  Define kineGc energy in terms of velocity and mass of parGcles
ì  Relate molecular moGon to temperature and molecular collisions to pressure
ì  Define standard temperature and pressure
ì  IdenGfy and convert between units of temperature and pressure
ì  Define molar volume
ì  State the wriPen and mathemaGcal expression of two gas laws, Boyle’s Law and
Charles Law
ì  Provide detailed real-life or laboratory examples of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law
ì  Use the Common Gas Law to solve problems involving temperature, pressure,
and volume
ì  Use the Ideal Gas Law to solve problems involving temperature, pressure, and
volume for gases without affect by intermolecular forces.
Why are gases important?
 Particle Theory of Matter

ì  ALL MATTER is made up of Gny parGcles (ATOMS) that are

constantly moving

ì  3 MAIN STATES OF MATTER:

ì  Solid
ì  Liquid
ì  Gas
ì  (plasma)
3 States of Matter ~ Defined
 3 States of Matter
~ Particle Movement ~
ì  ParGcles move at different speeds in each state of maPer

ì  Increased energy (o]en in form of heat) will increase

movement of parGcles
 Properties of Gases
ì  No fixed shape; no fixed volume

ì  Lots of empty space between parGcles

ì  High kineGc energy

ì  Expand to fit the size of their container

ì  ParGcles diffuse to spread out evenly in container

ì  Easily compressed

ì  Weak aPracGons
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
ì  ParGcles in constant, random moGon
ì  Move in straight line unGl collisions with other
parGcles or side of container
ì  ParGcles much smaller than space between parGcles
(most gas volume is empty space and therefore
negligible)

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
ì  No forces of aPracGon between parGcles or parGcles and
container
ì  Collisions are elasGc (energy is not lost)

ì  Average kineGc energy depends on temperature

 Measurable Properties
ì  Temperature
ì  Pressure
ì  Volume
ì  Amount (moles)
Defining Measurable Properties

ì  Temperature = Measurement of heat…or how fast the

parGcles are moving
ì  Pressure = Force per unit area (exerted by gas parGcles’
collisions with walls of container)
ì  Amount = Moles (amount of parGcles), abbreviated ‘n’
ì  MOLE: Amount of chemical substance; amount of any
substance (atoms, molecules, ions) as there are atoms in 12g of
carbon-12 (isotope of carbon) à We will be doing more with
the mole in a later unit!

ì  Volume = Three-dimensional space inside the container

holding the gas. ~ How much space does the gas take up?

 Units of Temperature
ì  °F (Fahrenheit)
ì  °C (Celsius)
ì  K (Kelvin) à We will ALWAYS use KELVIN for gas laws!!

To convert between Celsius and Kelvin:
 Converting Units of Temperature
K = C + 273
ì  Celsius to Kelvin:

ì  Fahrenheit to Celsius: C = (F - 32) * 5/9

ì  Remember! We will always use KELVIN

for gas laws!
Comparing Units of Temperature
 Units of Pressure
ì  atm = atmosphere
ì  mmHg = millimeters of mercury
ì  Torr = another name for mmHg J
ì  Pa = Pascal and kPa = kilopascal
Converting Between Units of Pressure
 Converting Between Units of Pressure
ì  How? See the example below:

Pressure is measured as 758.7 mm Hg. What is this
pressure in atm?

758.7 mm Hg x 1 atm = 0.99 atm
760 mm Hg
 Converting Between Units of Pressure ~
YOU TRY IT!
1)  1820 mmHg = ? atm

2)  6.2 atm = ? torr

3)  1159 torr = ? mmHg
Measuring Pressure

ì  Torricelli Barometer =
Instrument that uses mercury
(Hg) to measure atmospheric
pressure
ì  (like liquid in a drinking straw!)

ì  Pressure of Hg pushes down

unGl it balances the force of
atmosphere (pushes up)
 Measuring Pressure
ì  Aneroid barometer uses a cell with small amount of air, lever,
and pointer
ì  Face of instrument gives pressure measurement

ì  Pressure inside cell raises or lowers lever, which moves the

dial

VIDEO: hPps://goo.gl/GU9RxC
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
ì  Dalton’s Law of ParXal Pressure States that the total pressure
in a MIXTURE of gases is the SUM of the parGal pressure of
each gas
Dalton’s Law ~ YOU TRY IT!
ì  A container holds three gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
helium. A container holds 3 gases. The parGal pressures of the
two gases are 2.00 atm, and 4.00 atm. The total pressure
inside the container is 12.50 atm.
ì  What is the parXal pressure of the third gas?
 Changing the Properties
…what happens?
ì  In gases, the measureable properGes have
relaGonships among each other
ì  Some properGes (variables) will change other
properGes (variables)

ì  For example, THINK ABOUT IT … what happens if you

bring a helium balloon outside in the winter?

VIDEO: hPps://goo.gl/eXlihl
A given amount of gas (moles) can
EXPAND or CONTRACT

Same # of
gas atoms!

This means
the moles of
gas remains
constant
 Relationship between Pressure & Volume:
Boyle’s Law
ì  Charles Boyle studied the relationship between
pressure, p, and volume, V, in the mid-1600s
ì  Boyle determined that for the same amount of a
gas at constant temperature, there is an inverse
relationship between volume and pressure:
à when one INCREASES, the other
DECREASES

volume
pressure
BOYLE’S LAW Demonstration
 Relationship between Temperature and
Volume: Charles’ Law
ì  Jacques Charles studied the relationship volume, V, and
temperature, T, around the turn of the 19th century
ì  DIRECT RELATIONSHIP between V and T
ì  With the same amount of gas, as the volume INCRASES
the temperature also INCREASES.
ì  If the temperature decreases than the volume also decreases.

temperature
volume
CHARLES’ LAW Demonstration
 Relationship between Temperature and
Pressure: Gay-Lussac’s Law
ì  Joseph Gay-Lussac studied the temperature, T, and
pressure, P, in the early 19th century
ì  DIRECT RELATIONSHIP between P and T
ì  With the same amount of gas and CONSTANT VOLUME,
as the temperature INCRASES, the pressure also
INCREASES
ì  If the temperature decreases than the volume also decreases.

temperature
Pressure
 How Gay-Lussac’s Law is supported:
ì  With increasing temperature, parGcles move faster (increased
kineGc energy)

ì  Faster movement results in more collisions with wall of

container, increasing the pressure

MUST HAVE
CONSTANT
VOLUME!!
 Using MATH to PREDICT
Behavior of Gases: Boyle’s Law
ì  When temperature and moles are constant, we can use the
formula to solve for one of the variables V or P

 Using MATH to PREDICT
Behavior of Gases: Boyle’s Law
ì  When temperature and moles are constant, we can use the
formula to solve for one of the variables V or P

These formulas are
used to PREDICT or
DETERMINE how
‘BEFORE’ ‘AFTER’ gases have changed.
 Using MATH to PREDICT
Behavior of Gases: Charles’ Law
ì  When pressure and moles are constant, we can use the
formula to solve for one of the variables V or T

CROSS-MULTIPLY to solve, OR…

 Using MATH to PREDICT
Behavior of Gases: Gay-Lussac’s Law
ì  When and moles and volume are constant, we can use the
formula to solve for one of the variables P or T

 Avogadro’s Hypothesis
Equal volumes of gases at the same T and P have the same
number of molecules.
V and n are directly related (‘n’ represents moles!)

twice as many
molecules
 Avogadro’s Hypothesis
ì  What happens to the number of parGcles when you
blow up a balloon (add more air to the inside of a
balloon)?
Let’s play … “Which GAS LAW????”
 Combined Gas Law

ì  You don’t HAVE to remember all 3 laws to do gas law

problems! (yayyy!! J)

ì  All are related, so they can be combined in a SINGLE

FORMULA:

REMEMBER: T is in Kelvin!!
 Combined Gas Law

ì  Cover up the variable that is CONSTANT and you

automaGcally get the gas law you need!

REMEMBER: T is in Kelvin!!

Need help? Try this video: hPps://goo.gl/6LYSiE

 STANDARD CONDITIONS

ì  Occasionally, you will come across a problem that

states “standard temperature and pressure”, or STP
ì  What does this mean?
 Moles of Gas at STP

ì  What about MOLES?

ì  At STP, there are 22.4 L of gas and 1 mole of parGcles

 Ideal Gas Law

ì  The ideal gas law is a way for scienGsts to predict

the behavior/condiGons of a gas without having to
account for other intermolecular forces that affect
gas behavior

ì  ASSUMES:
ì  ParGcles have no forces acGng among them (NO
intermolecular forces)
ì  ParGcles themselves DO NOT take up space (the
volume of the atoms and molecules is ignored)
 Ideal Gas Equation

ì  PV = nRT
ì  P = pressure
ì  V = volume
ì  n = number of moles of gas
ì  R = universal gas law constant
ì  T = temperature
 Universal Gas Law Constant

ì  The value used depends on the OTHER UNITS used

in the equaGon!

 Solving problems using Ideal Gas Equation

ì  As with the other equaGons, this equaGon must be rearranged

to solve for the unknown:
 Real-World Application

ì  How do hot air balloons work?

ì  Which gas law do they employ?
ì  What is the typical volume of a hot air balloon?
ì  At what temperature does the air in the balloon
need to reach in order to raise up?