CHAPTERFI

VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods

CHAPTERFI
VE

5.Ba
sicWa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
Thea
vai
la
bler
awwa
ter
smus
tbet
rea
teda
ndpur
if
iedbe
for
esuppl
ie
dtot
heg
ene
ralpubl
icf
ort
hei
rdome
sti
c,
i
ndus
tri
ala
nda
nyot
herus
es.Thee
xte
ntoft
rea
tme
ntr
equi
redt
obegi
vent
opa
rti
cul
arwa
terde
pendsupon
t
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
sandqua
li
tyoft
hea
vai
la
blewa
tera
ndt
hequa
li
tyr
equi
reme
ntsf
ort
hei
nte
nde
dus
e.I
n
ge
ner
al,t
hepubl
icwa
ters
uppl
ie
sar
ede
signe
dfr
om t
hevi
ewpoi
ntoft
hequa
li
tyr
equi
reme
ntsofdr
inki
ng
wa
ter
.Thea
vai
la
blewa
termus
t,t
her
efor
e,bema
des
afe
,goodi
nappe
ara
ncea
nda
tt
rac
ti
vet
ohuma
ntongue
i
nwhi
chva
riousme
thodsa
reus
edt
oma
ket
hewa
ters
afea
nda
tt
rac
ti
vef
orc
ons
umpt
ion.

The
seme
thod
sadopt
edf
orpur
if
yingt
hepubl
icwa
ters
uppl
ie
sar
e:
i
.sc
ree
ning vi
. a
era
ti
on
i
i.pl
ai
nse
dime
nta
ti
on vi
i.s
oft
eni
ng
i
ii
.se
dime
nta
ti
ona
ide
dwi
thc
oagul
at
ion vi
ii
. mi
sce
ll
ane
oust
rea
tme
nts
,suc
hasf
luor
ida
ti
on,r
e-
i
v.f
il
tr
ati
on c
arbona
ti
on,l
imi
ng,de
sal
ina
ti
on
v. di
si
nfe
cti
on
Sc
ree
ning:t
her
emova
lbi
gge
randvi
si
bleobj
ect
s,s
ucha
str
ees
,br
anc
hes
,st
ic
ks,ve
get
at
ions
,fi
sh,a
nima
l
l
if
e,e
tc.pr
ese
nti
nra
wsur
fac
ewa
ters
our
ce.
Pl
ains
edi
ment
ati
on:t
hec
oar
sers
uspe
nde
dma
ter
ial
sca
nber
emove
dbyl
et
ti
ngt
hewa
ters
ett
lei
n
s
edi
ment
at
ionba
sins
.
Che
mic
alc
oagul
ati
on:t
hee
ffe
cti
vene
ssofs
edi
ment
at
ionma
ybei
ncr
eas
edbymi
xingwi
thc
ert
ai
nche
mic
als
wi
tht
hewa
tert
ofor
mfl
occ
ule
ntpr
eci
pit
at
etha
tca
rri
est
hes
uspe
nde
dpa
rti
cl
est
ose
tt
le
.
Fi
lt
rat
ion:t
hef
ine
rpa
rti
cl
esi
nsus
pens
ionma
ythe
nber
emove
dbyf
il
te
ringt
hewa
tert
hroughf
il
te
rsi
s
f
il
tr
ati
on.
Di
si
nfe
cti
on:Thef
il
te
redwa
terwhi
chma
yst
il
lcont
ai
npa
thoge
nicba
cte
riai
sthe
nma
deb
act
eri
a-pr
oofby
a
ddi
ngc
ert
ai
nche
mic
als
,suc
hasc
hlor
ine
;thust
hepr
oce
ssofki
ll
ingofge
rmsi
ste
rme
dasdi
si
nfe
cti
on.
Ae
rat
ion:f
ort
hes
afeoft
her
esul
ti
ngwa
tert
hatmi
ghtnotbea
tt
rac
ti
vet
othet
ongueofc
ons
ume
rs.
Unpl
eas
antt
ast
eandodour
,anda
lsooxyge
nde
fic
ien
cyc
anber
emove
dbya
ddi
ngc
ert
ai
nche
mic
al
c
ompounds
,suc
hasa
cti
vat
edc
arbonorus
ingoz
one
.
Sof
teni
ng:i
saddi
ti
ono
fce
rta
inc
hemi
cal
stobr
ingt
hequa
li
tyofwa
tert
othepe
rmi
ssi
blel
imi
tsofwa
ter
ha
rdne
ss.
Fl
uor
ida
tion:f
urt
hert
rea
tme
ntofa
ddi
ti
onofs
olubl
efl
uor
idet
owa
terf
orc
ont
rol
li
ngde
nta
lca
rie
s.
Li
ming:i
sthea
ddi
ti
onofl
imet
owa
teri
nor
dert
ocont
rola
cidi
tya
ndhe
ncer
educ
ecor
ros
ivea
cti
on.
Re
car
bona
tion:t
hea
ddi
ti
onofc
arbondi
oxi
det
owa
ters
oast
opr
eve
ntde
pos
it
ionofc
alc
iumc
arbona
tes
cal
e.
De
sal
ina
tion:t
her
emova
lofe
xce
sss
altf
romwa
ter
,ifa
tal
lpr
ese
nt.
5.
1Sc
ree
ning
Sc
ree
nsa
rege
ner
all
ypr
ovi
deda
tinf
rontoft
hepumpsori
nta
kewor
kst
oexc
ludel
arges
ize
dpa
rti
cl
es,s
uch
-1-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
a
sde
bri
s,a
nima
ls,t
ree
s,br
anc
hes
,bus
hes
,et
c.Sc
ree
ns(
tr
ashr
acks
)ar
ema
deofpa
ral
le
lir
onba
rsnor
mal
ly
a
bout2t
o10c
mc/
ctor
emov
ethebi
gge
rfl
oat
ingpa
rti
cl
est
hats
houl
dke
pta
tabout450t
o600i
ncl
ine
dtot
he
hor
izont
al
,soa
stoi
ncr
eas
etheope
ninga
reat
ore
duc
ethef
lowve
loc
it
yandt
husma
kingt
hes
cre
ensmor
e
e
ffe
cti
vef
ort
hede
signe
dve
loc
it
ynotmor
etha
n0.
8to1m/
sec
.thema
ter
ialwhi
chi
scol
le
cte
dont
heup
s
tre
ams
ideoft
hes
cre
ensc
anber
emove
dei
the
rma
nua
ll
yorme
cha
nic
all
y.

Fi
g5.
1Fi
xedba
rtypes
cre
en

5.
2Gr
itc
hambe
rs/
cha
nne
ls/
bas
insa
rec
ons
truc
tedpr
ima
ril
ytor
emovet
hei
nor
gani
cpa
rti
cl
es
s
pec
ifi
cgr
avi
tyofa
bout2.
65,s
ucha
ssa
nd,gr
ave
l,e
ggs
hel
ls
,bone
sandot
herhe
avi
erpa
rti
cl
esof
s
ize2mm orl
arge
rtopr
ote
ctt
heme
cha
nic
ale
qui
pme
ntf
rom a
bra
siona
nda
bnor
malwe
ar,t
o
r
educ
e/pr
eve
ntf
orma
ti
onofhe
avyde
pos
it
s/
acc
umul
at
ioni
nsl
udgedi
ges
ter
s.
Gr
itc
hambe
rsa
renot
hingbutl
ikes
edi
ment
at
iont
ankde
signe
dtos
epa
rat
ethei
nte
nde
dhe
avi
er
i
nor
gani
cma
ter
ial
sby t
hepr
oce
ssofs
edi
ment
at
ion duet
o gr
avi
ta
ti
ona
lfor
ce.I
nthegr
it
c
hambe
r/c
hanne
lthef
lowve
loc
it
yshoul
dne
it
hert
olownort
oohi
gh.

Shi
el
d’sf
ormul
a:c
rit
ic
alve
loc
it
y=3t
o4.
5
Fordi
ame
terof0.
2mmpa
rti
cl
esaf
lowve
loc
it
yofa
bout0.
25t
o0.
3m/
seci
sadopt
edf
ort
hede
sign
ofgr
itba
sinsi
nahor
izont
alf
lowgr
itc
hambe
r.Ade
tent
iont
imeof40s
ect
o1mi
n.i
snor
mal
ly
a
dopt
eda
ndc
anbec
alc
ula
tedf
romve
loc
it
yandde
tent
iont
imei
.e
.L=v*t
d

-2-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods

Fi
g5.
2di
ff
ere
ntvi
ewofgr
itc
hambe
r
Exa
mpl
e:agr
itc
hambe
risde
signe
dtor
emovepa
rti
cl
eswi
thadi
ame
terof0.
2mm,s
pec
ifi
cgr
avi
ty
2.
65.Se
tt
li
ngve
loc
it
yfort
hes
epa
rti
cl
esha
sbe
enf
oundt
obef
rom 0.
016t
o0.
022m/
sec
.Fl
ow
ve
loc
it
yof0.
3m/
secwi
llbema
int
ai
nedbypr
opor
ti
ona
ti
ngwe
ir.De
ter
minet
hec
hanne
ldi
mens
ions
f
orama
ximumwa
stewa
terf
l 000m3/
owof10, d.
Sol
uti
on:hor
izont
alve
loc
it
yoff
low,vh=0.
3m/
sec
Se
tt
li
ngve
loc
it
y0.
016t
o0.
022m/
sec
,le
t0.
02m/
sec
Q=Vh*A=0. 116m3/
3*A=0. se 385m2
c A=0.
Le
tde
pth
,d=1m:wi
dth
,B=0.
385
/1=0.
385m 0.
40m
Se
tt
li
ngve
loc
it
y,vs=0.
02m/
sec

De
tent
iont
ime
,td=

Le
ngt
hoft
het
ank,L=Vh*t
d=0.
3*50=15m
He
nce
,re
cta
ngul
art
ankwi
thdi
men
sionsLxBxD=15mX0.
40mX1m

5.
3Se
dime
nta
tion

5.
3.1Se
dime
nta
tiont
heor
y

Thes
ett
le
men
tofapa
rti
cl
einwa
terbr
oughtt
ore
sti
soppos
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors
;
a
. Theve
loc
it
yoff
lowwh
ichc
arr
iest
hepa
rti
cl
ehor
izont
al
ly.Thegr
eat
ert
hef
lowa
rea
,thel
ess
eri
sthe
ve
loc
it
yandhe
ncemor
eea
sil
ythep
art
ic
lewi
lls
ett
ledown.
b. Thevi
scos
it
yofwa
teri
nwhi
cht
hepa
rti
cl
eift
rave
ll
ing.Asvi
scos
it
yva
rie
swi
tht
empe
rat
ure
,wa
rm

-3-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
t
empe
rat
urei
sle
ssvi
scousa
nd,t
her
efor
e,of
fer
sle
ssr
esi
st
anc
etos
ett
le
ment
.
c
. Thes
izea
nds
pec
ifi
cgr
avi
tyoft
hep
art
ic
le.Thegr
eat
eri
sthes
pec
ifi
cgr
avi
ty,mor
ere
adi
lyt
hepa
rti
cl
e
wi
lls
ett
ledown.He
nceve
rys
mal
lsi
zedpa
rti
cl
eswi
lls
ett
leve
rys
lowl
y.
Fort
hisc
our
se,t
het
woi
mpor
tanta
ndc
ommont
ype
sofs
edi
ment
at
iona
re
i
. Typ
eIs
edi
ment
at
ion

i
i. Typ
eIIs
edi
ment
at
ion

i
. TypeIs
edi
ment
ati
on

TypeIs ediment
a t
ionr e
ferstodisc
retepart
icl
es ett
lin
g.Adi scre
teparti
cleisonet ha
t,ins et
tl
ing,is
notalte
redi nsi
z e
,s hapea ndwe i
ght.Theys e
ttl
ea sindivi
dualpart
icl
e sanddonotf loccul
a t
eor
st
icktoot herpart
ic l
esduringsett
li
n g.Exampl esofthe s
epa r
ticl
esares anda ndgritma ter
ial
.In
fal
li
ngf re
e l
ythroughaqu ies
centfl
u i
d,suchapa r
ticl
ea cce
ler
atesunti
lt hefri
cti
onalr e
sist
anceor
dragofthepa r
ti
c l
ee qualstheweightofthepa rt
icl
ei nthesuspendedfluid.Thereaf
ter,theverti
cal
vel
ocityofthepa r
ticl
ewi t
hr es
pecttothesurroundingflui
dwi l
lremainc onst
antasvs.
Consideraspheric
a ldis
cretepar
ti
cleisfal
linginabodyofwa t
erinaquie sc
entcondit
ion.

Fi
g5.
3thef
orc
est
hata
ctupont
hepa
rti
cl
esi
nwa
ter

Theforcesa ct
ingont hepa rt
iclearethedr agf or
ce,FD,gra
vit
at
ionalfor
ce,Fgandbuoyantfor
cesFb.
Thee f
fe c
tivegravit
ationalforce,F1,i sthedi ff
e r
encebetwe
ent hegravi
tat
iona
lforce
,Fg,andthe
buoyantforceFb.
F1 =Fg- Fb =(ρs- ρw)V
gp …………………1
Whe eρsi
r sde nsi
tyofpa rt
icle
ρw i
sde nsi
tyofwa t
er
Vp isvolumeofpa rti
cl
e
Thedra gforceFD i
sgi venby
ρw
FD =CD V2 sA … …………………………………. .2
2
Whe r
eCD i sdragcoefficie
nt( dimensionless)
Ai spr oj
ecte
da r
e a
,int hedirectionofmot i
on.Notet
hatapr oj
ecti
onofas phe
rica
lparti
cl
e
inanypl a
nei scir
cular
Vsi sthesett
li
ngve l
ocityofthepa rt
icle
Equat
ingF1a ndFD ands olvi
ngf orVswi llgivetheset
tl
ingvel
ocityvsa
s :

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CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
4g( ρs-
ρw)d1/2
Vs = [
3CDρw ]
………………………….3
d1/2
[ ]
4g(Ss-1)
Vs = ………………………….4
3CD
WhereSs=speci
fi
cgra
vity(
rel
ati
vede nsi
ty)ofpa r
ti
cl
e.
Thedra
gc oe
ffi
ci
entCD i
snotconsta
ntbutva r
ieswi t
htheRe
ynol
d’snumbe
rRe
,andt
hes
hapeof
t
hepart
icl
e.
Vsd
TheRe
ynol
d’snumbe
risgi
venbyRe =
ν
Whe eνi
r ski
nemat
icvi
scos
it
y
di
sdiamet
eroft
hepart
ic
le
CD i
sdefi
nedby
24 3
CD = + +0.
34
Re Re
24
Forl
ami
narfl
owswithRe
<1,thelas
ttermsmaybenegle
ctedtoyiel
dCD =
Re
Henc
e,f
orla
minarf
lowrangesubs
ti
tut
ingtheval
ueofCD i
ntoequat
ion(
4)gi
ves
g
Vs = ( ρs-ρw)
d2…………………………. .5
18μ

Thisiscal
ledStoke
’sl
aw.
Forturbul
entf
lowswit
hRe>1000,CD t
endstoaval
ueof0.
4.Thust
hes
ett
li
ngve
loc
it
yisgi
venby:
Vs =3.3gd( Ss-
1) ………………………….6

i
i. TypeI
Ise
dime
nta
tion

Unde rquies
centc onditi
ons,s uspe nde dpa rt
icl
esinma nywa te
rse xhi
bitana turaltendencyt o
aggl
ome rat
eorthea ddi
ti
onofc hemi cala gent
spromo te
st histe
nde ncy.Thisphenome noni sknown
asfloccul
entort ypeI Is edime ntation.TypeI Isedime ntati
oni sc haract
eri
zedbypa rti
clesthat
f
locculat
eduringse dimentati
on.Si nc et heyf l
occul
ate,theirsiz
ea nds ett
li
ngve l
ocitywillincre
as e
.
I
ns uchc a
sesthetraject
orytracedbyas ettl
ingpart
icl
ewi llbec ur
vi l
inearbeca
useoft heincreas
ei n
i
tss et
tl
ingveloci
ty.Thei nstantaneouss e t
tli
ngvelocit
yi st hetange nttothecur ve.Thea verage
set
tl
ingve l
oci
tyfort heparti
cleinFi g.5. 4is:
̅ H
V =t ……………………………. 7

Fi
gur
e5.
4Se
tt
li
ngve
loc
it
ytr
aje
ctor
yint
ypeI
Ise
dime
nta
ti
on

-5-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods

Thea verages et
tl
ingve loci
tydistri
bu t
ionf orthes uspensioni sc onti
nua l
lycha ngingwi thtime.I n
wa t
ertre
atme ntthesetypesofpa rti
clesoc curinal
umori ronc oagul at
ion.
Tode si
gnaba si
nf ortheflocculentsettli
ng,theave r
ages ettl
ingve locitydis
tributi
onva r
iat
ionwi th
ti
memus tbef oundt oc al
cul
a t
et hetota lremoval.The rei snot he or
e t
icalme ansofpr edicti
ngt he
amountoff locculat
iona ndsettl
ingv eloc i
tydist
ri
butionva riat
ionf oras uspens i
on,i.e.noa dequate
ma t
hema t
icalrelat
ionshipthatcanbeus e dtodescr
ibetypeI Iset
tling.TheSt oke ’
se quationcannot
beus edbe causethef l
oc c
ulat
ingpa r
ticlesarecontinuall
yc hangingi ns i
zea nds hape .Laboratory
te
s t
swi t
hs et
tli
ngc olumnsa r
eus edt ode velopdesi
gnda t
a.Se ttl
ingc olumna na l
ysisisa nimportant
la
bor a
toryt esttode t
erminedi str
ibutionofs et
tl
ingve loc it
iesf orbot hdi scret
ea ndf l
occulent
sedimentati
on.

5.
3.2 Se
ttl
ingve
loc
itydi
st
ri
but
ionf
ordi
scr
etes
uspe
nsi
on

Direc
ta ppli
cati
onofSt oke’sequa t
ionisse l
dom possibl
ei nwa te rtrea
tmente venfordiscr
ete
part
ic
lesb e
causet hes izeofthepa r
ticl
esmus tbeknowna ndac or
re ct
ionfact
ortoa cc
ountforthe
depar
turefrom s phe r
icityha stobede t
ermined.Thust hedi str
ibutionofs et
tlingvel
ocit
yf or
part
ic
lesinadi scretes uspensi
oni susual
lyde t
ermin
edi nal aboratoryusingsett
lingcol
umnt est
.
Laborat
orysett
li
ngc olumnsa retubeshavi
ngadi amete
rofa tleas
t100mma ndalengthofabout2m
withprovisi
onf ors ampl ingatva ri
ouspointsoverthec olumnhe ight.Car
es houldbetakent o
ensur
ethatsuspens i
oni sunifor
ml ydist
ri
butedatthest
artofatest.

Suppos et
ha tsa
mpl esdrawnoffatva
riouspointsbelowt hewate
rs ur
fac
eatvar
iousti
mega ve
,on
analysi
s,t
h eres
ultsshowninTa bl
e5.
1.
Inthisexperiment,conc
entra
ti
onsofimpurit
ie
s (
C)a t(h1)aremeasure
datgi
ventimeinte
rva
ls(∆t)
andt hesamema yconvenie
ntl
ybedonef orsamplesf r
om( h2)
.Ther e
sul
tca
nbepl ot
tedinagraph
asshownbe l
ow.
Ta
ble5.
1Expe
rime
ntr
esul
t

Timet 0 ∆t 2∆t 3∆t

Conc.
(mg/l
) Co C1 C2 C3
(%) Co C1 C2 C3
Co Co Co Co
Vs(mm/s
) ∞ h1 h1 h1
∆t 2∆t 3∆t

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CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods

Fi
gur
e5.
5Se
tt
li
ngve
loc
it
ydi
st
ri
but
ionsf
ordi
scr
etepa
rti
cl
es

There
s ul
tofsuchexper
imentsal
lowsdi
sca
rdingofthemathema
tic
althe
ori
esofse
ttl
ingi
npract
ice
.
The anal
ysisofda ta gat
heredfrom se
ttl
ing column te
stforboth di
scr
etea nd f
loc
cul
ent
se
dimentati
onwi l
lbebe s
tpr e
sente
dbye xamplel at
eraft
eri
denti
fyi
ngsomei mport
antdes
ign
par
ame t
ersfors
ediment
ati
ontank.

5.
3.3 Se
ttl
ingofdi
scr
etepa
rti
cle
sina
nide
als
edi
ment
ati
ont
ank

Sedimentat
iont anksa r
ede s
igne
dt oreducetheve locit
yofflowofwa t
ersoastope rmitsuspended
soli
dst ose tt
leoutoft hewa t
e rbygr a
vity.The rea r
etwoi mport
antter
mst ounde rs
tandi n
sedi
me ntat
ionz onede s
ign.Thefir
stistheparti
cles e
ttl
ingveloci
ty,vsa
ndthesecondi stheveloci
ty
atwhic hthet anki sde si
gnedtoope rate,call
edt heove r
fl
ow r at
e,Vo.Thede s
ignofa ni de
al
sedi
me ntat
ionba sinisbasedontheremova lofallpa r
ticl
est
ha thaveaset
tl
ingvelocit
ygr ea
terthan
orequaltotheove rfl
owr ate
,Vo.
Ani de
a lse
di mentati
onba s
incanbedi vide
di nt
of ourzones:
1.Ani nl
e tzone,inwhi chinf
luentflowa nds uspendedma tt
erdispe
rseovert
hec r
osss e
c t
ionat
ri
ghtangl e
st ofl
ow;

2.As
ett
li
ngz
one
,inwhi
cht
hes
uspe
nde
dpa
rti
cl
ess
ett
lewi
thi
nthef
lowi
ngwa
ter
;

3.Sludgezone
,inwhi
cht
her
emo
veds
oli
dsa
ccumul
at
eandf
rom whi
cht
heya
rewi
thdr
awna
s
underf
low;and

4.Anoutletz
one
,inwhi
cht
hef
lowa
ndr
ema
ini
ngs
uspe
nde
dpa
rti
cl
esa
rec
arr
iedt
othee
ffl
uent
condui
t.

Ade
fini
ti
ons
ket
chs
howi
nga
llt
hef
ourz
one
siss
howni
nFi
gur
e5.
5.

Figure5.
5Anidealhor
izont
al
fl
ows edi
ment
at
ionta
nk
InFig.5.
5,

i
stheef
fect
ivedept
hof
t
heset
tl
ingzone;

vfi
sthel
ongi
tudi
nalve
loc
it
yoft
hewa
ter
;

v1a
ndvoa
res
ett
li
ngve
loc
it
ie
sfort
wodi
ff
ere
ntpa
rti
cl
ese
nte
ringa
tthet
opoft
heba
sin;

v2ist
hes
ett
li
ngve
loc
it
yofapa
rti
cl
eent
eri
ngt
hes
ett
li
nga
tahe
ight
,h,a
bovet
hes
ludge
zone

Wi
dthoft
heba
sinma
ybede
signe
dbyB.

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CHAPTERFI VE Basi
cwa t
ertr
eat
mentmethods
I
ni dealsedi
mentat
ionba si
ni tisassumedtha
tnos ett
lingintheinl
etandoutl
etzone.Sl
udgeis
ac
cumul at
edinthes ludgez one
,wh i
c hi
snotpa r
tofthee ffe
cti
vesett
li
ngzone.Otheri
mporta
nt
as
sumpt i
onsare:
1.Th er
eisuniformd i
s per
sionofwaterandsuspendedpart
icl
esinthei
nle
tzone.Ther
efore
,
t
hesoli
dconc ent
rat
ionisthesameatal
ldepthintheinl
etzone.

2.Cont
inuousf
lowa
tac
ons
tantr
ate
(st
eadyf
low)e
xis
ts

3.Onceapart
icl
eente
rst
hes
ludgez
one
,itr
ema
inst
her
e(i
.e
.not
her
eisnor
e-s
uspe
nsi
onof
se
tt
ledpa
rti
cl
es).

4.Theflow t
hroughti
meisequalt
ode te
nti
onti
mei
.e
.the
rei
snode
ads
pac
eors
hor
t
ci
rcui
ti
nginthevol
umea
bovethes
ludgezone

5.Pa
rti
cl
esmovef
orwa
rdwi
tht
hes
ameve
loc
it
yast
hel
iqui
d.

Thede signvol umemus tber elatedtot hei nfluentf l

owr a t
ea ndt hepa r
ti
c l
es e
tt
lingve locit
y.The
particl
et ha ttakest hel onge sttimet or emovewi llbeonet hate nter
sa tt hetopoft hee ffect
ive
settl
ingz one.Thede s
igns e
ttli
ngve locit
yi sVo whi chi sthes et
tli
ngve loc i
tyoft hepa rti
clethat
settl
est hr ought het otale ff
ec t
ivede pthoft het anki nt het heoretic
alde tenti
ont ime .Thef l
ow
throughve loci
tyi svf.
Thede t
e ntiontimea ndt hef l
owt hr
oughve loc it
ya rerelate
dwi t
hf lowr atea nddime nsionsoft he
tanka ndc anbee xpr es
seda s
:
V
td = … ……………………………………………………8
Q
Q
vf= ……………………………………………………. 9
BH
Be causet hepa rt
ic l
emus ttra
ve lthel engtha ndde pthoft heba s ininthet i
met ,
d
votd = H……………………………………………………. 10
vt
fd = L……………………………………………………11
Byr e
arrangi ngte rms,wec ange tf orvooft hef orm:
Q
vo = ………………………………………………. 12
BL
Thi sprove sthatt hesedime ntationba sinde signi si ndepende ntoft hede ptha ndde pendso nlyont he
horizonta lsurf
a cea re
aoft heba sin.
InFi g6. 5,on ema ynotet hatapa r
ti
c l
ewi t
hs e t
tlingve locityV1whi che ntersatt het op( pointa)
wi l
ls et
tleonl ytopoi ntea ndt huswi l
lnotbes epa rate
d.I tent erstheoutletz onewhi l
ea ni denti
cal
particl
ewhi che ntersatpoi ntba nds ett
lea tthes a mer atewi llber e moved,a swi l
la llsuc hpartic
les
whi che nt e
rbe lowpoi ntb.Cons ideri
ngt hes l opeoft heve locityve ct
ora ndt hege ome tryoft he
basin,onema ye qua t
ethef ractionXroft hepa rticle swithve loc i
tyV1t hatisr emove dt otheve rti
cal
dime nsions( b-c)a nd(a-c )
.
b- c ( v1/vf)L v 1
Xr = = = ………………………. .13
a- c ( vo/v)
f L v o

I
naddi
ti
ontot
heabove
,onemayal
soobse
rve
:
1.Allpar
ti
cl
eswit
hset
tl
ingve
loc
it
ygrea
tert
hanvowi
llber
emove
d.Thi
sequa
ls1-
Xo.

2.Otherpar
ti
cl
estra
vel
li
ngats
urf
aceove
rflowrat
elowe
rtha
nore
qua
ltovowi
llber
emove
d
pa
r t
ial
lyi
npropor
ti
ontot
hei
rse
tt
li
ngveloci
ty.

-8-
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CHAPTERFIVE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
3.Thefr
act
ionofa
llpa
rti
cl
esr
emove
dist
hus
v
X 1
F=( Xo)+∫
1- 0 d x ……………………………….14
o

vo
Thes
eca
nbes
hownonacumula
ti
vefr
eque
ncygr
aphf
ors
ett
li
ngve
loc
it
ie
sass
hownbe
lowonFi
g.
5.
6.

Fi
gur
e5.
7Cumul
at
ivef
reque
ncyc
urve

Theact
ualc
alc
ula
ti
oni
spe
rfor
medbyus i
ngafi
nit
enumbe
rofpoi
ntsont
hedi
st
ri
but
ionc
urves
o
t
hat,
1
F=(1-Xo)+
vo
v
(∑
1∆X)…………………………….15

TypeI
Ise
dime
nta
tionda
taa
nal
ysi
s

Thefol
lowi
ngproc
edurei
susedtoa
nal
yzet
ypeIIs
edi
ment
at
iondat
a.
1.As e
tt
li
ngcolumnisf
il
ledwi
tht
hesus
pensi
ont
obeanal
yze
d

2.Thes
uspe
nsi
oni
sal
lowe
dtos
ett
le

3.Sa
mpl
esa
rewi
thdr
awnf
romt
hes
ampl
epor
tsa
tse
lec
tedt
imei
nte
rva
ls

4.Theconc
ent
rat
ionofsus
pende
dsol
idsi
sde
ter
mine
dfore
achs
ampl
eandt
hepe
rce
nt
re
movedisc
alcul
at
eda
s

Ct
( )
R% =1- ×100
Co
Wher
eR%i spe rcentre
mova latonedepthandti
me
Ctconcentrati
onatti
met ,andgivendept
h,mg/l
Coinit
ia
lc oncentr
ati
on,mg/ l
5.Perc
entremovalver
susdepthi st henplott
eda sshown.I nt
erpol
at
ionismadebetwe
en
plot
te
dpoint
stoconst
ructcurvesofe qualconcent
rati
onatreas
onablepe
rce
nta
ge,i
.e
.5to
10%i nc
rement
s.

6.Eachi
nter
sec
ti
onpoi
ntsofa
nis
o-c
onc
ent
rat
ionl
inea
ndt
hebot
tom oft
hec
olumnde
fine
s
anove
rfl
owrate

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CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
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rea
tme
ntme
thods
H
Vo = wher eHi shei ghtofcol umn
t1
t
1istheti
mede finedbyi nte
rsecti
onofi s
o-concent
rat
ionl i
nea ndbot tom ofcol
umn,wherethe
s
ubsc
ript
,i,r
efer
st othefi
rst
,second,thir
d,etcinte
rsect
ionpoi nt
.
7.Ave r
ti
callineisdrawnfromt itoint
ersectal
ltheiso-concentra
ti
onlinesc
rossi
ngthet
it
ime.
Themi d-
poi ntsbet
we e
ni so-concentra
ti
onl i
nesde f
inehe ightsH1,H2,H3,e t
c.use
dt o
cal
cul
atethef r
act
ionofsolidsremove d.

8.Foreachti
me,t,de
i f
inedbythei
nter
sect
iono
ftheis
o-conc
ent
rat
ionl
ineandthebot
tomof
t
hec ol
umnave rti
calli
necanbeconst
ruc
tedandt
henthefr
act
ionofs
olidsr
emovedcanbe
cal
cula
tedas:

H1 H2 H3
RTa =Ra + ( Rb-Ra)+ ( Rc-Rb)+ ( Rd-Rc)
+…
H H H
WhereRTaistotalf
ractionr e
move dforsett
lingti
me ,t
a
Ra,Rb,Rc,Rda reiso-concent
rat
ionfracti
ons
9.Thes e
riesofove r
flow ratesa ndr emovalfracti
onsareus edtopl otcur
vesofsus
pende
d
sol
idsremovalversusdet
e ntiontimea ndsuspendedsoli
dsremova lvers
usover
fl
owratet
hat
canbeusedtoobt a
indesignpa rame t
erstosizetheset
tli
ngtank.

5.
3.4 Typeofs
edi
ment
ati
onba
sinsa
ndt
hei
rde
sign

Sedime nt
a t
ionta
nksa redesi
gnedindi f
ferentsha pe
si ncl
udingr e
ctangular,squar
e ,orcir
cular.They
canbeope rat
edc ontinuousl
yorbyba t
ch,i nahor i
zontalorve r
ticaldirecti
onoff low.Themos t
appropria
tes e
dime ntati
ontankistherectangula r
,operate
dwi thhorizontalfl
owa ndonac ont i
nuous
basis.Thef l
owc onditioninac ir
culartanki smor ecompl ica
ted,andt heope rat
ionofve rt
ical-f
low
sett
li
ngt anksisve r
ydi ffi
cul
t.Thei ntermittenttankss ometimesc all
edqui escenttypeta nksa r
e
si
mpl es e
ttl
ingbas i
ns,whi chstor
et herawwa te
rforac er
tai
npe rioda ndke epitinc omple t
ere s
t.
Af t
ergivingitare stofsomes pecif
iedtime ,thec l
earwa terisdrawnof f,ands ett
ledsil
tisc l
eaned
offfrom thetank.Thet ankisagainfill
edwi t
ht hera wwa tertocontinuet hene xtopera
tion.Thi s
require
ss omepe riodoft i
me.Suc hs yste
m ne ces
sit
a t
esthepr ovisi
onofmor es et
tl
inguni tsand
mor etimea ndla
bori swa st
ed.

Inac ont
inuousflowtypeofs edi
mentat
ionta
nk,theflowve l
oci
tyi
sonlyre
ducedandthewa t
eri
s
notbroughttocompl e
teres
t,asisdoneinanint
ermitt
enttype
.Theworki
ngofsuchta
nki ssi
mple,
asthewa terent
e r
sf r
om onee ndandc omesoutfrom theothe
rend.Thevel
ocit
yiss uf
fi
cie
ntl
y
reduc
e dbyprovidingsuf
fi
cientle
ngthoftr
avel
.

5.
3.5 De
signofc
ont
inuousf
lowt
ypeofs
edi
ment
ati
ont
ank

Supposeweh
aveat
ankofl
engt
hL,wa
terde
pthH,bi
rt
hBa
ndt
hei
nfl
owr
atebeQa
sshowni
nthe
Figur
e5.8

Pa
rti
cl
eX

LBH
Tr
avel
time=
Q

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Fi
g5.
8The
ore
ti
calf
lowt
hroughar
ect
angul
ars
edi
ment
at
iont
ank
Itisassume dthatt hes edime nti sun i
forml ydi st
ributeda sthewa terenter
stheba s
in.Lett hewa t
er
contai
ni ngunifor ml ydistributeds e dime nt
,e ntersar ectangulartankwi t
hauni f
ormf l
owve loci
tyof
Va ndt hepa rt
icleofs il
te nteri
ngt hetankwi llhaveave rti
c a
lf al
lingve l
ocit
yofVs.
Now e ve rydi scretepa r
ticlei smov i
ngwi thahor i
zontalve locit
yV a ndadownwa rdve r
tic
al
veloci
tyVs.
Thehor izontalve locityisgi venby
Q
V=
BH
Andt imeo fhorizont alfl
owi sgi ve nby
L LBH
t
h = =
V Q
Thet i
mef orthef allingdi st
anc ei sgive nby
H
tv=
Vs
Forthepa rt
icl
et or e achthebot tomb eforethewa te rle
ave sthet ank,thetimeoffallmus tequalthe
timeofhor i
zontalf low,i.e .
H LBH
=
Vs Q
Fromwhi ch
Q Q
Vs = =
LB A
Whe reAi sthes urfac eareaoft het ank
Thisi st hel i
mi t
ingve loc it
yoff alltoe nablet hep ar
ticlet or ea
c hthebot t
om ofthet ank.All
parti
cleswi ths pe edgr eatert ha nQ/ Awi l
lr eacht hebot tom be foretheout l
etendoft het ank.In
otherwor ds,nopa rti
cleha vingas ettli
ngve locitymor et hanore qualtoQ/ A wi l
lr ema i
ni n
suspende di ns uc hat ank .Pa rticleswi t
hve loci
tyl esst hanQ/ A wi llber e
move dint hes a
me
proportionwi tht heirve locityt oQ/ A.Fore xa mpl e,ifthes pee dofapa rt
ic
leisonlyha lfofQ/ A,
thenonl yfift
ype rcentoft hepa rt
iclesfa ll
inga tthiss pee
dr eac hthebot t
om.

Thequ anti
tyQ/A =Q/ BL,i.e.thedis
chargeperunitpl
ana re
a(sur
fac
ea rea)i
save r
yimport
ant
ter
mf orthed e
signofc ont
inuousflowtypesett
li
ngtank;andisknowna stheove r
flowrat
eorthe
surf
aceloadingrat
eort heove rf
lowveloci
ty.I
tsnormalvaluerange
sbe t
we en500-750l
it
res
/hr
/m2
forpla
insedimentat
ion,andbetwe e
n1000-1250l
itr
es/
hrm2f
/ orchemical
lyaidedsedi
me nt
at
ionta
nk.
De c
reasi
ngtheove r
flowr a
tewi l
lleadtotheset
tl
ementofpa r
ti
cleswhicha r
ehavinglowerval
ues
ofthei
rsett
li
ngve l
ociti
es.

Anotherimport
antter
m whi c
hi suse
di nconnec
ti
onwi t
ht hede si
gnoft hes edimentati
onba sinis
thedet
enti
onperiodordetent
iontime.Thedete
nti
ontimeofas edime nt
at
ionba sinma ybede f
ine
d
astheavera
getheoret
ica
ltimer e
quir
edforthewatert
oflowt hrought hetanklength.Itisthatti
me
whichwouldber equi
redbythef l
owofwa tert
ofil
lthetank,iftherewe renoout fl
ows .Itisgive
n
bytheequati
on
LBH
t=
Q
Thede t
enti
ontimeus ua
llyrangesbetwee
n4t o8hour sforpla i
ns edimentat
ion,a ndfrom 2t o4
hourswhencoagulant
sareused.

-11-
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Fi
g5.
9La
youta
ndde
signofs
ett
li
ngt
anks

Themainf e
aturesofahor izontalfl
owr ec
tangulars e
diment
at
iont anksa r
ei ll
ust
rate
dinFi g3.8.
Theta
nkc anbedi videdi ntodi f
ferentareasc ompr i
si
nga ni nle
t,s et
tl
ing,outlet
,ands ludge
acc
umulat
ionz one.Thei nl
etz oneserve st
opr ovidee vendi
st
ributionovert hefullcr
oss-
secti
on.
Theoutle
tz onec oll
e c
tst hec lari
fie
d wa teruni for
mly overt hef ulltank width.Sludgei s
acc
umulat
eda tthebottom,whe reitisstore
da ndr emovedperi
odi c
ally.Themos timport
antareais
t
heset
tl
ingzone ,whe r
es oli
ds epara
ti
ont akesplace.

Gi venas pecif
iedrawwa terqua li
ty,theeff
iciencyofas edimentat
iont a
nkisma i
nlyde pendenton
thes urf
aceloading,thetankde pth,andde te
ntiontime .Thec orrel
ati
onsbe tweent hesede sign
pa ra
me t
ersandthetankdime nsioni sgi
veninFi g3.8.Lows urfac
el oadsshouldbea pplie
df orra w
wa terwi thpoors et
tli
ngp roperti
es .Adequatewe irloa dswi l
lpre ve
ntf ormati
onofunde si
rable
turbul e
nceintheout l
etzone.Ana ppropri
atelengthtowi dt
hrati
oi simportanttoma intai
nl aminar
flow c ondit
ionsa ndt opre vents hortcircui
ts.Sh al
low s edimentat
iont ankswi thade pthof
appr oximate
ly1.5-2.
0mwi lle a
sema nualr
emova lofacc umul a
tedsludge.

Althoughs el
ectionofa ppropriat
evalue sf
ortheover
flowr a t
ea ndthede t
enti
ontimeareimpor
tant
todeterminethes i
zeoft heba si
n,otherparamet
ersal
soha vet obec onside
redtoachi
evethedes
ired
removale ff
iciency.The sei nc
ludethehor i
zonta
lvelocityVh a ndt hewe irove
rfl
ow rat
eorwe ir
overfl
owr ateorwe i
rloa dingqw.Ex cessi
vehori
zont
a lvelocityma ymoves omeoftheprevi
ously
set
tledparti
clestowa r
dst heoutletz
one .Hori
zont
alfl
owve locit
ys houldnotexce
ed9.0m/hforl
ight
fl
oc c
ulentsuspensionsora bout36m/hf orheavi
erdi
scretepa r
ticlesuspens
ion.

Largewe i
ro ver
fl
ow r at
esr esul
tsine xces
siveveloci
tie
sa ttheoutle
t.The seve l
ociti
ese xtend
backwardint
othes et
tl
ingz one,causi
ngpa r
ticl
esandflocswhichwouldot he
rwiseber emove da s
3
sl
udgetob edrawni nt
ot heout l
et.Overf
lowr at
erangingfrom 6m /hperme terofwe irforlight
3
fl
ocstoabout14m /hperme terofwe i
rforheavie
rdiscr
etepart
icl
esuspensi
onarec ommonl yus e
d.
Example
:Thema xi
mumda ilydema ndatawaterpur
if
ica
ti
onplanthasbe
enes t
imat
ed12mi ll
ionlit
resper
da
y.De
signt
hedi
mens
ionso
fas
uit
abl
ese
dime
nta
ti
ont
ankf
ort
her
awwa
ters
uppl
ie
s,a
ssumi
ngade
tent
ion
pe
riodo
f6hour
sandt
heve
loc
it
yoff
lowa
s20c
m/mi
n.

Sol
uti
on:Qua
nti
tyofwa
tert
obet
rea
tedi s=12*106l
n24hour it
res
Qua
nti
tyofwa
tert
obet
rea
teddur
ingt
hede
tent
ionpe
ri s=12*106*6/
odof6hour 24=3000m3,whi
chi
sthe
c
apa
cit
yoft
het
ank

-12-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
Ve
loc
it
yoff
lowt
obema
int
ai
nedt
hroug
hthet
ank=20c
m/mi
n=0.
2m/
min
Thel
engt
hoft
het
ankr
equi
red=ve
loc
it
yoff
low*de
tent
ionpe
riod=0.
2*(
6*60)=72m
Cr
osss
ect
iona
lar
eaoft
het
ankr
equi
red=c
apa
cit
yoft
het
ank/
le
ngt
hoft
het
ank=3000/
72=41.
67≈41.
7m2
Le
tde
pthoft
het
ankbe3.
75m,t
hewi
dthr
equi
red=41.
7/3.
75=11.
12m
Ta
keaf
ree
boa
rdof0.
5m,ove
ral
lde
pth=4.
25m
Re
cta
ngul
ars
edi
ment
at
iont
ankha
vingt
heove
ral
lsi
ze=72mx11.
12mx4.
25mwi
llbepr
ovi
ded

Exa
mpl
e:Twomi
ll
ionl
it
resofwa
terpe
rda
yispa
ssi
ngt
hroughas
edi
ment
at
iont
ankof6mx15mx3m
a
)fi
ndt
hed
ete
nti
ont
imef
ort
het
ank
b) wha
tist
hea
ver
agef
lowve
loc
it
yth
rought
het
ank
c
)if60ppm i
sthec
onc
ent
rat
ionofs
uspe
nde
dsol
idspr
ese
nti
ntur
bidr
awwa
ter
,howmuc
hdr
ysol
ids
wi
llbede
pos
it
edpe
rda
yint
het
ank;a
ssumi
ng70%r
emova
lint
heba
sina
nda
ver
ages
pec
ifi
cve
loc
it
y
oft
hede
pos
ita
s2.
d) Comput
etheove
rfl
owr
ate

Sol
uti
on:a
)Thec
apa
cit
yoft
het
a 70m3a
nk=LBD=15x6x3=2 nddi
scha
rgepa
ssi
ngt
hrought
het
ank,
Q=2*106l
it
/da
y
Q=2*106/
( 33m3/
1000*24)=83. hr;de
tent
iont
ime
,t=c
apa
cit
yoft
het
ank/
dis
cha
rge=270/
83.
33=3.
24hr
s
b)Ave
rage ve
loc
it
y off
low t
hrou
gh t
he t
ank = di
scha
rge
/cr
osss
ect
iona
lar
ea = Q/
BH =
83.
33/
6*3*100/
60=7.
72c
m/mi
n
c
)-qua
nti
tyo
fwa
terpa
ssi
ngpe y=2*106;c
rda onc
ent
rat
ionofs
uspe
nde
dsol
ids=60ppm=60
/106
-qua
nti
tyofs
uspe
nde
dsol
idse
nte
ringt
het
ankpe y=2*106*60/
rda 106=120l
it
re 12m3
s=0.
-f
ort
hegi
vena
ver
ages
pec
ifi
cgr
avi
tyoft
hede
pos
it
edma
ter
ial
,2i
tsde
nsi
tyi m3
s2000kg/
-ma
ssoft
hes
uspe
nde
dsol
idsde
pos
it
ed(
wit
h70%r
emova
l)p
erda
y=0.
12*0.
7*2000=168kg
d)Ove
rfl
owr
ate=di
scha
rgepe
runi
tpl
ana
rea=Q/ 33*106/
BL=83. 6*15=926l
it
/hr
/m2

Exa
mpl
e:Ar
ect
angul
ars
ett
li
ngt
ankwi
thoutme
cha
nic
ale
qui
pme
nti
str
eat
ed1.
8mi
ll
ionl
it
respe
rda
yra
w
wa
ter
.Th
ese
dime
nta
ti
onpe
riodi
stobe4hour
s,t
heve
loc
it
yoff
low8c
m/mi
nut
e,a
ndt
hede
pthofwa
ter
a
nds
edi
ment4.
2m.i
fana
ll
owa
nceof1.
2mf
ors
edi
menti
sma
de,wha
tshoul
dbet
hel
engt
handwi
dthof
t
heba
sin?

Sol
uti
on:Suppl
yofwa
tert
obet
rea
teddur
ingt
hede
tent
ionpe
riodof4hr
s,i
.e
.thec
apa
cit
yoft
het
ank=1.
8
*106*4/ 3*106=300m3;ve
24=0. loc
it
yoff
low=8c
m/mi
nut
e
Le
ngt
hoft
het
ank=f
lowve
loc
it
y*de
tent
iont
ime=8*(
4*60)=19.
2m
Thec
ros
sse
cti
ona
lar
eaoft
het
ank=c
apa
cit
yoft
het
ank/
le
ngt
hoft
het
ank=300/
19.
2=15.
63m
Thede
pthofs
edi
menta
ndwa
ter=4.
2m;t
hede
pthofs
edi
ment=1.
2m;t
her
efor
e,t
hewa
terde
pth=3m
Thewi
dthoft
het
ank=c
ros
s-s
ect
iona
lar
ea/
wat
erde
pth=15.
63/
3=5.
21m

Exa
mpl
e:Ar
ect
angul
ars
edi
ment
at
ionba
sini
stoha
ndl
e10mi
ll
ionl
it
respe
rda
yofr
awwa
ter
.Ade
tent
ion
-13-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
ba
sinofwi
dtht
ole
ngt
hra
ti
o1/
3ispr
opos
edt
otr
apa
llpa
rti
cl
esl
arge
rtha
n0.
04mm i
nsi
ze.As
sumi
nga
r
ela
ti
vede
nsi
tyof2.
65f
ort
hepa
rti
cl
e nd200Ca
sa sthea
ver
aget
empe
rat
ure
,comput
etheba
sindi
mens
ions
.
I
fthede
pthoft
het
anki
s3.
5m,c
alc
ula
tet
hede
tent
iont
ime
.

Sol
uti
on:Se
tt
li
ngve
loc
it Ss–1)d2[
y,Vs=418( (3T+70)
/100]f
ord<0.
1mm
2
=418(
2.65–1)
(0.
04)[(
3*2
0+70)
/100]=1.
435mm/
sec=0.
1435c
m/s
ec
V/
Vs=L/
H V=VsL/
H=0.
1435*L/
Hcm/
sec
L=f
lowve
loc
it
y(V)*de
ten
tiont
ime(
t)=(
0.1435*L/
H*t
*60*60/
100)m=5.
164*L*t
/H
t=H/
5.16
4 (
1)
Ca
pac
it
yoft
het
ankf
orthrde
tent
ionpe
riod=[
(10*106*t
)/
(103)
]=416.
67*t
B.
H.L=416.
67*t
,but
;L=3B 3B2H=416.
67*t (
2)
Subs
ti
tut
ing(
1)i
n(2)
3B2H=416.
67*(
H/5.
164) B2=416.
67*(
3*5.
164)=26.
896
B=√(
26.
896)=5.
19≈5.
20m;L=3*B=3*5.
20=15.
60ma
ndt
=H/
5.164 =3.
5/5.
164 =0.
68hr=41
mi
nut
es

5.
4Se
dime
nta
tiona
ide
dwi
thCoa
gul
ati
on
Ve
ryf
ines
uspe
nde
dandc
oll
oida
lpa
rti
cl
espr
ese
nti
nwa
terc
annots
ett
ledowni
npl
ai
nse
dime
nta
ti
ont
ank
ofor
dina
ryde
tent
ionpe
riod.Howe
ver
,ce
rta
inc
hemi
calc
ompounds
,coa
gul
ant
s,a
rea
dde
dtot
hewa
tert
o
i
ncr
eas
ethe
irs
izeont
hor
oughmi
xingt
hef
inec
oll
oida
lpa
rti
cl
esge
tat
ta
che
danda
bsor
bedf
ormi
ngt
he
bi
gge
rsi
zedf
loc
cul
at
edpa
rti
cl
es.

Thec
oll
oida
lpa
rti
cl
esdopos
sess
urf
acec
har
gesr
esul
ti
ngf
rompr
efe
rent
ia
lads
orpt
ionoff
romi
oni
sat
ionof
c
hemi
calgr
oupsont
hes
urf
ace
.Mos
toft
hec
oll
oida
lpa
rti
cl
esi
nwa
terorwa
stewa
tera
rene
gat
ive
lyc
har
ged.
Coa
gul
at
ioni
sac
hemi
calt
echni
quewhi
chi
sdi
rec
tedt
owa
rdst
hede
sta
bil
is
ati
onoft
hec
har
gedc
oll
oida
l
pa
rti
cl
es.Fl
occ
ula
ti
oni
sthes
low mi
xingt
echni
quewhi
chpr
omot
est
hea
ggl
ome
rat
ionoft
hes
tabi
li
sed
pa
rti
cl
es.

Ge
ner
all
y,t
hee
nti
repr
oce
ssofa
ddi
ti
onofc
hemi
cal
s(c
oagul
ant
s)a
ndmi
xing(
fl
occ
ula
ti
on)i
sus
ual
ly
r
efe
rre
dtoc
oagul
at
ion.Thec
oagul
at
edwa
teri
sfi
nal
lyma
det
opa
sst
hrought
hes
edi
ment
at
iont
ank,whe
re
t
hef
loc
cul
at
edpa
rti
cl
ess
ett
ledowna
nda
ret
husr
emove
d.

The
ref
ore
,theus
eofc
oagul
ant
sisnor
mal
lyne
ces
sar
yforc
lar
if
yingr
awwa
terc
ont
ai
ningt
urbi
dit
yandt
he
c
oagul
at
ionbe
for
ese
dime
nta
ti
oni
sal
mos
tuni
ver
sal
lya
dopt
edi
nal
lma
jorwa
tert
rea
tme
ntpl
ant
sandi
s
f
oll
owe
dbyr
api
dsa
ndf
il
tr
ati
on.

-14-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods

5.
10Che
mic
alsus
edf
orc
oagul
at
ion
Va
riousc
hemi
cal
s,s
ucha
sal
um,i
rons
alt
sli
kef
err
ouss
ulpha
te,f
err
icc
hlor
ide
,fe
rri
csul
pha
te,e
tca
re
ge
ner
all
yus
eda
scoa
gul
ant
s,whi
cha
remos
tef
fec
ti
vewhe
nthewa
teri
ssl
ight
lya
lka
li
ne.Ot
her
wis
e,
e
xte
rna
lal
kal
ie
sli
kes
odi
umc
arbona
teo
rli
mes
houl
dbea
dde
dtot
hewa
tert
oma
kei
tsl
ight
lya
lka
li
nea
nd
t
hust
oinc
rea
set
hee
ffe
cti
vene
ssoft
hec
oagul
ant
s.
Us
eofa
luma
scoa
gul
ant
:al
umora
lumi
niums
ulpha
te,Al
2(SO4)
3.
18H2O,
Al
2(SO4)
3.
18H2O+3Ca
(HCO3)
2 3Ca
SO4+2Al
(OH)
3 +6CO2 +18H2O
Al
um bi
car
bona
tea
lka
li
ne Sa
lt f
locofAlhydr
oxi
de
Thedos
eofa
lumma
yva
ryf
rom5mg/
Lforr
ela
ti
vel
ycl
earwa
ter
sto85mg/
Lforhi
ghl
ytu
rbi
dwa
ter
s.The
a
ver
agenor
maldos
eisa
bout17mg/
L.

Forf
unc
ti
oni
ngoft
hec
oagul
ant
sthepr
ese
nceofa
nal
kal
iisne
ces
sar
y.Ra
w wa
terofnots
uff
ici
ent
ly
a
lka
li
nee
xte
rna
lal
kal
ie
sli
kel
ime[
Ca(
OH)
2]ors
odaa
sh[
NaCO3]a
2 rege
ner
all
yadde
dandt
hef
oll
owi
ng
r
eac
ti
onst
ake
spl
ace
.
i
. Al
2(SO4)
3.
18H2O +Ca
(HCO3)
2 3Ca
SO4+2Al
(OH)
3 +6CO2 +18H2O
i
i.Al
2(SO4)
3.
18H2O +3Na
2CO3 3Na
2SO4+2Al
(OH)
3 +6CO2 +15H2O

Al
um ha
spr
ove
dtobeave
rye
ffe
cti
vec
oagul
anta
ndi
snowe
xte
nsi
vel
yus
edt
hroughoutt
hewor
ld.I
tis
qui
tec
hea
p,f
ormsofa
nexc
ell
ents
tabl
efl
oc,i
tdoe
snotr
equi
res
kil
le
dsupe
rvi
si
onf
orha
ndl
ing
,thewa
ter
obt
ai
nedi
scl
eara
ndi
the
lpsi
nre
duc
ingt
ast
e& c
olou
rofr
aw wa
ter
.Thema
inpr
obl
emi
sdi
ff
icul
tto
de
wat
er(
remove
)ofs
ludgea
ndi
tsdi
spo
sala
ndt
hee
ffe
cti
ver
angeofpHva
luef
ori
tsus
eiss
mal
lasl
owa
s
6.
5,r
equi
resa
ddi
ti
onofe
xte
rna
lal
kal
i.

Us
eofc
oppe
rasa
scoa
gul
ant
:fe
rrouss
ulpha
te,Fe
SO4.
7H2O
Fe
rrouss
ulpha
tei
sadde
dtowa
teri
nconj
unc
ti
onwi
thl
imet
her
eac
ti
onst
ake
spl
ace
i
. Fe
SO4.
7H2O+Ca
(OH)
2 Ca
SO4+Fe
(OH)
2+7H2O
i
i.Fe
SO4.
7H2O+2Ca
(HCO3)
2 Fe
(OH)
2+CaSO4+7H2Oa
nd
i
ii
.Fe
(HCO3)
2+2Ca
(OH)
2 Fe(
OH)
2+CaCO3 +2H2O

Thef
err
oushydr
oxi
def
orme
dine
it
herc
asef
urt
herge
tsoxi
dis
edf
ormi
ngf
err
ichydr
oxi
dea
s:
4Fe(
OH)
2+O2+2H2O 4Fe
(OH)
3

-15-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
Thef
err
ichydr
oxi
def
ormst
hef
loc
,thushe
lpsi
nse
dime
nta
ti
onma
inl
yus
edf
orr
aw wa
tert
hata
renot
c
olour
ed.I
tfunc
ti
onse
ffe
cti
vel
yint
hep
Hra
ngeof8.
5anda
bove
.

Compa
ris
onofa
luma
ndi
rons
alt
s(a
scoa
gul
ant
s)
1. i
rons
alt
spr
oduc
ehe
avyf
loca
ndc
an,t
her
efor
e,r
emovemuc
hmor
esus
pende
dma
tt
ert
hana
lum
2. i
rons
alt
s,be
inggoodoxi
dis
inga
gent
s,c
anr
emo
vehydr
oge
nsul
phi
dea
ndi
tsc
orr
espondi
ngt
ast
es
a
ndod
our
sfr
omwa
ter
3. i
rons
alt
sca
nbeus
edove
rawi
derr
angeofpHva
lue
s
4. i
rons
alt
sca
uses
tai
ninga
ndpr
omot
ethegr
owt
hofi
ronba
cte
riai
nthedi
st
ri
but
ions
yst
em
5. i
rons
alt
simpa
rtmor
ecor
ros
ive
nes
stowa
tert
hanwhi
chi
simpa
rte
dbya
lum
6. t
heha
ndl
inga
nds
tor
ingofi
rons
alt
sre
qui
remor
eski
lla
ndc
ont
rol
,ast
heya
rec
orr
osi
vea
nd
de
li
que
sce
nt.Whe
rea
snos
kil
le
dsupe
rvi
si
oni
sre
qui
redf
orha
ndl
inga
lum

NB:i
rons
alt
sar
eus
eda
scoa
gul
antmor
efr
eque
ntl
yfort
rea
ti
ngs
ewa
gea
nda
lum i
sus
edmor
efr
eque
ntl
y
f
ort
rea
ti
ngr
awwa
ter
s.

Exa
mpl
e:De
ter
minet
hequa
nti
tyofa
lum r
equi
redi
nor
dert
otr
eat13mi
ll
ionl
it
resofwa
terpe
rda
yata
t
rea
tme
ntpl
antwhe
re12ppm ofa
lum dos
eisr
equi
red.Al
sode
ter
minet
hea
mountofc
arbondi
oxi
dega
s
whi
chwi
llber
ele
ase
dpe
rli
tr
eofwa
tert
rea
ted.

Sol
uti
on:
Qua
nti
tyofwa
tert
obet
rea
ted=13*106; Al
umdos
ere
qui
red=12ppm=12mg/
L
Amountofa
lumr
equ
ire
dpe
rda 13*106*12)mg=1
y=( 56kg
Thec
hemi
calr
eac
ti
onwhi
chi
sinvol
vedi
ntr
eat
ingwa
terwi
tha
lumi
sgi
venby:
Al
2(SO4)
3.
18H2O+Ca(
HCO3)
2 3Ca
SO4+2Al
(OH)
3 +6CO2 +18H2O
Mol
ecul
arwe
ightofa
lum=2*27+3*(
32+4*16)+18*(
2*1+16)=666
Mol
ecul
arwe
ightofc
arbondi
oxi
de=6*
(12+2*16)=26
4;Thus
,if666mgofa
lumi
sus
ed264mgofCO2
wi
llr
ele
ase
.
The
ref
ore
,12mgofa
lumwi
llr
ele
ase2
64/
666*12mgofCO2=4.
76mg.s
inc
e12mgofa
lumi
sre
qui
red
f
ort
rea
ti
ng1l
it
reofwa
ter
,th
equa
nti
tyofCO2e
vol
vedpe
rli
tr
eofwa
teri
s4.
76mg.

Exa
mpl
e:8mgofc
oppe
rasi
scons
ume
dwi
thl
imea
tac
oagul
at
ionba
sinpe
rli
tr
eofwa
ter
.De
ter
minet
he
qua
nti
tyofc
oppe
rasa
ndqui
ckl
imer
equi
redt
otr
eat10mi
ll
ionl
it
resofwa
ter
.

Sol
uti
on:
Qua
nti
tyofc
oppe
rasr
equi
redpe
rli
tr
eofwa
ter=8mg
Qua
nti
tyofc
oppe
rasr
equi
re r10*106l
dpe it
resofwa
ter=8*10*106=80kg
Thec
hemi
calr
eac
ti
ont
hata
rei
nvol
ved:Ca
O+H2O Ca
(OH)
2

(qui
ckl
ime
) (
Hydr
ate
dli
me)
Fe
SO4.
7H2O+Ca
(OH)
2 Ca
SO4+Fe
(OH)
2+7H2O

-16-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
Mol
ecul
arwe
ightofc
oppe
ras=56+32+4*16+7*(
2*1+16)=278
Mol
ecul
arwe
ightofqui
ckl
ime=40+16=56;s
inc
eonemol
ecul
eofc
oppe
rasr
equi
reso
nemol
ecul
eof
l
ime
,278mgofc
oppe
rasne
ed=56mgofqui
ckl
ime
.Thus
,80kgofc
oppe
rasne
ed56/
278*80kgqui
ck
l
ime=16.
12kgq
uic
kli
me.

Thec
ons
ti
tue
ntsofac
oagul
at
ions
edi
ment
at
ionpl
ant
Thec
oagul
at
ions
edi
ment
at
ionpl
antc
ons
ist
soft
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ouruni
ts
1.
Fee
dingde
vic
es2.Mi
xingde
vic
e/ba
sin3.Fl
occ
ula
ti
ont
ank/
fl
occ
ula
tor4.Se
tt
li
ng/
sedi
ment
at
iont
ank

Cl
ari
fl
occul
ator

Fi
g5.
11Pl
anofa
roundt
hee
ndba
ffl
etypemi
xingba
sin Fi
g5.
12Se
cti
ona
lel
eva
ti
onoft
heove
rand
unde
rtheba
ffl
etypeofmi
xingba
sin
Thec
hemi
calc
oagul
anti
sfe
edi
ntot
her
aw wa
tert
hrought
hef
eedi
ngde
vic
e.Thi
smi
xtur
eist
hen
t
hor
oughl
ymi
xeda
nda
git
at
edi
nthemi
xingba
sin.The“
floc
”whi
chi
sfor
meda
sar
esul
toft
hec
hemi
cal
r
eac
ti
ont
aki
ngpl
acei
nthemi
xingba
sini
sthe
nal
lowe
dtoc
ons
oli
dat
eint
hef
loc
cul
at
iont
ank.The
f
loc
cul
at
edwa
teri
sfi
nal
lypa
sse
dint
othes
edi
ment
at
iont
ankwhe
ret
hes
efl
occ
ula
tedpa
rti
cl
ess
ett
ledown
a
ndber
emove
d.Ther
esul
ta
ntwa
terofl
owt
urbi
dit
yca
nbet
ake
noutt
hrought
heout
le
toft
hes
edi
ment
at
ion
t
ankdi
rec
tl
ytot
her
api
dgr
avi
tyf
il
te
rs.Thec
ompl
et
epr
oce
ssofc
oagul
at
ion-
sedi
ment
at
ionma
yhe
lpi
n
r
emovi
ngt
urbi
dit
ie
supt
oasl
owva
lue
sas10–20mg/
L.i
tma
yal
sohe
lpi
nre
duc
ingt
heba
cte
riaf
romt
he
wa
tera
stheB-
col
iinde
xasmuc
has70%
Fe
edi
ngde
vic
es:c
hemi
calc
oagul
ant
sfe
edi
ntot
her
awwa
tere
it
heri
napowde
redf
orm(
dryf
eedi
ng)ori
na

-17-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
s
olut
ionf
orm(
wetf
eedi
ng)
.Int
hemi
xin
gde
vic
es,t
hemi
xtur
eist
hor
oughl
yandvi
gor
ous
lymi
xed9a
git
at
ed)
bye
it
hera
)mi
xingba
sinswi
thba
ffl
ewa
ll
sorb)mi
xingb
asi
nse
qui
ppe
dwi
thme
cha
nic
alde
vic
es.

Mi
xingba
sinswi
thba
ffl
ewa
ll
sar
ere
cta
ngul
art
ankswhi
cha
redi
vide
dbyba
ffl
ewa
ll
s,t
hewa
tert
ofl
ow
e
it
herhor
izont
al
lya
roundt
hei
rendsorve
rti
cal
lyov
era
ndunde
rtheba
ffl
es.

Fi
g5.
13Mi
xingba
sinwi
thf
las
hmi
xer
De
signc
rit
eri
a:
t
heve
loc
it
yoff
lowi
nthec
hanne
lsb/
nba
ffl
es≈0.
15t
o0.
45m/
sec
t
hede
ten
tiont
ime≈20t
o50mi
nut
es
t
hedi
st
anc
eb/
nba
ffl
ess
houl
dnotbel
esst
han45c
mtope
rmi
tea
syc
lea
ningoft
hec
hanne
ls
t
hec
lea
rope
ningb/
nthee
ndofe
achba
ffl
eandt
het
ankwa
ll≈1.
5*t
hedi
st
anc
eb/
ntheba
ffl
es,
mi
nimum60c
m
Le
ngt
hoff
low=ve
loc
it
yofl
ow*de
tent
iont
ime
Ca
pac
it
yoft
het
ankf
ort
her
equi
redde
tent
iont
imei
sfr
omwa
terde
mand
Cr
oss
-se
cti
ona
lar
eaoft
hec
hanne
l=c
apa
cit
y/l
engt
h

Exa
mpl
e:De
signt
hewa
terde
pthf
orami
xingba
sinha
vin
gar
oundt
hee
ndba
ffl
esi
nor
dert
otr
eat48mi
ll
ion
l
it
respe
rda
yofwa
ter
.Thet
ankma
ybedi
vide
dint
otwos
imi
la
rcompa
rtme
ntsbypr
ovi
dingal
ongi
tudi
nal
pa
rti
ti
onwa
lla
nde
achha
lfma
yha
veac
lea
rwi
dthof8m.a
ssumes
uit
abl
eva
lue
sofde
tent
ionpe
rioda
nd
t
hef
low ve
loc
it
ythr
ought
heba
sin.Thec
lea
rdi
st
anc
eb/
ntheba
ffl
esma
ybeke
pta
sequa
ltomi
nimum
pe
rmi
ssi
ble
.Me
nti
ont
henumbe
rofc
hanne
lsi
nthet
anka
nda
lsot
heove
ral
lins
idel
engt
hoft
het
ank.
Sol
uti
on:
Tot
alvol
umeofwa
tert
obet
rea
tedpe y=48*106l
rda it
res
;as
sumi
ngt
hatade
tent
ionpe
riodof3
0mi
nut
es
i
ntheba
sin.Thevol
umeofwa
terr
equi
redt
obet
rea
tedi
n30mi
nut
esor½hr=c
apa
cit
yoft
het
ank=48*
106/
24*1/
2=1mi
ll
ionl
it
res=1000m3
Fur
the
rle
tthevol
umeoff
lowt
hrought
hec
hanne
lsbe0.
3m/
sec
;
Le
ngt
hoff
low=ve
loc
it
y*de
tent
ionpe
riod=0.
3*(
30*60)=540m

-18-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
Ther
equi
redc
ros
s-s
ect
iona
lar
eaofe
achc
hann
elb/
ntheba
ffl
es=c
apa
cit
yoft
het
ank/
tot
all
engt
hoff
low=
1000/
540=1.
85m2
Thedi
st
anc
eb/
ntheba
ffl
esi
ske
pte
qua
ltot
hemi
nimumpe
rmi
ssi
blei
.e
.0.
45m.The
ref
ore
,thede
pthoft
he
wa
teri
ntheba
sin=c
ros
s-s
ect
iona
lar
eaofe
achc
hanne
l/
dis
tanc
eb/
nba
ffl
es=1.
85/
0.45=4.
12m≈4.
20m
Cl
earo
peni
ngb/
nthee
ndofe
achba
ffl
eandt
hewa
llt
ake
nase
qua
lto1.
5ti
mest
hedi
st
anc
eb/
ntheba
ffl
es=
1.
5*0.
45=0.
67≈0.
70m
Thee
ffe
cti
vel
engt
hofe
achc
hanne
list
hea
ver
agedi
st
anc
etr
ave
ll
edbyt
hewa
teri
nthec
hanne
l.The
ref
ore
,
t
hee
ffe
cti
vel
engt
hofe
achc
hanne
l=c
lea
rwi
dthofe
it
herha
lfoft
het
ank–2*½t
heope
ning=8–2*½=
7.
3m
Numbe
rofc
hanne
lsr
equi
red=t
ota
lfl
owl
engt
h/e
ffe
cti
vel
engt
hofe
achc
hanne
l=540/
7.3=74.Thus
,74/
2
=37c
hanne
lsi
nea
chha
lfoft
het
ank.
Thec
lea
rle
ngt
hoft
het
anke
xcl
udi
ngt
heba
ffl
ewa
ll
sands
idewa
ll
s=numbe
rofc
hanne
ls*0.
45
=37*0.
45=16.
63m
As
sumi
ngt
het
hic
kne
ssofe
achba
ffl
eas7.
5cm,t
heove
ral
lins
idel
engt
hoft
het
ank=16.
63+(
7.5/
100)*
numbe
rofb
aff
les=16.
63+(
7.5/
100)*(
37–1)=19.
33m

Mi
xingba
sinse
qui
ppe
dwi
thme
cha
nic
alde
vic
es
Theme
cha
nic
all
yagi
ta
tedmi
xingba
sinspr
ovi
det
hebe
stt
ypeofmi
xingde
vic
es.Thec
hemi
cala
dde
dtor
aw
wa
teri
svi
gor
ous
lymi
xesa
nda
git
at
edbyaf
las
hmi
xerf
ori
tsr
api
ddi
spe
rsi
oni
nra
wwa
tera
ndt
hewa
ter
t
hent
rans
fer
redt
oaf
loc
cul
at
iont
ankpr
ovi
dedwi
thas
lowmi
xer
.Thet
hor
oughl
ymi
xedwa
teri
sta
kenout
f
romt
heout
le
tend
.Adr
ainv
alvei
spr
ovi
dedt
ore
movet
hes
ludgef
romt
hebot
tomoft
hef
las
hmi
xer
.
Thei
mpe
ll
ers
pee
disge
ner
all
yke
ptb/
n100t
o120r
pma
ndt
heus
ualde
tent
ionpe
riodma
yva
ryb/
n½t
o2
mi
nut
es.Powe
rre
qui
redi
nfl
ashmi
xingma
yva
ryf
rom2t rm3pe
o5KW pe rmi
nut
e.

Fi
g5.
14Typi
cal
Fl
occ
ulat
orfi
tt
ed
wi
thpaddl
es

Coa
gul
ati
ona
nds
edi
ment
ati
ont
ank
Thebe
stf
locwi
llf
orm wh
ent
hemi
xtur
eofwa
tera
ndc
oagul
anta
revi
ole
ntl
yagi
ta
tedf
oll
owe
dbya
r
ela
ti
vel
ysl
ow a
ndge
ntl
est
ir
ri
ngt
ope
rmi
tbui
ldupa
nda
ggl
ome
rat
ionoft
hef
locpa
rti
cl
es.Re
cta
ngul
ar
t
anksf
it
te
dwi
thpa
ddl
esope
rat
edbye
lec
tri
cmot
orst
hatr
ota
tea
tas
pee
dofa
bout2t
o3r
pma
ndt
heva
lue
s

-19-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
ofde
tent
ionpe
riodr
ange
sb/
n20t
o60mi
nut
es(
nor
mal
ly30mi
n).t
hec
lea
rdi
st
anc
eb/
nthepa
ddl
esa
ndt
he
wa
llort
hef
looroft
het
anki
sabout15t
o30c
m.t
hes
edi
ment
at
iont
ankde
signe
dast
hatofpl
ai
n
s
edi
ment
at
ion,butwi
thl
owe
rva
lueofde
tent
ionpe
riod2t
o4hour
sandhi
ghe
rva
lueofs
urf
acel
oadi
ngb/
n
1000t
o125
0li
tr
es/
hrm2ofpl
/ ana
rea
.

Fi
g5.
15Coagul
ati
on-
sedi
ment
ati
ont
ank

Howe
ver
,inac
ombi
nedc
oagul
at
ion-
sedi
ment
at
iont
ankt
hepl
ai
nfl
oc-
cha
mbe
rwi
thouta
nyme
cha
nic
al
de
vic
esi
spr
ovi
dedbe
for
ethewa
tere
nte
rst
hes
edi
ment
at
ionc
hambe
r.Thede
tent
ionpe
riodf
ort
hef
loc
-
c
hambe
risa
bout15t
o40mi
nut
esa
ndt
hatf
ort
hes
ett
li
ngt
anka
tabout2t
o4hr
s.Thede
pthi
nthef
loc
-
c
hambe
rma
ybeke
pta
boutha
lft
hatofi
nthes
ett
li
ngc
hambe
r.Thede
pthva
rie
sfr
om3t
o6m.

Re
sul
tsofc
oagul
ati
onpr
oce
ss
Coa
gul
at
ionpr
oce
ssr
emove
stur
bidi
tyt
ole
sst
han20ppm a
nda
slow a
s5t
o10ppm t
urbi
dit
yca
nbe
a
chi
eve
dwi
thpr
ope
rcont
rol
.Iti
sal
soqui
tee
ffe
cti
vef
orr
emovi
ngba
cte
rial
oadupt
o65%.I
nor
dert
o
obt
ai
ntheopt
imumdos
eofc
oagul
antt
obeus
edi
ncoa
gul
at
ionpr
oce
ss,t
hea
mountofd
oses
hou
ldbef
ir
st
de
ter
mine
dint
hel
abor
ator
ybyt
hej
art
est
.

Fi 16J
g5. arTe
stAppa
rat
us
I
tcons
ist
sof6j
arsof1l
it
rec
apa
cit
yea
ch.Al
lthe
sej
arsa
reke
ptove
rawhi
tegl
assbe
lowt
hec
ove
rofa
l
ampbox.Si
mil
ars
ti
rr
ingpa
ddl
esma
denon-
cor
ros
ivema
ter
iala
redr
ippe
dina
llt
hej
arsa
ndr
ota
tedt
oa
s
pec
ifi
cspe
ed.Thes
ampl
eofwa
tert
obet
rea
tedi
spl
ace
dina
llt
hej
arsofe
qua
lamount
s.Thec
oagul
antt
o
beus
edi
sputi
ndi
ff
ere
ntj
arsofdi
ff
ere
nta
mount
s.Thep
addl
esr
ota
tedf
or1mi
nut
eto100-120r
pm,t
hen
s
lowl
yfor20mi
nut
esa
t30t
o45r
pm.Nowt
hef
loc
sar
eal
lowe
dtos
ett
ledownf
ora
bout30mi
nut
esa
ndt
he
a
mount
soff
loc
sse
tt
le
datt
hebot
toma
reobs
erve
d/not
ed.Thedos
ewhi
chgi
vesma
ximuma
mountoff
loc
s
-20-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
wi
thmi
nimuma
mountofc
oagul
anti
sre
comme
nde
dast
hec
oagul
antdos
e.

Sl
udgepr
oduc
ti
on.
Thes
uspe
nde
dsol
idsofr
aw wa
tera
longwi
tht
hepr
eci
pit
at
esofme
talc
oagul
ant
sse
tt
ledowni
nthe
c
oagul
at
ion-
sedi
ment
at
ionpl
ant
;thes
ett
le
dma
ssi
sca
ll
eds
ludget
hats
houl
dbepe
riodi
cal
lyr
emove
dand
s
afe
lydi
spos
edof
.Thequa
nti
tyofs
ludg
eus
edt
oes
ti
mat
ethede
pthofs
ludgez
one(
98%oft
hes
ludgema
ss
i
swa
ter
).

Al
umc
oagul
antha
sbe
enf
oundt
obege
ner
ati
ngs
ludgee
qua
lto0.
24t
ime
sit
sownwe
ight
.Thea
ddi
ti
onof
ot
hermi
sce
ll
ane
ousc
hemi
cal
sli
kec
lay,c
arbon,pol
yme
rs,e
tcdur
ingt
hec
oagul
at
ionpr
oce
ssma
yfur
the
r
pr
oduc
esl
udgee
qua
ltot
hea
mount
soft
hes
esubs
tanc
es.Thes
uspe
nde
dsol
idsr
emove
dfr
omt
hewa
terwi
ll
a
lsopr
oduc
eequa
lamountofs
ludge
.

The
set
hre
efa
ctor
scont
ri
but
ingt
othes
ludgec
anbe
:
Dr
ysl
udgepr
oduc
ed(
mg/
d)=Q i
nl/
d*[
Sus
pende
dsol
ids(
mg/
L)+0.
24*Al
um dos
e(mg/
L)+
mi
sce
ll
ane
ousc
hemi
cal
sadde
dtor
awwa
ter(
mg/
L)]

5.
5Fi
lt
rat
iona
ndFi
lt
erMa
ter
ial
s
Sc
ree
ninga
nds
edi
ment
at
ionr
emove
sal
argepe
rce
nta
geoft
hes
uspe
nde
dsol
idsa
ndor
gani
cma
tt
erpr
ese
nt
i
nra
wwa
ter
.Howe
ver
,ther
esul
ta
ntwa
terwi
llnotbepu
rea
ndt
hatma
ycont
ai
nsomeve
ryf
ines
uspe
nde
d
pa
rti
cl
esa
ndba
cte
riapr
ese
nti
nit
.Toma
kei
tpot
abl
ewa
ter
,fur
the
rre
mova
loft
her
ema
ini
ngi
mpur
it
ie
swi
ll
bene
ces
sar
yandt
hewa
teri
sfi
lt
ere
dthr
ought
hebe
dsoff
inegr
anul
arma
ter
ial
,suc
hass
ands
.Thepr
oce
ss
ofpa
ssi
ngt
hewa
tert
hrought
hebe
dsofs
uchgr
anul
arma
ter
ial
s,f
il
te
rs,i
sknowna
dfi
lt
rat
ion.Fi
lt
rat
ionma
y
he
lpi
nre
movi
ngc
olour
,odo
ur,t
urbi
dit
yandpa
thoge
nicba
cte
riaf
romwa
ter
.
Fi
lt
erma
ter
ial
:sa
nd,e
it
herf
ineorc
oar
se,i
sge
ner
all
yus
eda
sfi
lt
erme
dia
.Thel
aye
rsofs
andma
ybe
s
uppor
tedongr
ave
l,whi
chpe
rmi
tst
hef
il
te
redwa
tert
omovef
ree
lyt
otheunde
r-dr
ainsa
nda
lsoa
ll
owst
he
wa
shwa
tert
omoveuni
for
mlyupwa
rd.

Thef
il
te
rsa
nds
houl
dge
ner
all
ybeobt
ai
nedf
rom r
ock
sli
kequa
rtz
it
eands
hou
ldc
ont
ai
nthef
oll
owi
ng
pr
ope
rti
es.
1. i
tshoul
dbef
reef
romdi
rta
ndot
heri
mpur
it
ie
s
2. i
tshoul
dbeuni
for
minna
tur
eands
ize
3. i
tshoul
dbeha
rda
ndr
esi
st
ant
4. i
tshoul
dsuc
hasnott
oloos
emor
etha
n5% ofi
tswe
ighta
fte
rbe
ingpl
ace
dinhydr
ochl
ori
cac
idf
or24
hour
s

Thegr
ave
lwhi
chma
ybeus
edbe
low t
hes
ands
houl
dbeha
rd,dur
abl
e,f
reef
rom i
mpur
it
ie
s,pr
ope
rly
r
ounde
dands
houl
dha
veade
nsi
tyofa m3
bout1600kg/

Type
soff
il
ter
s
-21-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Basi
cwate
rtr
eatmentme
thods
Fi
lt
ersma
ybec
las
sif
iedunde
r:i
.Sl
owSa
ndFi
lt
er a
nd i
i.Ra
pidSa
ndFil
ter
Sl
owSa
ndFi
lt
er:c
ons
ist
sofe
ncl
osur
eta
nk,f
il
te
rme
dia
,ba
sema
ter
ial
,unde
r-dr
aina
ges
yst
em,i
nle
t-out
le
t
a
rra
nge
ment
s,a
ndot
hera
nci
ll
aryf
ixt
ure
sforpr
ope
rfunc
ti
oni
ngoft
hef
il
te
r.

Enc
los
uret
ank:c
ons
ist
sofa
nope
nwa
ter
-t
ightr
ect
angul
art
ankma
deofma
sonr
yorc
onc
ret
e.Thebe
dsl
ope
i
ske
pta
t1i
n100t
owa
rdst
hec
ent
raldr
ain.Thede
pthoft
het
ankma
yva
ryf
rom2.
5to3.
5mwi
ths
urf
ace
a
re o2000m2ormo
aof100t rede
pendi
ngupont
hequa
nti
tyofwa
tert
obet
rea
ted.

Fi
lt
erme
dia
:cons
ist
sofs
andl
aye
rsofa
bout75t
o100c
mwe
llgr
ade
dha
vinge
ffe
cti
ves
izeo
f0.
20t
o0.
40
mm.t
het
op15c
mla
yeri
sge
ner
all
yke
ptf
ine
rva
rie
tya
nduni
for
mingr
ains
izet
ore
moveorr
eta
ine
dmor
e
i
mpur
it
ie
sandba
cte
ria
,whe
rea
sthec
oar
seri
satt
hebot
tom.Thus
,thef
ine
nes
sinc
rea
sest
owa
rdst
het
op.

Ba
sema
ter
ial
:ist
heg
rave
lma
ter
ialont
het
opoft
heunde
r-dr
aina
ges
yst
em 30t
o75c
mthi
ckgr
ave
lsof
di
ff
ere
nts
ize
spl
ace
dinl
aye
rse
ach.Ge
ner
all
y3t
o4l
aye
rse
achof15t
o20c
mde
pths
,inwhi
cht
hec
oar
ser
a
tthebot
tommos
tla
yera
ndt
hef
ine
sti
nthet
opmos
tla
yer
.
Thes
izeofgra
vel:
Bot
tomla
yer
: 40–65mm
s
t
I
nte
rme
dia
tel
aye
r(1) 20–40mm
nd
(
2) 6–20mm
Top-
mostl
ayer 3–6mm
Unde
r-dr
aina
ges
yst
em:i
sthegr
avels
uppor
teds
yst
emt
hatc
ons
ist
sofc
ent
rala
ndl
at
era
ldr
ains
.Thel
at
era
ls
a
reope
njo
int
edpi
pedr
ains
/por
ousdr
ainss
pac
ed2t
o3ma
par
tont
hebot
tomf
loora
nd50t
o60c
mfr
om
t
hes
idewa
ll
soft
het
anka
nds
lopi
ngt
owa
rdsama
inc
ove
redc
ent
raldr
ainThel
at
era
lsc
oll
ectt
hef
il
te
red
wa
tera
nddi
scha
rgei
tint
othema
indr
ain,whi
chl
eadst
hewa
tert
othef
il
te
redwa
terwe
ll
.
Fi
lt
erhe
ad:t
hedi
ff
ere
nceofwa
terl
eve
lb/
nthef
il
te
rta
nka
ndout
le
tcha
mbe
risa
bout10t
o15c
m,butgoe
s
upt
oama
ximumof25c
m.

Ra
teoff
il
tr
ati
on:r
ange
sb/
n100t
o200l
t/
hrm2off
/ il
te
rme
dia
.

Ef
fi
ci
enc
y:nots
uit
abl
eforr
awwa
terha
vingt
urbi
dit
yabove50–60pp
m.Thee
xte
ntofba
cte
riar
emova
lis
98t
o99%,
eve
nwi
thbe
tt
erc
ont
rola
shi
gha
s99.
9%.

Us
esofs
low s
andf
il
te
r:be
sts
uit
abl
efors
mal
le
rpl
ant
sandf
orpur
if
yingwa
ter
swi
thl
ow c
olour
s,l
ow
t
urbi
dit
ie
sandl
owba
cte
ria
lcont
ent
.Be
caus
eofs
mal
le
rra
teoff
il
tr
ati
on,i
tre
qui
reshuges
urf
acea
rea
sand
l
argevol
umeoff
il
te
ringma
ter
ial
s.Thi
sma
kest
hemc
ost
lya
ndune
conomi
calf
ort
rea
ti
ngl
arges
cal
ewa
ter
s
uppl
ie
s.

-22-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods

Fi
g5.
17Typi
cals
ect
ionofs
lows
andf
il
te
r

Fi
g5.
18Pl
anofunderdr
ainagesyst
em f
orsl
owsandf
il
ter
Exa
mpl
e:De
signs
ixs
lows
andf
il
te
rbe
dsf
romt
hef
oll
owi
ngda
ta.
Popul
at
iont
obes
erve
d =50,
000pe
rsons Ra
teoff
il
tr
ati
on =180l
t/
hrm2
/
Pe
rca
pit
awa
terde
mand =150l
pcd Le
ngt
hofe
achbe
d =t
wic
ethebr
eadt
h
Sol
uti
on:
Ave
rageda
il
yde
mand =50, 5*106l
000*150=7. t/
day
Ma
ximumda
il
yde
mand =1.
8*7. 06l
5*1 t/
da 5*106l
y=13. t/
day
Ra
teoff
il
tr
ati
onpe
rda
y =(
180*24)l
t/
da m2
y/
Tot
als
urf
acea
reaoff
il
te
rsr
equi
red=ma
ximumda
il
yde
mand/
rat
eoff
il
tr
ati
onpe
rda 5*106/
y=13. 180*
125*103m2
24=3.
Nows
ixuni
tsa
ret
obeus
ed,i
nwhi
choneoft
hemi
ske
pta
sst
and-
bya
ndhe
nceonl
y5uni
tss
houl
dpr
ovi
de
t
hene
ces
sar
yar
eaoff
il
te
rre
qui
red
The
ref
ore
,thea
reaofe
achf
il
te
runi 5*3125==625m2
t=1/
Le
tL=l
engt
handBbr
eadt
hofe
achuni
tL=2B
LB=2B2=625m2 B=√312.
5=17.
7sa
y18m,a
ndL=2*18=36m
He
nce
,us
esi
xfi
lt
eruni
tswi
thoneuni
tass
tand-
bye
achuni
tofs
ize36m x18m a
rra
nge
dins
eri
eswi
th
t
hre
euni
tsone
achot
her
.

Ra
pidSa
ndFi
lt
er:i
sal
sokn
owna
sme
cha
nic
alf
il
tr
ati
on.I
tsde
vel
opme
nti
stor
educ
ether
equi
rementof
-23-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
s
pac
eandt
oinc
rea
set
her
ateoff
il
tr
ati
on.I
tut
il
iz
esc
omp
ara
ti
vel
yla
rge
rsi
zeds
andpa
rti
cl
eswi
the
ffe
cti
ve
s
izeof0.
35mm ors
o,whi
cha
ll
owgr
eat
err
ateoff
il
tr
ati
ona
scompa
redt
otha
tofs
lows
andf
il
te
r.Ont
he
a
ver
aget
hef
il
te
rsma
ybeyi
el
dash
igha
s30t
ime
sthey
iel
dgi
venbyt
hes
lows
andf
il
te
r.I
tcons
ist
sofa
n
e
ncl
osur
eta
nk,ba
sema
ter
ialofgr
ave
l,f
il
te
rme
diaofs
and,a
irc
ompr
ess
ors
,wa
shwa
tert
anksa
ndunde
r-
dr
aina
ges
yst
em.

Enc
los
uret
ank:c
ons
ist
sofa
nope
nwa
tert
ightr
ect
angul
art
ankma
deofma
sonr
yorc
onc
ret
e.Thede
pthof
t
het
ankma
yva
ryf
rom2.
5to3.
5mwi
tht
hea
reaoff
il
te
runi
tsl
imi
te
dtoa o100m2e
bout50t acht
oac
hie
ve
uni
for
mdi
st
ri
but
ionofwa
ter
.Then
umbe
rofuni
tsa
taf
il
te
rpl
antma
yroughl
ybee
sti
mat
edby N=1.
22√Q
whe
re N=numbe
roff
il
te
runi
ts
,andQ=pl
antc
apa
cit
yinmi
ll
ionl
it
erspe
rda
y.
NB:t
her
eshoul
dbea
tle
astt
wof
il
te
runi
tsi
nanypl
ant
,inwhi
choneoft
hems
houl
dbes
eta
sst
and-
by

Fi
lt
erme
dia
:cons
ist
sofs
andl
aye
rsa
bout60t
o90c
minde
pthpl
ace
dove
ragr
ave
lsuppor
t.Thee
ffe
cti
ve
s
izeoft
hes
andva
rie
sfr
om 0.
35t
o0.
55mm,t
hef
ine
rva
rie
tyus
edt
owa
rdst
het
opa
ndt
hec
oar
sera
tthe
bot
toml
ai
dinl
aye
rs.

Ba
sema
ter
ial
:cons
ist
sofgr
ave
lpa
cke
dinl
aye
rss
uppor
tsofs
and60t
o90c
mthi
ckgr
ave
lsofdi
ff
ere
nt
s
ize
sva
rie
sfr
om3t
o40mmi
nsi
zee
achl
aye
rof10t
o15c
minde
pth
Thes
izeofgr
ave
l:
Bot
toml
aye
r: 20–40mm
s
t
I
nte
rme
dia
tel
aye
r(1) 12–20mm
n
d
(
2) 6–12mm
Top-
mos
tla
yer 3–6mm

Thedi
st
ri
but
ionoft
hewa
shwa
teri
sthec
rit
ic
alf
unc
ti
onoft
hegr
ave
lla
yer
,he
ncet
obec
are
fuli
ngr
adi
ng
a
ndpl
aci
ngoft
hema
ter
ial
s.
Unde
r-dr
aina
ges
yst
em:wi
lls
ervef
ort
hepur
pos
es/
twof
unc
ti
ons
i
. Tor
ece
ivea
ndc
oll
ectt
hef
il
te
redwa
tera
nd
i
i.Toa
ll
owt
heba
ckwa
shi
ngf
orc
lea
ningoff
il
te
r
I
tshoul
dbec
apa
bleofpa
ssi
ngt
hewa
shwa
terupwa
rda
tahi
ghr
ateofa
bout300t
o900l
it
/mi rm2of
npe
f
il
te
rar
ea,whi
chi
s6t
o16t
ime
sther
ateoff
il
tr
ati
oni
.e
.50t
o100l
t/
mi m2
n/
Thel
at
era
ldr
ainsa
res
uppor
tedonc
onc
ret
ebl
ockofa
bou
t40t
o50mmt
hic
kne
sspl
ace
dont
hef
looroft
he
f
il
te
r
I
nde
signoft
hes
ize
sofpi
pet
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntss
houl
dbec
ons
ide
red.
1. Thet
ota
lcr
osss
ect
iona
lar
eaofpe
rfor
ati
onss
hou
ldbea
bout0.
2%oft
het
ota
lfi
lt
era
rea
.
2. Thec
ros
sse
cti
ona
lar
eaofe
achl
at
era
lshoul
dbe2-
4ti
mest
het
ota
lcr
osss
ect
iona
lar
eaof
pe
rfor
ati
onsi
nit
,fordi
ame
terof13mma
nd6mmr
espe
cti
vel
y
3. Thec
ros
sse
cti
ona
lar
eaoft
hema
nif
olds
houl
dbea
boutt
wic
ethec
ros
sse
cti
ona
lar
easoft
hel
at
era
l
dr
ains
.

-24-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
4. Le
ngt
hofe
achl
at
era
l
Di
ame
teroft
hel
at
era
l
5. Ma
ximum pe
rmi
ssi
bleve
loc
it
yint
hema
nif
oldt
opr
ovi
det
her
equi
reda
mountofwa
shwa
teri
s
a
bout1.
8to2.
4m/
sec

Ai
rcompr
ess
or:du
ringba
ckwa
shi
ngt
hef
il
te
rthes
andgr
ainsa
rea
git
at
ede
it
herbywa
terj
etorby
c
ompr
ess
ora
irha
vingt
her
equi
redc
apa
cit
ytos
uppl
ycompr
ess
eda
irf
ora
bout4mi
nut
esa
tar
ateofa
bout
600t
o800l
it
ers
/mi
n/m2oft
hef
il
te
rar
ea.

Ba
ckwa
shi
ng:i
sne
ces
sar
ywhe
nsa
ndb
ecome
sdi
rt
ytobec
lea
neda
ndwa
she
dthef
il
te
rma
ter
ial
s,i
ndi
cat
ed
byt
hee
xce
ssi
vel
ossofhe
ad,i
nwhi
cht
hewa
shwa
teri
sfor
cedupwa
rdmove
ments
entba
ckt
hrought
he
f
il
te
rbe
dsa
ndc
ompr
ess
eda
ir9i
fus
ed)wi
lla
git
at
ethes
andpa
rti
cl
esa
ndt
husr
emovi
ngt
hes
uspe
nde
d
i
mpur
it
ie
sfr
omi
t.Thel
ossofhe
adi
sge
ner
all
yve
rys
mal
l,15t
o30c
m.

Ef
fi
ci
enc
yofr
api
dsa
ndf
il
te
r:RSFa
rel
esse
ffi
ci
entt
oSSFi
nre
movi
ngba
cte
riaa
ndt
urbi
dit
ie
s.The
yca
n
r
emovea
bout80t
o90% ofba
cte
ria
lloa
dpr
ese
nti
nwa
tera
ndt
urbi
dit
ie
stoa
bout35t
o40mg/
L.howe
ver
,
hi
ghl
yef
fi
ci
enti
nre
mova
lofc
oloura
slowa
s10ont
hec
oba
lts
cal
e.

Fi
g5.
19

-25-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods

Fi
g5.
20Pl
anofmani
fol
dandl
ater
alunderdr
ainagesyst
em f
orr
api
d

Fi
g5.
21Sect
ionoft
hemani
fol
dandl
ater
alsyst
em pr
ovi
dedwi
th

Exa
mpl
e:De
signt
hea
ppr
oxi
mat
edi
mens
ionsofas
etofRSFf
ort
rea
ti
ngwa
terr
equi
redf
orapo
pul
at
ionof
50,
000;t
her
ateofs
uppl
ybe
ing18
0lpc
d.Thef
il
te
rsa
rer
ate
dtowor
k5000l
it
respe
rhourpe
rsq.me
ter
.
As
sumewha
teve
rda
taa
ren
ece
ssa
rya
ndnotgi
ven.

Sol
uti
on:
As
sumet
hatt
hegi
venr
ateofs
uppl
yisa
nave
ragede
manda
ndt
hema
ximumda
il
yde
mandi
s1.
8ti
mest
he
a
ver
ageda
il
yde
man
d.
Ma
ximumwa
terde
mandpe
rda
y=1.
8*50,
000*180=16.
2mi
ll
ionl
it
res
.
Wa
terde
mandpe 2*106/
rhour=16. 24=675*106l
it
/hr
Ra
teoff
il
tr
ati
on=5000l
it
/hr
/m2
Ar
eaoff
il
te
rbe
dsr
equi
red=wa
terde
mand/
rat
eoff
il
tr
ati
on=675*106/
5000=135m2
Si
ncet
wouni
tsa
rer
equi
redt
obede
signe
d;a
reaofe
achuni
t=135/ 5m2
2=67.
As
sumeL=1.
5B 5B2=67.
1. 5 B=6.
75ma
ndL=10
m
He
nce
,twouni
tsofs
ize10m x6.
75m a
rer
equi
reda
ndonea
ddi
ti
ona
luni
tass
tand-
bypr
ovi
dedf
or
br
eakdowns
,re
pai
rsorc
lea
nin
gope
rat
ions
.

-26-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFIVE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
5.
6Dis
inf
ect
ion
Thef
il
te
redwa
terobt
ai
nede
it
herf
romt
hes
lows
andf
il
te
rorr
api
dsa
ndf
il
te
rma
ycont
ai
nha
rmf
uldi
sea
se
pr
oduc
ingb
act
eri
a.The
seba
cte
riamus
tbeki
ll
edi
nor
dert
oma
ket
hewa
ters
afef
ordr
inki
ng.Thec
hemi
cal
s
us
edf
orki
ll
ingt
hes
emi
croor
gani
smsa
redi
si
nfe
cta
ntsa
ndt
hepr
oce
ssi
sdi
si
nfe
cti
on.Thepr
ese
nceof
t
urbi
dit
y,c
olourormi
ner
als
,et
cma
yno
tbeda
nge
rous
,butt
heba
cte
ria
ll
ycont
ami
nat
edwa
ter
sma
yle
adt
o
t
hes
pre
ado
fva
riousdi
sea
sesa
ndt
hei
repi
demi
cs,t
husc
aus
ingdi
sas
ter
stopubl
icl
if
eeve
nas
ing
leha
rmf
ul
or
gani
smwi
lld
efi
nit
el
ypr
oveda
nge
rous
.

Di
si
nfe
cti
oni
sthef
ina
lsa
fegua
rdgi
vena
fte
rfi
lt
rat
iont
hati
snotonl
ydi
si
nfe
cta
nte
xis
ti
ngt
heba
cte
riaa
tthe
pl
antbuta
lsoe
nsur
est
hei
rimme
dia
teki
ll
inge
vena
fte
rwa
rdsi
nthedi
st
ri
but
ions
yst
emf
oral
ongpr
ote
cti
on
a
gai
nstr
econt
ami
nat
ion.Thec
hemi
cal
sus
eda
sdi
si
nfe
cta
nts
houl
dbeha
rml
ess
,unobj
ect
iona
blet
otongue
,
e
conomi
cala
ndme
asur
abl
ebys
imp
let
est
s.Chl
ori
neha
sfoundt
obet
hebe
sta
ndt
hemos
tide
ald
isi
nfe
cta
nt
us
edt
hroughou
tthewor
ld.Be
side
sthe
rea
remi
norme
thodsofdi
si
nfe
cti
on:
boi
li
ngofwa
ter t
rea
tme
ntwi
thul
tr
a-vi
ole
tra
ys
t
rea
tme
ntwi
the
xce
ssl
ime t
rea
tme
ntwi
thpot
ass
iumpe
rma
nga
nat
e
t
rea
tme
ntwi
thoz
one t
rea
tme
ntwi
ths
il
ver
t
rea
tme
ntwi
thi
odi
nea
ndbr
omi
ne
Boi
li
ngofwa
ter
:ise
ffe
cti
veme
thodofd
isi
nfe
cti
on,buti
tisnotpr
act
ic
all
ypos
sibl
etoboi
lhugea
mount
sof
publ
icwa
ters
uppl
ie
s.Mor
eove
r,i
tca
nonl
yki
llt
hee
xis
ti
ngge
rms
.Howe
ver
,dur
ingwa
ter
bor
nee
pide
mic
s,
publ
ici
sadvi
sedt
odr
inkt
heboi
le
dwa
teri
nthe
irhous
es

Tr
eat
mentwi
the
xce
ssl
ime
:li
mei
sge
ner
all
yus
eda
tawa
terpur
if
ica
ti
onpl
antf
ors
oft
eni
ng,r
educ
ing
ha
rdne
ss.Exc
essl
imeha
sbe
enf
oundt
ore
movet
heba
cte
rial
oadbya
bout99.
3to100% f
rom hi
ghl
y
pol
lut
edwa
ter
s,butr
ais
est
hepH va
lueofwa
tera
ndma
kingi
text
reme
lya
lka
li
ne.Thoughi
tisqui
te
pr
act
ic
alf
orc
ompl
et
ere
mova
lofba
cte
ria
,ye
tne
edsr
emova
lofe
xce
ssl
imef
rom t
hewa
terbe
for
ebe
ing
s
uppl
ie
dtot
hege
ner
alpubl
icus
esa
nda
lsoc
annotpr
ote
ctt
hepos
sibl
eda
nge
rsofr
econt
ami
nat
ion.

Tr
eat
mentwi
thoz
one
:oz
onei
sane
xce
ll
entdi
si
nfe
cta
ntga
smol
ecul
epr
oduc
edbypa
ssi
ngahi
ght
ens
ion
e
lec
tri
ccur
rentt
hroughas
tre
amofa
iri
nac
los
edc
hambe
r.
Underhighel
ect
ri
c
arcvolt
age
3O2 2O3 O3 O2+O
(
Oxy
genmol
ecul
e) (
Ozonemol
ecul
e) (
Ozone) (
Oxy
gen) (
Nascentoxy
gen)

Na
sce
nt,s
opr
oduc
ed,i
sapo
wer
fuloxi
dis
inga
genta
ndr
emove
stheor
gani
cma
tt
era
swe
lla
stheba
cte
ria
f
romwa
ter
.
Oz
onea
ndc
hlor
inea
requi
tec
ompe
ti
ti
vedi
si
nfe
cta
ntse
achha
vingi
tsownme
rit
san
dde
mer
it
sove
rthe
ot
her
.

-27-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFIVE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
Us
ingoz
onea
sdi
si
nfe
cta
nt
Adva
nta
ges
Oz
onebe
inguns
tabl
e,not
hingr
ema
ini
nwa
ter
,byt
het
imei
tre
ache
sthedi
si
nfe
cti
ons
yst
em
Oz
oner
emove
scol
our
,ta
stea
ndodourf
romwa
teri
naddi
ti
onofr
emovi
ngba
cte
ria
Theoxi
dis
edwa
terbe
come
sta
stya
ndpl
eas
antunl
ikewa
terwhi
chbe
come
sbi
tt
ert
otongue
Di
sadva
nta
ges
I
tisve
ryc
ost
ly
I
tne
edsa
vai
la
bil
it
yofe
lec
tri
ci
tyf
ori
tsma
nuf
act
ure
I
tishi
ghl
yuns
tabl
ean
dnor
esi
dua
lsl
eftt
hatdonote
nsur
esa
fet
yaga
ins
tpos
sibl
efa
il
ureof
c
ont
ami
nat
ions
Nots
uppl
ie
dinc
yli
nde
rasc
hlor
ine
,bu
tre
qui
resoxi
diz
erc
ompl
ic
ate
doz
onema
nuf
act
uri
nga
ppa
rat
usa
t
t
het
rea
tme
ntpl
ant
Le
sse
ffe
cti
vei
nki
ll
ingb
act
eri
atha
nchl
ori
ne

Tr
eat
mentwi
thi
odi
nea
ndbr
omi
ne:us
edi
nki
ll
ingt
hepa
thoge
nicba
cte
ria
,butt
hequa
nti
tyi
sli
mit
edt
o
a
bout8ppma
ndac
ont
actpe
riodof5mi
nut
est
hatc
annotbeus
edf
orpubl
icwa
ters
uppl
ysc
heme
s,be
caus
e
t
heya
rec
ost
lya
ndt
heyde
vel
opc
ert
ai
nta
stea
ndodourwhi
chma
ynotbea
cce
pta
blet
othec
ons
ume
rs.But
t
heyma
ybeu
sedf
ors
mal
lwa
ters
uppl
ie
sfora
rmyt
roops
,pr
iva
tepl
ant
s,s
wimmi
ngpool
s,e
tc.

Tr
eat
mentwi
thul
tr
a-vi
ole
tra
ys:a
rei
nvi
si
blel
ightr
aysha
vingwa
vel
engt
hs1,
000t
o4,
000m ba
sic
all
y
f
oundi
nsunl
ight
,buta
lsopr
oduc
edbypa
ssi
nge
lec
tri
ccur
rentt
hroughme
rcur
yenc
los
edi
nqua
rtz
bul
bs(
mer
cur
yva
pourl
ampse
ncl
ose
dinqua
rtzbul
bs)
.The
ser
aysa
rehi
ghl
yef
fec
ti
vei
nki
ll
inga
llt
ype
sof
ba
cte
riaa
nda
lsoc
aus
ethewa
terc
olour
les
sandl
esst
urb
id.Thede
pthsofwa
tero
vert
hebul
bss
houl
dnot
ge
ner
all
yexc
eed10c
mors
otope
net
rat
e.The
ydonoti
mpa
rta
nya
ddi
ti
ona
lta
stea
ndodourt
othewa
tera
nd
noc
hemi
cal
sar
eadde
d,buti
tisv
eryc
ost
ly,ne
edst
echni
calknow-
how a
nduns
uit
abl
efort
rea
ti
ngl
arge
qua
nti
ti
esofpubl
icwa
ters
uppl
ie
s.The
yma
ybema
inl
yus
edf
ort
rea
ti
ngs
mal
lqua
nti
ti
esofwa
teri
n
hos
pit
al
sanddi
spe
nsa
rie
sfors
urg
ica
lus
esa
ndf
ordr
ink
ingpur
pos
esa
tpl
ace
swhe
ret
hec
osti
sami
nor
f
act
or.

Tr
eat
mentwi
thpot
ass
ium pe
rma
nga
nat
e,KMnO4:i
sapopul
ardi
si
nfe
cta
ntf
ordi
si
nfe
cti
ngwe
llwa
ter
s
uppl
ie
scont
ami
nat
edwi
thl
ess
era
mount
sofba
cte
riaa
nda
lsohe
lpsi
noxi
dis
ingt
het
ast
epr
oduc
ingor
gani
c
ma
tt
era
ndf
orr
emovi
ngc
oloura
ndi
ronf
romwa
ter
.Thought
heya
rec
hea
p,ha
ndya
ndqui
teus
eful
,ye
tca
n
notgua
rant
ee100% r
emova
lofba
cte
riaa
ndwi
tht
hepa
ssa
geoft
imepr
oduc
eada
rkbr
ownpr
eci
pit
at
e
c
oat
ingonpor
cel
ai
nve
sse
lsa
ndi
sdi
ff
icul
ttor
emov
ewi
thou
tsc
our
ing.The
ref
ore
,thi
sme
thodof
di
si
nfe
cti
oni
snots
ati
sfa
ctor
y,he
ncenotr
ecomme
nde
d.

Tr
eat
mentwi
ths
il
ver
:me
tal
li
csi
lve
rion
sar
eint
roduc
edi
ntot
hewa
terbypa
ssi
ngt
hroughat
ubec
ont
ai
ning

-28-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
s
oli
dsi
lve
rel
ect
rode
sconne
cte
dtoaD.
C.s
uppl
yofa
bout1.
5vol
ts
.Si
lve
rdos
eof0.
05t
o0.
1mg/
Lar
e
r
equi
redt
ocont
actpe
riodb/
n15mi
nto3hr
s.Thes
il
vert
rea
tme
ntne
it
heri
mpa
rtsa
nyt
ast
eandodourt
o
wa
ternorpr
oduc
esha
rmf
ule
ffe
ctsonhuma
nbod
y.Butve
ryc
ost
ly,he
ncenota
dopt
edf
ort
rea
ti
ngpubl
ic
s
uppl
ie
s.Th
eme
thodr
emove
sal
gaea
ndi
tsge
rmi
ci
dalpr
ope
rtyi
sre
tai
nedf
orac
ons
ide
rabl
eti
mea
ll
owi
ng
s
omes
afe
gua
rda
gai
nstf
utur
econt
ami
nat
ion.Howe
ver
,th
esus
pende
dor
gani
cma
tt
era
ndhydr
oge
nsul
phi
de
s
houl
dber
emove
dbypr
e-t
rea
tme
ntbe
for
eus
ingt
hisdi
si
nfe
cta
nt.

Chl
ori
nat
ion
Chl
ori
nei
nit
sva
riousf
ormsi
suni
ver
sal
lyus
edf
ordi
si
nfe
cti
ngpubl
icwa
ters
uppl
ie
s.I
tisc
hea
p,r
eli
abl
e,
e
asyt
oha
ndl
e,e
asi
lyme
asur
abl
eanda
bovea
lli
tisc
apa
bleofpr
ovi
dingr
esi
dua
ldi
si
nfe
cti
one
ffe
ctsf
or
l
ongpe
riodst
husa
ffor
dingc
ompl
et
epr
ote
cti
ona
gai
nstf
utur
ere
cont
ami
nat
ionofwa
teri
nthed
ist
ri
but
ion
s
yst
em.Theonl
ydi
sadva
nta
gei
stha
twhe
nus
edi
ngr
eat
era
mount
s,i
timpa
rtsbi
tt
era
ndba
dta
stet
othe
wa
ter
.
Di
si
nfe
cti
nga
cti
onofc
hlor
ine
:whe
nchl
ori
nei
sadde
dtowa
teri
tfor
mshypoc
hlor
ousa
cidorhypoc
hlor
it
e
i
ons
,whi
chha
vea
nimme
dia
tea
nddi
sas
trouse
ffe
ctonmos
tmi
cro
scopi
cor
gani
sms
.
pH>5 pH>8
H++OCl
-
Cl
2+H2O HOCl
+HCl HOCl
Hypoc
hlor
ousa
cid(
uns
tabl
e) pH<7 Hypoc
hlor
it
eion

Thus
,ther
eac
ti
onde
pendsup
ont
hepHva
lueofwa
ter
.Int
hepHr
angebe
low5,c
hlor
inedoe
snotr
eac
tand
r
ema
insa
sel
eme
nta
lchl
ori
ne.Outoft
hes
efor
msoff
reea
vai
la
blec
hlor
ine
,thehypoc
hlor
ousa
cidi
sthe
mos
tde
str
uct
ivet
oabout80t
ime
smor
eef
fec
ti
vet
hanhypoc
hlor
it
eion,ma
int
ai
ningpHva
lues
li
ght
lyl
ess
t
han7dur
ingc
hlor
ina
ti
on.

Dos
esofc
hlor
ine
:thea
mountofc
hlor
iner
equi
redde
pendsupont
hei
nor
gani
cimpur
it
ie
spr
ese
nti
nwa
ter
.In
ge
ner
almos
toft
hewa
ter
sar
esa
ti
sfa
ctor
il
ydi
si
nfe
cte
dift
hef
reec
hlor
iner
esi
dua
lisa
bout0.
2mg/
L,10
mi
nut
esa
fte
rthec
hlor
inei
sappl
ie
d.The
ref
ore
,theopt
imum dos
eofc
hlor
inef
orgi
venwa
teri
sge
ner
all
y
de
ter
mine
dexpe
rime
nta
ll
ybya
ddi
ngva
ryi
nga
mount
sofc
hlor
inet
oagi
vens
ampl
eandobs
ervi
ngt
he
r
esi
dua
lle
fta
fte
rcont
actpe
riodofa
bout10mi
nut
es.Th
edos
ewhi
chl
eave
sar
esi
dua
lofa
bout0.
2mg/
L
s
houl
dbes
ele
cte
dandt
hist
ota
ldos
e(mg/
L)mi
nust
hef
reer
esi
dua
lwi
lla
utoma
ti
cal
lyr
epr
ese
ntt
hec
hlor
ine
de
mandofwa
ter
.
Va
riousf
ormsofc
hlor
ine
:chl
ori
nei
sge
ner
all
yappl
ie
dint
hef
orms
Asf
reec
hlor
ine
:Int
hef
ormofl
iqui
dchl
ori
neora
schl
ori
nega
s
Asc
ombi
nedc
hlor
ine
:Int
hef
ormofhypoc
hlor
it
eorbl
eac
hingpowde
r
I
nthef
ormofc
hlor
omi
nei
.e
.ami
xtur
eofa
mmoni
aandc
hlor
ine
,or
I
nthef
ormofc
hlor
inedi
oxi
de
But
,fr
eemol
ecul
arc
hlor
inea
sadi
si
nfe
cta
nt(
li
qui
dchl
ori
ne)now-
a-da
yss
houl
dbeuni
ver
sal
lya
dopt
ed
owi
ngt
othef
oll
owi
nga
dva
nta
ges
I
tca
nbee
asi
lys
tor
edf
oral
ongpe
riodwi
thouta
nyr
isksofi
tsge
tt
ingde
ter
ior
ate
d
I
tisqui
tec
hea
pande
asi
lya
vai
la
ble
-29-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
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CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
I
toc
cupi
esl
esss
pac
efors
tor
age
I
tca
nbee
asi
lya
ndc
hea
plyt
rans
por
ted
Thec
hlor
inedos
etobea
dde
dca
nbee
asi
lyme
asur
ed,mi
nimi
zet
hec
hanc
esofove
r-dos
ingorunde
r-
dos
ing
I
nit
ia
lcos
tofc
hlor
ina
ti
onpl
anti
nst
al
la
ti
oni
squi
tel
ow
I
tisve
rypowe
rfuldi
si
nfe
cta
nta
ndma
yre
mai
ninwa
tera
sre
sidua
lforgoode
nought
ime
Theope
rat
ionoft
hepl
antdoe
snotr
equi
remuc
hski
ll
eds
upe
rvi
si
on;a
lt
hought
hes
tor
agea
ndha
ndl
ing
ofc
hlor
inene
edc
are
fulha
ndl
ing
I
tca
nbeuni
for
mlya
ppl
ie
dtot
hee
nti
rebodyofwa
ter
Nos
ludgei
sfor
medi
nit
sappl
ic
ati
on,a
sma
ybef
orme
dbyot
her
s

Exa
mpl
e:I
tisr
equi
redt
osuppl
ywa
tert
oapopul
at
ionof20,
000a
tape
rca
pit
ade
mandof150l
pcd.The
di
si
nfe
cta
ntus
edf
orc
hlor
ina
ti
oni
sbl
eac
hin
gpowde
rwh
ichc
ont
ai
ns30% ofa
vai
la
blec
hlor
ine
.De
ter
mine
t
hea
mountofbl
eac
hingpowde
rre
qui
reda
nnua
ll
yatt
hewa
terwor
ks,i
f0.
3ppmofc
hlor
ined
osei
sre
qui
red
f
ordi
si
nfe
cti
on.

Sol
uti
on:Ave
rageda
il
ywa
terde
mand=20,
000*150=3mi
ll
ionl
it
res
Amountofc
hlor
ineb
ase
dona
ver
agea
nnua
lcons
umpt
ion=0. L*3*106=0.
3mg/ 9kg
Chl
ori
nec
ont
ent30% me
ans30kgofc
hlor
inei
n100kgofbl
eac
hingpowde
r.The
ref
ore
,thea
mountof
bl
eac
hingp
owde
rre
qui
redda
il
yba
sedona
ver
agea
nnua
lcons
umpt
ion=0.
9*100/
30=3kg
Thus
,annua
lcons
umpt
ionofbl
eac
hingp
owde
r=3*365=1095kg

Exa
mpl
e:Thec
hlor
ineus
agei
nthet
rea
tme 000m3/
ntof20, dayi
s8kg.Ther
esi
dua
laf
ter10mi
nut
esc
ont
act
t
imei
s0.
20mg/
L.Ca
lcul
at
ethedos
agei
nmg/
Landc
hlor
inede
mandoft
hewa
ter
.

Sol
uti
on:Wa
tert
obet
rea
tedpe
rda
y=20mi
ll
ionl
it
resa
ndc
hlor
inec
ons
ume
dpe
rda
yis8mi
ll
ionmg.Thus
,
c
hlor
ineus
edpe
rli
tr
eofwa
ter=8/
20=0.
4mg/
L.The
ref
ore
,chl
ori
nedos
agei
s0.
4mg/
Landt
her
esi
dua
l
c
hlor
inel
efti
s0.
2mg/
Li.
e.t
hea
ctua
lchl
ori
nede
mando
fwa
tert
hatr
eac
twi
thwa
teri
s=0.
4–0.
2=0.
2
mg/
L.

5.
7De
mine
ral
iza
tiona
ndWa
ters
oft
eni
ng
Wa
ters
oft
eni
ngi
stheme
thodofr
educ
ti
onorr
emova
lofha
rdne
ssf
romwa
ter
.It
sadva
nta
gel
ie
schi
efl
yin
t
her
edu
cti
onofs
oapc
ons
umpt
ion,l
owe
redc
ostofma
int
ai
ningpl
umbi
ngf
ixt
ure
sandi
mpr
ove
dta
ste
sof
wa
terf
orc
ons
umpt
ion.He
nce
,whe
the
rornott
heha
rdne
ssofwa
ters
uppl
yshoul
dber
educ
edde
pendson
t
her
ela
ti
onb/
nthec
ostoft
rea
tme
nta
ndt
heobt
ai
nedr
esul
ta
nts
avi
nga
nds
ati
sfa
cti
ont
othec
ons
ume
rs.
Howe
ver
,fori
ndus
tri
als
uppl
ie
ssof
teni
ngi
smor
eimpor
tants
inc
eha
rdwa
ter
sar
eli
kel
ytoc
aus
esc
ali
ng
t
roubl
esi
nboi
le
rsa
ndi
nte
rfe
rei
nthewor
kingofdyi
ngs
yst
ems
.

Thewa
terc
ont
ai
ning35t
o45mg/
Lca
rbona
teha
rdne
ssa
nd10mg/
Ltot
alha
rdne
ssma
ybet
erme
dass
oft
wa
ter
,whe
rea
s,wa
terc
ont
ai
ninga
bove400mg/
Loft
ota
lha
rdne
ssi
sknowna
sha
rdwa
ter
.

-30-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
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vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
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CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods
Muni
cipa
lwa
ters
oft
eni
ngpr
oce
ss
The
rea
ret
wot
ype
sofha
rdne
ss,na
mel
y;
Ca
rbona
teha
rdne
ss:c
aus
edbyt
hec
arbona
tesa
ndbi
car
bona
tesofc
alc
iuma
ndma
gne
sium,a
nd
Nonc
arbona
teha
rdne
ss:c
aus
edbyt
hes
ulpha
tes
,chl
ori
desa
ndni
tr
ate
sofc
alc
iuma
ndma
gne
sium.

Theme
thodsofwa
ters
oft
eni
ngpr
oce
sse
sshoul
dbepr
ese
nte
dasf
oll
ows
.
Boi
li
ng: Ca
(HCO3)
2+He
at Ca
CO3 +H2O
Ca
lci
umbi
car
bona
te(
sol
ubl
e)c
alc
iumc
arbona
te(
ins
olubl
e)
Howe
ver
,la
rges
cal
eboi
li
ngofpubl
ics
uppl
ie
sispr
act
ic
all
yunf
eas
ibl
eandhe
nceboi
li
ngi
snota
dopt
edf
or
s
oft
eni
ng.Mor
eove
r,MgCO3i
sfa
irl
ysol
ubl
einwa
ter
,inwhi
chboi
li
ngc
annots
ati
sfa
ctor
ytor
emovet
he
t
empor
ary(
car
bona
te)ha
rdne
ssc
aus
edbyma
gne
sium.

Addi
ti
onofLi
me:l
ime(
CaO)
,ge
ner
all
yhydr
ate
dli
me[
Ca(
OH)
2]i
sadde
dtot
hewa
ter
.
Ca
(HCO3)
2+Ca(
OH)
2 2Ca
CO3 +2H2O
Mg(
HCO3)
2+Ca(
OH)
2 Mg(
OH)
2+CaCO3 +2H2O
Thec
alc
iumc
arbona
tea
ndma
gne
siumhydr
oxi
dea
repr
eci
pit
at
eda
ndc
anber
emove
dint
hes
edi
ment
at
ion
t
ank.Al
though,t
hepe
rma
nent(
nonc
arbona
te)ha
rdne
ssi
sdi
ff
icul
ttor
emovec
ert
ai
nspe
cia
lme
thodsa
re
c
ommonl
yadopt
ed.

Li
me–SodaPr
oce
ss:Ca(
OH)
2 –Li
me;Na
2CO3–Sodaa
sha
rea
dde
dtot
heha
rdwa
ter
,whi
chr
eac
tthe
c
alc
iuma
ndma
gne
siums
alt
stof
ormi
nsol
ubl
epr
eci
pit
at
esofc
alc
iumc
arbona
tea
ndma
gne
siumhy
droxi
de.

i
. Ca
(HCO3)
2+Ca(
OH)
2 2Ca
CO3 +2H2O
i
i.Mg(
HCO3)
2+Ca(
OH)
2 Mg(
OH)
2 +Ca(
HCO3)
2

i
ii
.MgCO3+Ca
(OH)
2 Mg(
OH)
2 +CaCO3
i
v.MgCl
2+Ca(
OH)
2 Mg(
OH)
2 +CaCl
2

v. MgSO4+Ca
(OH)
2 Mg(
OH)
2 +CaSO4
vi
.CO2+Ca
(OH)
2 Ca
CO3 +H2O
vi
i.Ca
Cl2+Na
2CO3 Ca
CO3 +2Na
Cl
vi
ii
.Ca
SO4+Na
2CO3 Ca
CO3 +Na
2SO4

5.
8Mi
sce
lla
neousTr
eat
ment
s
Unde
rthenor
malt
rea
tme
ntpr
oce
sse
ssuc
hasc
oagul
at
ion s
edi
ment
at
ion,f
il
tr
ati
on a
nd di
si
nfe
cti
on
(
chl
ori
nat
ion)s
omemi
ner
als
,ta
ste
s,c
olour
sanddi
ssol
vedga
ses(
CO2,H2S)mi
ghtnotbet
ota
llyr
emove
d.
Di
ssol
vedCO2ga
swi
llma
ket
hewa
terc
orr
osi
ve.Or
gani
cma
tt
erf
roma
lga
eandot
hermi
croor
gani
smsma
y
i
mpa
rtt
ast
esa
ndodour
s;a
nda
lsoot
her
sli
kephe
nol
sfr
om i
ndus
tri
esma
ynotber
emove
dbyor
dina
ry
c
onve
nti
ona
ltr
eat
ment
s.

Re
mova
lofc
olour
s,odour
sandt
ast
es
-31-
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cwa t
ert
rea
tmentme
thods
Aer
ati
on:wa
teri
sbr
oughti
nint
ima
tec
ont
actwi
tha
ir,s
oast
oabs
orboxyge
nandt
ore
moveCO2gas.I
tal
so
he
lpsi
nre
movi
ngofH2S,i
rona
ndma
nga
nes
etoac
ert
ai
next
ent
.

Ac
ti
vat
edc
arbon:i
sspe
cia
ll
ytr
eat
edc
arbon,whi
chpo
sse
sse
sthepr
ope
rtyofa
bsor
binga
nda
tt
rac
ti
ng
i
mpur
it
ie
s,ga
sesa
ndf
ine
lydi
vide
dsol
ids
.Duet
oex
cel
le
ntpr
ope
rtyofa
bsor
bingi
mpur
it
ie
s,i
tiswi
del
y
r
emove
dta
ste
sandodour
sfr
ompubl
ics
uppl
ie
s.
Adva
nta
gesofAC
Whe
nus
edbe
for
ecoa
gul
at
iona
idsa
scoa
gul
ant
I
tre
duc
est
hec
hlor
inede
mandoft
rea
tedwa
ter
I
tre
move
stheor
gani
cma
tt
erpr
ese
nti
nwa
ter
I
tre
move
sta
ste
s,odour
sandc
olour
sca
use
dbyt
hepr
ese
nceofi
ron,ma
nga
nes
e,phe
nol
s,e
xce
ss
c
hlor
ine
,hydr
oge
nsul
phi
de,e
tc.
I
tsove
rdos
eisnotha
rmf
ul

Coppe
rsul
pha
te,CuSO4.
7H2O:he
lpsi
nre
movi
ngc
olour
s,t
ast
esa
ndodour
sfr
omwa
terwhe
nad
dedt
othe
t
rea
tedwa
teri
ndi
st
ri
but
ions
yst
em.I
tsma
ina
dva
nta
gei
sobt
ai
nedbya
ddi
ngi
ttot
heope
nre
ser
voi
rorl
ake
s
t
oki
llt
hea
lga
eorr
athe
rche
ckt
hei
rgr
owt
hbe
for
epr
oduc
ti
on.

Theus
eofc
oppe
rsul
pha
tea
tthepr
ope
rti
mewi
llhe
lpi
npr
eve
nti
ngt
hegr
owt
hofs
ucha
lga
eandt
her
eby
ke
epi
ngt
hewa
terf
reef
romb
adt
ast
esa
ndodour
sli
kel
ytobec
aus
edbyt
hem.

-32-
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
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vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11
CHAPTERFI
VE Ba
sicwa
tert
rea
tme
ntme
thods

33
Ha
was
saUni
ver
sit
y-De
par
tme
ntofCi
vila
ndUr
banEngi
nee
ring 20010/
11