Kebijakan Internasional Konservasi

(International Conservation Policy)

Week 6
Outline of the course
• Check up on past learning
• International Conventions
• International Conservation Organizations
• Discussion on International Conservation Organizations: Group Work
• Discussion on National Conservation Policy: Group Work
Check Up on Past Learning
International Conventions on Conservation
Steps to International Conservation Policies
Brief History
• Started in US: The Evolution of the Conservation Movement collection covers the movement to preserve
and protect America's wildlife, wild lands, and other natural resources from 1890-1920.
• The Progressive era brought reforms to American society including child labor laws, women's suffrage, and
food and drug safety regulation. Progressives also supported environmental protection. This collection
contains the writings of conservationists and nature lovers who helped convince Americans that preserving
land, water, and wildlife was important national business
• As cities became more crowded, citizens began to look for peaceful retreats. Leisure activities and the
conservation movement came together as Americans took up camping, bird watching, and other outdoor
recreation as a way to escape crowded cities.
• Americans' desire for nature-based recreation grew into an interest in preserving wildlife and wild lands.
• Explorers of the American frontier brought back beautiful images of wild lands. When citizens saw these
pictures of the nation's wilderness, they began to appreciate and value our country's natural wonders.
• President Roosevelt put conservationist issue high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major
figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter, Gifford Pinchot and was deeply
committed to conserving natural resources --The conservation legacy of Theodore Roosevelt is found in the
230 million acres of public lands he helped establish during his presidency. Much of that land - 150 millions
acres - was set aside as national forests. ... The idea was to conserveforests for continued use.
Brief History: Yellowstone NP
• The conservation movement had an important effect on
government policy in the United States. Many laws were
passed, including those that established national parks,
national forests, and policies for protecting fish and wildlife
throughout the nation.
• Examples of landmark legislation for the conservation
movement include the establishment of Yellowstone National
Park in 1872, of Yosemite National Park in 1890, and the
creation of the National Park Service in 1916.
• Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also
widely held to be the first national park in the world.[7] The park
is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features,
especially Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular
features.[8] It has many types of ecosystems, but
the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of
the South Central Rockies forestsecoregion.
And the history begins… International Convention
on Conservation - 1
Stockholm Conference, 1972 - Conference on the
Human Environment

World Heritage Convention, 1972 – The protection

of the world culture and natural heritage

World Conservation Strategy, 1980 – Caring for the

world
International Convention on Conservation - 1
Stockholm Conference, 1972
• The Stockholm meeting was the first global conference on the
environment---indeed the first world conference to focus on a single
issue.
• The “main purpose” of the conference was to serve as a practical
means to encourage and provide guidelines for action by
Governments and international organizations designed to protect and
improve the human environment.
• 114 countries sent delegations to Stockholm.
• The conference produced a Declaration on the Human Environment,
an Action Plan for the Human Environment, and a Resolution on
Institutional and Financial Arrangements.
• The Stockholm declaration contains 26 principles concerning the
environment and development, many of which had not yet been
formally recorded in internationally recognized texts.
• The Action Plan contained 109 recommendations spanning 6 broad
issues: human settlements, natural resource management, pollution
of international significance, educational and social aspects of the
environment, development and environment, and international
organizations.
• Stockholm's lasting impact has never been seriously assessed. In the
assessments that have been offered speculatively, the creation of the
UN Environment Programme, the call for cooperation to reduce
marine pollution, and the establishment of a global monitoring
network have been cited as of especially lasting significance.
World Heritage Convention, 1972
• The full title of the World Heritage Convention is
the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World
Cultural and Natural Heritage.
• The Convention is an international agreement adopted in
1972 by the Member States of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
• To date, there are over 150 countries have adhered to the
Convention and there are 582 properties on the World
Heritage List (445 cultural, 117 natural and 20 mixed
properties in 114 countries).
• The primary mission of the Convention is to identify and
protect the world's natural and cultural heritage considered
to be of Outstanding Universal Value - that some places are
so important that their protection is not only the
responsibility of a single nation, but is also the duty of the
international community as a whole; and not only for this
generation, but for all those to come.
• Indonesian World Heritage Sites (Taman Warisan Dunia):
Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Taman Nasional Komodo,
Taman Nasional Lorentz dan lainnya
Continued: The Convention is governed by the World Heritage Committee
supported by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, the secretariat

WHC for the Convention, and three technical advisory bodies to the
Committee: IUCN, ICOMOS, ICCROM. IUCN is the Advisory
Body on natural heritage. It monitors listed sites and evaluates
sites nominated to the World Heritage List, in accordance with the
relevant natural criteria for selection (vii) - (x):

(vii) to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic
importance;
(viii) to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of
life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant
geomorphic or physiographic features;
(ix) to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes
in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and
communities of plants and animals;
(x) to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological
diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point
of view of science or conservation.
Taman Warisan
Dunia di Situs
Manusia Taman
Nasional
Purbakala
Indonesia Taman
Sangiran Lorentz
Candi
Nasional
Borobudur
Komodo
Taman
Nasional
Ujung Kulon
Taman
Candi Nasional
Prambanan Gunung
Taman Leuser
Nasional Taman
Kerinci Nasional
Seblat Sembilang
International Convention on Conservation - 2

World Conservation Strategy World Charter for Nature

• The World Conservation Strategy(link is external) of 1980 is the first
international document on living resource conservation produced • With the “World Charter for Nature” on 28
with inputs from governments, non-governmental organizations, and October 1982, the United Nations developed
other experts. a code of conduct for the protection and
• The report argues that for development to be sustainable, it should
support conservation rather than hinder it.
preservation of global natural habitats and
resources.
• It targets policymakers, conservationists and development
practitioners with its core tenets of protection of ecological processes
and life-support systems, preservation of genetic diversity and
• The code established five “principles of
sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems. conservation” by which all human conduct
• It highlights priority conservation issues and ways to tackle them to
affecting nature should be guided and judged.
achieve the Strategy’s aim.
• It further emphasized that social and
• The report influenced “Our Common Future,” also known as the economic development cannot be considered
“Brundtland Report” (1987) and laid the foundations for defining the
principle of sustainable development. without taking natural systems into account.
• Prepared by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (IUCN), it contains inputs from the United Nations • The charter emphasized on strong
Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the commitment of UN countries to preserve and
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization protect the natural resources.
(Unesco).
Continued 2: International Convention on Conservation

World Charter for Nature - 1982

Convention on International Trade of Endangered

Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) - 1973

Ramsar Convention (Wetland convention) – 1972

Protection of wetlands
International Convention on Conservation - 3
Convention on International Trade of
Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna (CITES)
• CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a
meeting of members of IUCN (The World Conservation Union).
• The text of the Convention was finally agreed at a meeting of
representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C., the United States
of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in
force.
• CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between
governments.
• Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild
animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
• Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties – in other words they
have to implement the Convention – it does not take the place of
national laws. Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each
Party, which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure that
CITES is implemented at the national level.
• Roughly 5,800 species of animals and 30,000 species of plants are
protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international
trade. They are listed in the three CITES Appendices.
Ramsar Convention (Wetland
convention)
• The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an
international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use
of wetlands.
• It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named
after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the Convention was
signed in 1971.
• This convention based on the strategical functions of
wetlands (peat/swamp forests, mangrove, etc) as: habitat for
wildlife, generate timber and non-timber forest products and
fish, hydrology function.
• The Ramsar Convention works closely with six other
organisations known as International Organization Partners
(IOPs). These are: Birdlife International, International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), International Water
Management Institute (IWMI), Wetlands International, WWF
International, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)
Appendices of CITES
• Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants (see Article II,
paragraph 1 of the Convention). They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade
in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial (see Article III), for
instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by
the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate). Article VII of the
Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general prohibition.
• Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so
unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species whose specimens
in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons (see Article II, paragraph 2 of the
Convention). International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of
an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES
(although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires).
Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions
are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild.
(See Article IV of the Convention)
• Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species
and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation
(see Article II, paragraph 3, of the Convention). International trade in specimens of species listed in this
Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. (See Article V of the
Convention)
CITES listed for Flora and Fauna – January
2017
Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III
FAUNA
Mammals 318 spp. (incl. 13 popns) + 20 513 spp. (incl. 17 popns) + 7 52 spp. + 11 sspp
sspp. (incl. 4 popns) sspp. (incl. 2 popns)
Birds 155 spp. (incl. 2 popns) + 8 1278 spp. (incl. 1 popn) + 4 27 spp.
sspp. sspp.
Reptiles 87 spp. (incl. 7 popns) + 5 sspp 749 spp. (incl. 6 popns) 61 spp.

Amphibians 24 spp. 134 spp. 4 spp.

Fish 16 spp. 107 spp. 24 spp. (incl. 15 popns)
Invertebrates 69 spp. + 5 sspp. 2171 spp. + 1 sspp. 22 spp. + 3 sspp.

FAUNA TOTAL 669 spp. + 38 sspp. 4952 spp. + 12 sspp. 190 spp. + 14 sspp.

FLORA 334 spp. + 4 sspp. 29644 spp. (incl. 93 popns) 12 spp. (incl. 1 popns) + 1
var.

GRAND TOTAL 1003 spp. + 42 sspp. 34596 spp. + 12 sspp. 202 spp. + 14 sspp. + 1 var.
Continued 3: International Convention on Conservation

Rio Earth Summit - 1992

Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD) - 1992

Convention on Migratory Species of

Wild Animals - 1993
International Convention on Conservation - 4
Rio Earth Summit - 1992
• The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth
Summit, the Rio Summit, the Rio Conference, and the Earth
Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United
Nationsconference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
• More than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
• Earth Summit was created as a response for Member States to
cooperate together internationally on development issues after
the Cold War. Due to conflict relating to sustainability being too big for
individual member states to handle, Earth Summit was held as a
platform for other Member States to collaborate.
• Since the creation, many others in the field of sustainability show a
similar development to the issues discussed in these conferences,
including non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
• An important achievement of the summit was an agreement on
the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto
Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Another agreement was to "not to
carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoples that would
cause environmental degradation or that would be culturally
inappropriate".
• The Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signature at
the Earth Summit, and made a start towards redefinition of measures
that did not inherently encourage destruction of
natural ecoregions and so-called uneconomic growth.
Convention on Biological Diversity
• The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known
informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral
treaty.
• The Convention has three main goals including: the
conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); the
sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable
sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
• its objective is to develop national strategies for the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is
often seen as the key document regarding sustainable
development.
• The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into
force on 29 December 1993.
• CBD has two supplementary agreements - Cartagena Protocol
and Nagoya Protocol. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to
the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international
treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms
(LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one
country to another.
International Conservation
Organizations
Bridging Linkages with Stakeholders
 IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature)
• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is a membership
Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.
• It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the
knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and
nature conservation to take place together.
• Created in 1948, IUCN has evolved into the world’s largest and most diverse
environmental network.
• It harnesses the experience, resources and reach of its 1,300 Member
organisations and the input of some 13,000 experts. IUCN is the global authority
on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. Our
experts are organised into six commissions dedicated to species survival,
environmental law, protected areas, social and economic policy, ecosystem
management, and education and communication.
• IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, was established on 5 October 1948 in the French town of Fontainebleau. As
the first global environmental union, it brought together governments and civil society organisations with a shared goal to protect
nature. Its aim was to encourage international cooperation and provide scientific knowledge and tools to guide conservation
action.
• During the first decade of its existence, IUCN’s primary focus was to examine the impact of human activities on nature. It flagged
the damaging effects of pesticides on biodiversity, and promoted the use of environmental impact assessments, which have since
become the norm across sectors and industries.
• Much of IUCN’s subsequent work in the 1960s and 1970s was devoted to the protection of species and the habitats necessary for
their survival. In 1964, IUCN established the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™, which has since evolved into the world’s most
comprehensive data source on the global extinction risk of species.
• IUCN also played a fundamental role in the creation of key international conventions, including the Ramsar Convention on
Wetlands (1971), the World Heritage Convention (1972), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, (1974) and
the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992).
• In 1980, IUCN – in partnership with the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – published
the World Conservation Strategy, a ground-breaking document which helped define the concept of ‘sustainable development’ and
shaped the global conservation and sustainable development agenda.
• A subsequent version of the strategy, Caring for the Earth, was published by the three organisations in the run-up to the 1992
Earth Summit. It served as the basis for international environmental policy and guided the creation of the Rio Conventions on
biodiversity (CBD), climate change (UNFCCC) and desertification (UNCCD).
• In 1999, as environmental issues continued to gain importance at the international stage, IUCN was granted official observer status
to the United Nations. Today it remains the only environmental organisation with such status.
• In the early 2000s, IUCN developed its business engagement strategy. Prioritising sectors with a significant impact on nature and
livelihoods, such as mining and oil and gas, its aim is to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically
sustainable.
• Later in the 2000s, IUCN pioneered ‘nature-based solutions’ – actions to conserve nature which also address global challenges,
such as food and water security, climate change and poverty reduction.
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Species
Survival Commision - SSC
The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high
risk of global extinction.
• EXTINCT (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed
to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
• EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or
populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected
habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys
should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
• CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically
Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
• ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see
Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
Continued: Red list
• VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V),
and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
• NEAR THREATENED (NT)
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered
or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
• LEAST CONCERN (LC)
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered,
Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
• DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
A taxon is Data De cient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based
on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate
data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data De cient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category
indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classi
cation is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised
in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a
considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justi ed.
• NOT EVALUATED (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.
Discussion on International
Conservation Organizations: Group
Work
Rules of discussion
• Pick up a card
• Find information on the conservation organization that your group
has
1) History
2) Scope, Aims and Objectives of the organization
3) Highlight Programs and activities
4) 1 Success story
Homework
• Discussion on National Conservation Policy: Group Work
 Peraturan Pemerintah No. 68 Tahun 1998 tentang Kawasan Suaka Alam dan
Kawasan Pelestarian Alam.
 Peraturan Pemerintah No. 7 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan
dan Satwa
 Keputusan Presiden No. 32 Tahun 1990 tentang Pengelolaan Kawasan Lindung
 Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.57/Menhut-II/2008 tentang arahan
strategis konservasi spesies nasional 2008-2018
• PP 8/1999 tentang Pemanfaatan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar.
• PP 18/1994 tentang Pengusahaan Pariwisata Alam

P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018 JENIS TUMBUHAN DAN SATWA YANG DILINDUNGI