CPD 20402 PILOT PLANT OPERATION 1

ASSESSMENT OF LAB REPORT

1.
INTAN NAJIHAH IZZATI BINTI MOHD 1. 55102119048
ZUKRI
2. 55102119050
Student’s 2. NURUL KHAYRIN BINTI NIZAM ID No:
3. TENGKU MUHAMMAD NAZRIN BIN 3. 55102119052
Group:
KU ISKANDAR
4. 55102119026
4. MUHAMMAD RAZIN SYAHMI BIN
KAMARUZAMAN
Experiment : EXTRACTION OF COCONUT OIL BY USING SOXHLET EXTRACTOR

Lecturer: MADAM NAZERAH BINTI AHMAD

EVALUATION OF LAB REPORT

No Criteria Weightage Grade Mark
1. Summary 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
• Explanation of the Exp. 1
• Purposes of Exp
• Brief Method
• Result & Conclusion
2. Introduction 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
• Overview of the exp. 1
• Objectives
• The theoretical study & relevancy
theory to the objectives
3. Methodology 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
• Compact & Creative approach 1
4. Results 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
• Data and graph presentation support 2
the objective/s of the study
• Data, calculations and derived results
are clearly presented
5 Discussion 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
• Discussion must relate to theory 2
• Comparison be made
between experimental results &
theoretical/predicted/reported values
• Data accuracy and precision (personal,
methodological and/or instrumental
errors) be addressed
6. Conclusion & Recommendation 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
• Overall conclusion must be clearly 1
stated
• Recommendations
7. General 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
• Neatness 0.5
• Written according to format
8. Psychomotor assessment 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
1.5

TOTAL MARK

VERIFICATION
Assessed by:

Signature
 MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL & BIO-ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:
EXTRACTION OF COCONUT OIL BY USING SOXHLET EXTRACTOR

SUBJECT:
CPD 20402
PILOT PLANT OPERATION 1

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
10 MARCH 2021

LECTURER:
MADAM NAZERAH BINTI AHMAD

GROUP MEMBERS:
Name ID No.
INTAN NAJIHAH IZZATI BINTI MOHD ZUKRI 55102119048
NURUL KHAYRIN BINTI NIZAM 55102119050
TENGKU MUHAMMAD NAZRIN BIN KU ISKANDAR 55102119052
MUHAMMAD RAZIN SYAHMI BIN KAMARUZAMAN 55102119026
Contents
SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................................. 4
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
MATERIALS & APPARATUS ......................................................................................................................................... 7
PROCEDURES.............................................................................................................................................................. 8
RESULT & DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 9
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................... 10
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................. 10
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
SUMMARY

Extraction was a method of separating and extracting a desired product from a mixture of other substances.
Two main pieces of equipment were used in this experiment for the extraction process: a Soxhlet Extractor and
a Rotary Evaporator. The sample in this experiment was coconut, and the solvent was acetone. The goal was to
extract coconut oil using a Soxhlet Extractor, and the grated coconut naturally mixed with the solvent, acetone.
The grated coconut would go through a different kind of extraction process than the oil extraction process. First,
the thimble was weighed without the grated coconut. Then, the grated coconut was placed into the thimble
and the weight was recorded. Next, 150 ml of acetone was poured into the solvent cup. After the material was
prepared, it was transferred into the Soxhlet Extractor for the extraction of oil. The solvent, acetone, was heated
on the heater plate, which was located at the bottom of the Soxhlet Extractor. The extraction time was set to 2
hours. When the acetone dad vaporized, it mixed with the grated coconut. The second goal was to separate
coconut oil from the solvent using the Rotary Vaporiser. The mixture was separated using a Rotary Vaporiser to
remove the mixture of coconut oil and acetone solvent that occurs during extraction. The Rotary Vaporiser will
rotate to incline position with a mixture of coconut oil that has been fully immersed in hot water that has been
set at 60°C, according to the boiling point of acetone. After 30 minutes of separating the mixture of coconut oil
and acetone, oil was obtained. This experiment revealed that only a small amount of coconut oil was present.
The oil had a light-yellow colour, and it had to go through a number of other processes before it could be used
as a product. In conclusion, the experiment's goal was accomplished. The grated coconut must be extracted for
2 hours in a Soxhlet Extractor, and the mixture of coconut oil and solvent, acetone, must be separated using a
Rotary Vaporiser to achieve the goal. After that, the oil will be extracted from the grated coconut.

OBJECTIVES

• To extract coconut oil by using Soxhlet Extractor

• To separate coconut oil with solvent by using Rotary Vaporiser

INTRODUCTION

Oil is a well-defined class of neutral organic compounds that are essential for all types of plant and animal
life to survive. Except for water, they are soluble in organic solvents. The most critical feature is that they have
a caloric value that is more than double that of the other food. Extraction is the only way to collect large amounts
of oil from oil bean vegetable or plant material. Depending on the type of engine and the level of oil blend, bio-
oils from oilseeds are used as Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) or biodiesel (transesterified oil); coconut oil is no
exception. Oils and fats derived from seeds and nuts are an important part of a man's diet. Plants and animals
that make oils and fats in large enough amounts and in a readily available form to be used as a commodity are
relatively rare. The seeds of annual plants are currently the most abundant source of oils. The primary nutrients
needed by the human body are fats and oils, as well as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Fats
and oils are high in energy, with two and a half times as many calories as sugars (per unit weight). Fats and oils
are good sources of vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as essential fatty acids. Palm nut, coconut, soya bean, olive,
groundnut, sunflower seed, and cottonseed are delicious seeds and nuts known for their oil content, while
jatropha seed, neem seed, and castor seed are non-edible seeds and nuts.

Coconut oil is derived from the kernel of a fully matured coconut palm. It is a source of fats in many
people's diets and has a variety of uses in cooking, medicine, and industry. Coconut is collected in two processes:
dry and wet. Wet processing, despite different approaches, is less feasible than dry processing due to a 10-15%
lower yield. Due to its high saturated fat content, many health organisations advise against consuming large
quantities of coconut oil. Coconut oil is extensively used in cooking, has been tested as a biodiesel feedstock,
and can be used as a skin moisturiser to assist with dry skin.

Refined, bleached, and deodorised (RBD) coconut oil comes from the coconut kernel. RBD coconut oil is
extracted from dried copra using a dry processing technique. In Asian countries, dry processing techniques such
as wedge presses, screw presses, and hot hydraulic presses are often used in commercial coconut oil production.
Following that, the coconut oil will be subjected to RBD processes. During the RBD process, high temperatures
are used, particularly during the deodorization process, which involves temperatures of up to 204–245°C, which
deactivates bioactive components like tocopherols and polyphenols. Coconut oil has no flavour or scent due to
the refining process.

Because the oil extracted is low in moisture content, the dry processing method is used commercially to
produce coconut oil by mechanical force, avoiding microbial contamination and facilitating upscaling the
extraction process to meet market demand. The fresh grated copra meat is sun-dried or oven-dried at 40–50°C
until the moisture content is reduced from approximately 50% to 2–5%. The yield of coconut oil was found to
be proportional to the moisture content, with lower moisture content dehydrated grated coconut producing a
higher yield of coconut oil. The oil is extracted by cold-pressing the grated coconut after it has dried, yielding a
yield of 46–49 percent.

A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory equipment created by Franz von Soxhlet in 1879. It was
created with the intention of extracting a lipid from a solid material. When the desired compound has a low
solubility in a solvent and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent, Soxhlet extraction is typically used. It enables
unattended, unmanaged operation when recycling a small amount of solvent to dissolve a greater amount of
material. The solvent is brought to a state of reflux. The solvent vapour ascends a distillation arm and floods the
chamber containing the solid thimble. Any solvent vapour cools and drips back down into the chamber
containing the solid material, thanks to the condenser. Warm solvent gently fills the chamber containing the
solid material. In the warm solvent, some of the desired compound dissolves. The syphon is used to empty the
Soxhlet chamber when it is almost complete. The solvent is poured back into the flask for distillation. The
thimble prevents any solid material from being transported to the still pot by the quick motion of the solvent.
This cycle can be repeated several times over the course of hours or days. A third of the non-volatile compound
dissolves in the solvent during each cycle. The desired compound is concentrated in the distillation flask after
several cycles. The advantage of this method is that instead of passing several batches of warm solvent through
the sample, only one batch is recycled. The solvent is removed after extraction, usually with the help of a rotary
evaporator, and the extracted compound is obtained. The non-soluble part of the extracted solid is routinely
discarded from the thimble.

A rotary evaporator (also known as a rotavap/rotovap) is a device used in chemical laboratories to

evaporate solvents from samples in an effective and gentle manner. The sentence "rotary evaporator" may be
used in the chemistry research literature to describe the use of this technique and equipment, though use is
often signalled by other language (e.g., "the sample was evaporated under reduced pressure"). In molecular
cooking, rotary evaporators are used to prepare distillates and extracts. Lyman C. Craig devised a simple rotary
evaporator system. Büchi, a Swiss company, was the first to commercialise it in 1957. The 1L bench-top unit is
the most prevalent in studies, while large scale (e.g., 20L-50L) variants are used in pilot plants in commercial
chemical operations. Because reducing the pressure above a bulk liquid reduces the boiling points of the
component liquids in it, vacuum evaporators are used as a class function. In most rotary evaporation
applications, the component liquids of interest are study solvents that need to be removed from a sample during
an extraction, such as after a natural product isolation or a step in an organic synthesis. Without overheating
what are often complicated and delicate solvent-solute combinations, liquid solvents can be removed. The most
common and practical application of rotary evaporation is to distinguish "low boiling" solvents like n-hexane or
ethyl acetate from compounds that are solid at room temperature and pressure. However, if there is minimal
co-evaporation (azeotropic behaviour) and a sufficient difference in boiling points at the selected temperature
and decreased pressure, careful application will also remove a solvent from a sample containing a liquid
compound. Water (100°C at standard atmospheric pressure, 760 torr or 1 bar), dimethylformamide (DMF, 153°C
at the same), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 189°C at the same) can all be evaporated if the unit's vacuum
system can handle it. (If the vacuum is reduced from 760 to 5 torr [from 1 bar to 6.6 mbar], both DMF and DMSO
will boil below 50°C.) In many cases, however, more recent innovations are frequently used (e.g., evaporation
while centrifuging or vortexing at high speeds). Because other evaporation technologies or freeze-drying
(lyophilization) are available, rotary evaporation for high boiling hydrogen bond-forming solvents like water is
often a last resort. This is partially due to the fact that the propensity to "bump" is accentuated in such solvents.
Modern centrifugal evaporation technologies are especially useful when working with a large number of
samples at once, as in the medium- to high-throughput synthesis that is gaining popularity in industry and
academia. In theory, evaporation under vacuum can also be done with standard organic distillation glassware
— that is, without rotating the sample.

MATERIALS & APPARATUS

Material: Coconut

Chemical: Acetone (solvent)

Equipment: Soxhlet Extractor, Rotary Vaporiser

Apparatus: Beaker, Tube holder

PROCEDURES

1. The thimble was weighed with and without coconut.

2. 125 ml of acetone was prepared in the solvent cup.
3. The solvent cup and the thimble that filled with coconut were placed into the Soxhlet extractor. The
solvent cup was placed on a hot plate and connected with the end of the condenser.
4. The heating point was set at 11 for 2 hours.
5. After 2 hours, the coconut oil was transferred from solvent cup into conical flask through a funnel.
6. The mass of conical flask with and without coconut oil were recorded. Then mass of left coconut was
calculated.
7. The rotary vaporizer was set-up, and the water bath temperature was set at 60 ºC.
8. The conical flask was placed on the rotary vaporizer.
9. The rotary vaporizer was lowered to ensure conical flask immersed into the water bath until coconut oil
level in the conical flask same with the water bath.
10. The rotary vaporizer operated about 20 minutes to remove all water from the coconut oil.
11. The amount of coconut oil left was weighed again. The value was recorded.
RESULT & DISCUSSION

The following table below shows the result of this experiment:

Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of

thimble thimble with conical flask conical flask coconut left. coconut oil
(g) coconut (g) with (g) left (g)
(g) coconut oil
(g)
4.51 14.51 162.78 167.37 6.04 4.59

Table 1

Figure 1 Picture of the coconut oil extracted.

This experiment was run to extract coconut oil by using Soxhlet extractor and to separate coconut oil
with solvent by using rotary vaporizer. The result that was obtained from the experiment are weight of
thimble which is 4.51 g. The weight of thimble with coconut is 14.51 g. Next, the weight of conical flask
is 162.78 g meanwhile the weight of coconut oil with conical flask is 167.37 g. The weight of the left
coconut is 10.55 g. Lastly, the weight of coconut oil after the experiment is 4.59 g. Besides that, the
colour of coconut oil is light yellow which concluded that the coconut oil is light oil. This is because, the
lighter the oil colour the lighter the oil.
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

In conclusion, the experiment was run to extract coconut oil by using Soxhlet extractor to separate
coconut oil with solvent by using rotary vaporizer. The procedure of this experiment was conducted properly as
the material and apparatus of this experiment are very limited. The experimental procedure was conducted
step by step as stated in the lab manual and by the instructor. The result of the oil extracted from the coconut
came out as a light yellow which meant as a light oil. No errors occurred as the result of the experiment came
out good. Some error may occur if the precautions of this experiment were not handled properly such as not
properly clean the materials which led to contaminants of other elements. Other than that, the errors may come
from the parallax error. So, such precaution such as make sure the eye level should be perpendicular to the
conical flask scales to make sure the volume of liquid is measured properly. In a nutshell, the coconut oil was
extracted from the coconut using the Soxhlet extractor and the rotary vaporizer. The lighter of the oil colour the
lighter the oil can be.

REFERENCES

• Okene E.O. and Evbuomwan, B. O., Solvent Extraction and Characterization of Oil from Coconut Seed

Using Alternative Solvents, International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR), 2014,

Volume-2, Issue-12.

• Sreeranjini Sundrasegaran and Siau Hui Mah, Extraction Methods of Virgin Coconut Oil and Palm-pressed

Mesocarp Oil and their Phytonutrients, Atlantis Press, 2020, Pages 381 - 391

• Soxhlet extractor. (2019, December 18). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxhlet_extractor

• Rotary evaporator. (2004, August 31). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporator

APPENDICES

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 = 10.55(𝑔) − 4.51(𝑔)

=6.04 g
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 167.37 (𝑔) − 162.78 (𝑔)
= 4.59 𝑔