INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

HOMEWORK CHAPTER 2
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
3-B/A MORNING SECTION

• 140217045 / Turgut Yılmaz

• 150217043 / Mehmet Ali BOSTANCI
• 140217056 / Sinan DEMİRKOL
• 190217135 / Musa ÇINAR
• 150217199 / Yıldırım KURTULUŞ
• 170217153 / Oğuzhan OKUMUŞ
 ANSWERS

Answer to 2-6 and 2-7.

Answer to 2-8.
 a) m’a =0.00050kg from example problem 2-2. Then:
m’f = m’a / AF = 0.000033kg of fuel per cylindder per cycle
Therefore, the rate of fuel flow into egine is:
m’f = (0.000033 kg/cyl-cycle)(6cyl)(3600/60 rev/sec)(1 cycle/2
rev)
= 0.0060 kg/sec = 2160 kg/hr
b)
Wb = 77.3 kW is given from the main question.

Wb = 2 πNΤ= (2π radiands/rev) x (3600/60 rev/sec) x (205 Nm)

Specific Emissions of He = m’He / Wb
SE’He = 2160 / 77.3 = 27.94 kg/kW-hr = 27940 gm/kW-hr
c)
EI’He = m’He / mf = 27940 / 2160 = 12.9351 gm/kW-hr Answer
to 2-9.
a) Vd= N x ( π x B^2 x L ) / 4
N= number of cylinders which is 8
B= 5.375
L=8
Vd=181.5 in^2 Vd= 1452 in^3

b) Ap = (π x B^2 x N) / 4 = 181.5 in^2 = 1260 ft^2

Up = 2LN = (2 strokes/rev) x (8/12 ft/stroke) x ( 1000/60rev/sec)
= 22.2 ft/sec
Wb= bmepApUp / 4
bmep= 4Wb / ApUp = 4 x ( 152 x 550 ) / (1.260 x 22.2)
= 11.955 lbf / ft^2 = 83.0 psia
 t = bmepVd/4 π = 11.855 lbf/ft^2 x (1452 / 12 ft^3) = 799 lbf.ft

c) Wi=Wb/ ηm = 152hp / 0.60 = 253 hp

d) Wf = Wi – Wb = 253 hp – 152 hp = 101hp

Answer to 2-10.
Answer to 2-11.
Answer to 2-12.
a)
If B = S ,
Vd = 6.28 cm3 = (π/4)B2S = (π/4)B3
B = S = 2 (cm)

𝑼̅p = 2SN = 2 * 0.02 (m/stroke) * 8000/60 (rev/sec) = 5.33 (m/sec) b)

ṁ a =ρaVdηvN∕n
ṁ a = 1.181 (kg/m3) * 0.00000628 (m3) * 0.85 * 8000/60 (rev/sec) / 1
𝐦̇ 𝐚 = 0.00084 (kg/sec) c)
ṁ f = FA * ṁ a = 0.067 * 0.00084
(kg/sec) 𝐦̇ 𝐟 = 5.63 x 10-5 (kg/sec) d)
mf = 5.63 x 10-5 (kg/sec) / [8000/60 (rev/sec) * 1 (cycle/rev)] mf
= 4.22 x 10-7 (kg/cycle)

Answer to 2-13.
a)
Ẇb = 2πNτ
Ẇb = 2 * π * 800/60 (rev/sec) * 76 (Nm) / 1000 (W/kW) = 6.365 (kW)
𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.113/4 (kg/min) * 1000 (gm/kg) * 60 (min/hr) = 1695 (gm/hr)

bsfc = 𝑚̇ 𝑓 / Ẇb
bsfc = 1695 (gm/hr) / 6.365 (kW) = 266.3 [gm/(kW*hr)] b)
Vd = Nc(π/4)B2S
Vd = 1 (cycle) * (π/4) * (0.129)2 (m2) * 0.18 (m)
Vd = 0.002353 m3 bmep = 4πτ / Vd
bmep = 4 * π * 76 (Nm) / 0.002353 m3 = 405883 N/m2 = 405.8 kPa c)
Ẇb = 6.365 (kW) d)
Ap = (π/4)B2
Ap = (π/4) * (12.9)2 (cm2) = 130.7 (cm2)
SP = Ẇb / Ap = 6.365 (kW) / 130.7 (cm2) = 0.0487 kW/cm2 e)
OPD = Ẇb / Vd = 6.365 (kW) / 2.353 (L) = 2.71 kW/L f) SV =
1/OPD = 1/2.71 (kW/L) = 0.37 L/kW

Answer to 2-14.
a)
Q̇ = 𝑚̇ cpΔT
[72 (hp) * 2545 (BTU/hr/hp) * 0.93] / 60 (min/hr)
= 30 (gal/min) * 62.4 (lbm/ft3) * 0.1337 (ft3/gal) * 1 (BTU/lbm * °R) *
ΔT
ΔT = 11° F
Texit = 46° + 11° = 57° F b)
Ẇb = 2πNτ, τ = Ẇb/(2πN)
τ = 72 (hp) * 550 (ft*lbf/sec/hp) * 60 (sec/min) / [2 * π * 4050
(rev/min)] τ =
93.4 lbf*ft c)
Ẇb = 72 (hp) * 550 (ft*lbf/sec/hp) * 60 (sec/min) = 2.376 x 106
(ft*lbf/min)
Vd = 302 (in3) / 123 (in/ft)3 = 0.1748 ft3 bmep
= 4πτ / Vd
bmep = 4 * π * 93.4 (lbf*ft) / 0.1748 (ft3) = 6714.5 (lbf/ft2)= 46.6
(psia)

Answer to 2-15.
a)
The power output of a generator can be found by Watts = Volts *
Amps
Ẇg = 220 V * 54.2 A = 11924 W = 11.924 kW
The brake power output of the engine is

𝑊 ̇𝑔
𝑊̇𝑏 = 𝜂 𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 11.924 kW / 0.87 = 13.7 kW = 18.4 hp

b)
Ẇ b =2πNτ
13.7 kW = 2 * π * 1200/60 (rev/sec) * τ 𝚻
= 0.109 kNm = 109 Nm
c)
τ = (bmep) * Vd / (2*π) => (bmep) = τ*2*π/Vd
bmep=109 (Nm)*2*π / (0.0031 m3/rev) bmep=22100
N/m2=221 kPa

Answer to 2-16.
a)
The Air-Fuel ratio of nitromethane is 1.7:1. The heat value of
nitromethane is 11300 kJ/kg The density of air is 1.181
kg/m3 ṁ a =ṁ f ∗𝐴𝐹 ,
ṁ a= 0.198 (kg/sec) * 1.7 = 0.3366 (kg/sec)
𝜂𝑣 =𝑛𝑚̇ 𝑎/𝜌aVdN
𝜂𝑣 = 2 * 0.3366 (kg/sec) / [1.181 (kg/m3)* 0.006 (m3/rev) * 6000/60
(rev/sec)]
𝜼𝒗 = 0.95 = 95%

b) 𝐦̇ 𝐚 = 0.3366 (kg/sec) c)

Q̇ in =ṁ fQHVηc ,

Q̇ in = 0.198 (kg/sec) * 11300 (kJ/kg) * 0.99 = 2215 (kJ/sec)

Heat in for engine per cycle

Qin = Q̇ in* n * N ,
Qin = 2215 (kJ/sec) * 2 (rev/cycle) * 6000/60 (rev/sec) = (44.3 kJ/cycle)
Heat in per cycle per cylinder
Qin = 44.3 (kJ/cycle) / 8 (cylinders)
Qin = 5.53 [kJ/(cycle*cylinder)] d)
The remaining percentage of the combustion efficiency tells us how
much fuel in unburned.
If we call the chemical energy from unburned fuel Q̇ unburned ,

Q̇ unburned = ṁ fQHV(1−ηc)

Q̇ unburned = 0.198 (kg/sec) * 11300 (kJ/kg) * (1-0.99) = 22.4 kW

THANK YOU!