THE PROJECT REPORT ENTITLED

“EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL

FROM DATE SEED”
Submitted in
Partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (8thSem)
IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
Kashyap Rishabh 170280105028
Ghanchi Vhora Akram 170280105020
Gondaliya Mitesh 170280105021
Ladva Abhay 180283105009
Patel Jainil 180283105015

Guided By
Prof. Pratik Patel
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AHMEDABAD-380015

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 INDEX

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………7
1.1 Problem Summary…………………………………………………...…………….…......7
1.2 Aim & Objective………………………………….……………………...…….…….……7
1.3 Application ..........................................................................................................................8
1.4 Brief Literature Review & Prior Art Search(PAS)…………………..……………............8
1.5 Innovation plan (using double solvent)..............................................................................14
1.6 Characterization …………………………………………………………..….…….…....15
1.7 Experimental plan..............................................................................................................16
1.8 Materials/Tools………………………………………………………………..…….........17

2. Business Model Canvas………………………………………………………..………..18

3. Implementation ………………………………………………………………..………..20
4. Result……………………………………………………………………………...……..21
5. Reference………………………………………………………………………….……..22

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is great pleasure to acknowledgement and express our deep gratitude to all who
helped us with their co-operation and guidance to develop this project. We are
indeed grateful to Assistant Prof. Pratik Patel Associate Professor of Chemical
Department, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad. Who has provided
complete guidance and encouragement for this project.

We are also expressing our sincere thanks to whole Chemical Engineering

Department.

Last but not least, we are also thankful to all those who have directly or indirectly
helped us during the project.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that dissertation entitled “EXTRACTION AND

CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL FROM DATE SEED.” has been carried out
by Kashyap Rishabh(170280105028), Ghanchi vhora Akram
(170280105020), Gondaliya Mitesh(170280105021), Ladva
Abhay(180283105009), Patel Jainil(180283105015) at L.D. College of
Engineering, Ahmedabad city under my guidance in fulfilment of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical engineering(7thsemester)of
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year
2020-2021.

Date:
Guide:
Assistant Prof. Pratik Patel

Place:
Department of Chemical Engineering,
L.D. College of Engineering
Ahmedabad

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 SELF - DECLARATION (by Student/students)

We
Kashyap Rishabh, Ghanchi vhora Akram , Gondaliya Mitesh, Ladva Abhay, Patel Jainil,the students
BE 7th semester of Chemical Branch, having enrolment number 170280105028, 170280105020,
170280105021, 180283105009, 180283105015, enrolled at L.D.College of Engineering hereby certify and
declare the following:

1. We have defined my/our project based on inputs at Faculty/Guide and each of us will make significant
efforts to make attempt to solve the challenges. We will attempt the project work at my college or at any
location under the direct and consistent monitoring of Assistant Prof.Pratik Patel. We will adopt all ethical
practices to share credit amongst all the contributors based on their contributions during the project work.

2. We have not purchased the solutions developed by any 3rd party directly and the efforts are made by
me/we under the guidance of guides.

3. The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly. (Same project can be done in
different ways but if it has been done in same manner before then it may not be accepted)

4. We understand and accept that we above declaration if found to be untrue, it can result in
punishment/cancellation of project definition to we including failure in the subject of project work.

Name/Names: Signature
1. Kashyap Rishabh 1.
2. Ghanchi vhora Akram 2.
3. Gondaliya Mitesh 3.
4. Ladva Abhay 4.
5. Patel Jainil 5.

Contact number/numbers:
1. 8735949093
2. 8849469105
3. 8153859406
4. 9537988409
5. 7698737765

Date: Place:

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 ABSTRACT

The date fruit is being cultivated in many(Northern Africa, the Middle East, the horn of
africa and South Asia, and is naturalized in many tropical and subtropical regions
worldwide) parts of the world and about its 12-19 species are being cultivated commercially.
Its seed is a byproduct from this industry which is normally being utilized as animal feed
ingredient or turned into non-caffeinated coffee by the Arabs. About 11-18% of the seed(by
weight) contains carbohydrates, dietary fiber, fat and protein. Oil(Date seed oil) obtained
from it contain a good amount of antioxidant content which is comparable to olive oil. So in
this project we will analyze the different methods of extraction of the date seed oil and the
characterization of this oil. We will analyze for its use as an antioxidant properties,
potentially nutritious to hair, and blood sugar problem. Also we will analyze the potential
use of the date seed powder in energy generation or other fields.

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 Chapter : -1
Introduction

Date palm commonly known as Dates fruit or scientifically known as phoenix

dactylifera; is a flowering plant species in palm family. Dates fruit have been a staple
fruit of the middle east and the indus valley for thousands of years. It is believed that they
have been originated some where near Iraq but some archeological evidence from
Mehrgarh(Balochistan) suggest that they(Neolithic civilization) are cultivating the dates fruit
around 7000 BCE and in eastern Arabia between 5530 and 5320. Currently this species is
widely cultivated across Northern Africa, Middle-East, the Horn of Africa & South Asia
region and is naturalized in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. There are 220
species of the dates fruit available and out of this nearly 20 of them are being cultivated
commercially. According to UN Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO) the world
production of Dates fruit was 8,684,512 Tonnes in year 2018 and was 8,540,916 Tonnes in
year 2017; which is being continuously rising over few decades as it was 6,565,511 Tonnes
in year 2000.

1.1 Problem Summary:

Dates fruit contain between 6% to 18%(by weight) dates seed, and the seed contains
appreciable amount of sugars, minerals, dietary fiber, and some amount of protein & fatty
acids. Currently dates seed is regarded as the waste from the industries processing and
packing the dates fruit and it is utilized as the animal feed stock or being converted to the
non-caffeinated coffee by Arabs. The annual production of the dates seed was 8,684,512
Tonnes in year 2018 so if it was not utilized in proper way then it is a loss of such nutrients.
We need a better way of utilizing the date seed and recover/use the nutrients in the date seed.

1.2 Objective:
Our project aims to recover the nutrients from the dates seeds. In this project we will mainly
focus on the separation of date seed oil from the dates seed and analyzing the utilizable
properties of it; like date seed oil contain high amount of antioxidant and other nutritional
properties which allows it to use as an edible oil. Also we will focus on an effective way of
utilizing the dates seed cake for the energy production as biofuel. So we are going to analyze
the different separation method and different solvent for separation via the extraction of
dates seed oil from dates seed. And then we will conduct experiment on the extraction of the
dates seed oil via the conventional extraction using the toluene, hexane and acetone for the
reference and then we will compare those results with the yield obtained by using the
mixture of two solvents; namely toluene + acetone and hexane + acetone and try to enhance
the yield.

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1.3 Application :
The date seed oil has a potential to be used as:
Edible oil
Cosmetics
Pharmaceuticals
Bio-lubricant
As a manure (date seed cake)
For energy production (date seed cake) .
1.4 Literature Review & Prior Art Search (PAS):

We have analyzed the literature for the various methods of the extraction of date seed oil
from date seed. The extraction(of DSO) from date seed mainly consist of the following
processes:-
1. Extraction(Leaching)
2. Supercritical Fluid Extraction(SFE)
3. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction(UAE)

1. Extraction:-
In this conventional extraction process; the sample of the date seed is powdered to required
size and it is dipped in the solvent, solvent then diffuses to replace the date seed oil. So we
need to fix few parameter concerning the quality, size and solvent(for extraction) before
extracting the oil.

(a) Selection of date species:- There are 220 species of the dates fruit available and out of
this nearly 20 of them are being cultivated commercially. All of them have different
nutritional properties and their cost is also different. We have prepared the comparative table
of nutritional value and cost of the different species. From the chart we have selected the fard
date seed for our experimental work.

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(b) Selection of size range:- It has been observed that the decrease in size results in the
increase in the yield for the given operating time of the experiment. This may be due to
increase in surface area which causes the increase in the diffusion rate and ultimately the
higher amount of oil to be extracted. But the decrease in the size beyond certain limit(near
nanosize) causes the yield to decrease; the reason could be that during oil crushing the oil
might be consumed or diminished. Following are few graphs from the literature which shows
the extraction yield for different size ranges:-

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 ACETONE ETHANOL

METHANOL
From these results we selected the 0.212mm to 1mm size range for the extraction.

(c) Effect of different solvent:-

Generally a good solvent should; dissolve the desired compounds, have an appropriate
boiling point, easily removable at the end of the thermal extraction. We have looked into
various review/research papers and seen that methanol, ethanol & acetone are generally used
due to their easy availability and slightly good yields as compared to other solvent like
hexane, toluene & chloroform. Yields of methanol, ethanol & acetone were reported to be
9.78%, 9.5% & 9% respectively while that of hexane, toluene & chloroform were 5%, 6% &
4% respectively.

As we have discussed in the future work, we want to use the mixture of two different
kind(means polar & non-polar) of solvents because we saw that polar(i.e. methanol, ethanol
& acetone) as well as non-polar(i.e. hexane, toluene & chloroform) gives quite good yields.
If we can make thermal extraction quite economically feasible with our idea, then it would
definitely benefit the date-seed business So we are looking forward to implement these two
solvent mixtures: 1) Hexane & Acetone 2) Toluene & Acetone, and try to extract more
solvent in comparatively less time.

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 (d) Effect of extraction time:
In general thermal extraction, the yield increases as the time of contact between solid &
solvent increases until saturation is reached. For acetone & ethanol, we can understand from
the graph that after certain time, increases in extraction time has little effect on yield. And for
methanol, we saw that increase in contact time after certain time will increase yield but upto
small extent so we can take this behaviour as no serious increase in yield due to increase in
extraction time after certain contact time.
This can be discussed as follows: a layer of liquid solvents will attack first the solid particles
which are at the outer side and will be always at saturation & the concentration in the bulk of
solvent will be increased untill concentration of solid in solvent reaches equilibrium value.
At this point the effect of extraction time will be disappearing. Hence, we are taking 4 hours
as optimum contact time as it is shown that after 4 hours for some solvent the effect of
extraction time disappears.
 Separation of date seed cake from solvent:
After the extraction; the separation of solvent is carried out by the evaporating the solvent.
Few literature mentions that we can separate the solvent by keeping the solid sample at 24
hrs at room temperature and then drying the sample for 4hrs at 50°C. And few papers
mentions that we can separate the solvent by heating the solvent at the boiling point of the
solvent then condensing it recover it. So we will follow the latter procedure.

(2) Super critical extraction:

Introduction:
SFE has been studied as a clean alternative to solvent extraction due to its many positive
characteristics compared to traditional extraction. Consequently, SFE is now widely used
for extraction of oil from seeds.

SFE has been classified as a green and ecological method, mainly due to its use of super-
critical CO2 as a solvent. It is biologically safe with no solvent residue in the final
product; especially in very sensitive fields like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food
industries. Therefore SC-CO2 could be considered as a promising technique for the
extraction of matrix oil without inducing degradation.

Process:
A simplified process-scale SFE system is shown in figure and a typical batch extraction
proceeds as follows. Raw material is charged in the extraction tank which is equipped with
temperature controllers & pressure valves at both ends to keep desired extraction
conditions. The extraction tank is pressurised with the fluid by means of pumps, which are
also needed for the circulation of the fluid in the system. From the tank the fluid and the
solubilised components are transformed to the separator where the solvation power of
fluid is decreased by increasing the temperature, or more likely, decreasing the pressure of
the system. The product is then collected via a valve located in the lower part of
separators. To get more extract in comparatively less time, multiple extractors in series is
often used with more than one separator after each extraction-tank.

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 Factors affecting SFE:
The in the SC-CO2 solubility can be adjusted by controlling factors such as temperature &
pressure. Aris et al. identified pressure as the dominating factor for increasing the
solubility of solvent, which results in a higher extraction yield for date-seed-oil. Indeed,
increasing the pressure enhances the density of CO2, which increases the extraction yield.
However, Takadas and Doker showed that when the temperature is increased, the vapur
pressure is increased as well, leading to a decrease in the density of CO2, which could
decrease the oil yield. In another study done by Mehdi et al. on Algerian date-seed-oil
extracted using the SC-CO2 method, the effect of different parameters(like pressure,
temperature & particle size) on the extraction yield were investigated. The results revealed
that the pressure and the interaction between temperature & pressure had a significant
positive effect than that of particle size, on the extraction yield of date-seed-oil. Though,
SC-CO2 method has various positive impacts but it has the main limitation of expensive
equipment, which increases the cost compared conventional extraction or soxhlet
extraction.
(3) Ultrsound assisted solvent extraction:
Another new extraction technology that may improve the extraction of oil from
seeds is known as "sonicated assisted" or "ultrasound assisted solvent extraction". UAE is an
innovative technique that makes use of ultrasonic sound-wawes of high intensity & high
frequency to increase vibration and alter the physical & chemical properties of plant tissues
(the disruption of plant-cell-walls) thereby enhancing the contact between solvent & plant
material and facilitating the release of extractable compounds. When ultra-sound is

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transmitted in a liquid, the phenomena of cavitation is induced, which leads to cell
disruption. The propogation & interaction of sound-wawes alter the physio-chemical
properties of materials, causing series of compression & rare-fractions in the solvent and
inducing the creation of micro-bubble in the liquid. This phenomena is known as "acoustic
cavitation" and provides cell wall destruction. In this way, UAE increases the permeability of
solvent into plant tissues by physical effects: cavitation & the formation of cracks and the
micro-fracture on the seed surface.
Advantage:
The utilization of UAE represents an innovative way of thus enhancing the extraction
efficiency of bioactive substances from plants & seeds and increasing oil-yield. Babaei et al.
suggested that UAE could be recognised for reducing extraction time and for improving
production efficiency. The extraction efficiency of UAE of seed oil was equal to or better
than that of conventional (soxhlet) extraction but with a remarkable reduction in extraction
time. This fact has also been tested for extracting oil from date-seeds, and it was concluded
that UAE reduces extraction time uto 75% of soxhlet extraction process, making it a more
efficient method due to its low energy consumption.
Disadvantage:
However, UAE represents a disadvantage. When applied to oil extraction, the high energy
level in the medium leads to an increase in the free radical generation, thus decreasing the
oxidation stability of the extracted oil. Free radicals triger oxidation chain reactions, which
are responsible for the characteristic flavor of oxidised oil. This sonication side effect seems
to be directly related to the seed/solvent ratio during extraction. Oxidative stability suffers
drastic reduction when this ratio is higher than 10, which contributes to supporting the
strategy of using smallest amount of oil possible.

 The date seed cake left after the extraction process can't be discarded easily so we are
going to analyze the different ways to utilize the cake in literature. Few papers
mentions about the fermentation of the other seeds and few about the partial oxidation
of it. But we will mainly focus on the fermentation process. We will ferment the cake
using the microbes and then utilize their products for the different uses. Following
flow sheet shows the process briefly; in this process first the date seed cake is
fermented and its product which may obtain biogas and manure. Biogas can be used
for obtaining the methane; and manure can be utilized for in the farms.

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1.5 Innovative Plan (USE OF DOUBLE SOLVENT):
1. Purpose of using double solvent.
From the result of solvent extraction using conventional solvents like methanol,
ethanol, acetone, propanol, chloroform, hexane, etc; using soxhlet apparatus for about 4-6
hrs; the yield obtain lies in between 4-10% which is very less for such a high energy
consuming process which will be not economical so we need a better process which is
less energy consuming and preferably having high yield.

2. Concept of double solvent.

We are going to use the conventional batch extraction method; just changing the
single pure species of solvent to a mixture of compound as solvent; which is dominated
by one of the species present.

3. Why double solvent?

As the oil is a mixture of different compounds it is almost always possible that one
compound is more soluble in one solvent than another one. So using that property to
maximize the yield we will use the solvents, having a bit of different character like non
polar-Benzene and partially polar - Acetone; in mixture.

Procedure to calculate the ratio of two solvent:

 Take two samples of 5 gram of dried and crushed(of appropriate size) date seed, in
two different vessel, than pour the 50ml of solvent-1 and 50ml of solvent-2
respectively into the different vessel.
 After 3 days separate the dates seed powder from the solvent-oil solution then dry the
powder and weight it. From the weight of powder calculate the yield.
 Then repeat the step 1 & 2(one more time) using the date seed powder obtained in step
2 after drying, and just interchange the solvent for the given sample of dates seed.

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  From above steps the batch which will give the highest overall yield
comparatively(solvent-1 followed by solvent-2 or vice versa), that sequence will
decide the solvent mixture ratio for the next comparative study of single solvent to
double solvent.
 Assuming that sequence in which solvent 1 followed by solvent 2 give higher yield,
than the double solvent mixture to be used is calculated as:-
 Amount of solvents in mixture = (50 ml of solvent 1) + (X)
 X = (%yield of solvent 2 for this sequence ÷ %yield of solvent 2 for other
sequence) × 50ml

1.6 Characterization:

Physio-chemical Characteristics:
Colour: reddish brown to light yellow

Refractive Index: It is the dimentionless number that describes how fast light travels
through the given material.
Refractive index of date seed oil : 1.4778 to 1.4792 (range), refractive index value which
shows that light is more likely to bend when passed through oil.

Acid Value: It is an index of free fatty acid content, and also an indicator of edibility of
oil and sustainability for industrial use.
Acid value of date seed oil : 1.36 to 1.75 mg KOH/gram (range)
The low value of this oil in this study spreads light on its edibility.

Iodine Value: It is known to predict and reflect the drying property of any given oil. It's
value was found to be 58.82 mg/100 gram.
~ This value shows that it does not fall under the category of drying oil as it has value
lower than 100 & this much low value is also an indicator of low poly saturated fatty
acids.
~ According to Thomas, this low value also specifies the presence of C=C double bond,
which can be used in the production of hydraulic brake fluid, candle lubricant, oil paints
and various cosmetics materials.
Iodine value of date seed oil : 58.8 to 74.8 gram I2/100 gram ( range)

Saponification value: Date seed oil has saponification value of 204.84 to 215.87 mg
KOH/gram (range), which also suggests that it has low molecular weight fatty acids.
Thus, it is evident that date seed oil can be used in the production of soap.

Peroxide Value: It is the measure of oxidative rancidity of oil, date seed oil has peroxide
value of 1.6 to 1.9 meq O2/gram (range) ,
This low value is an indication that oil may not be easily vulnerable to deterioration, but
will be able to remain fresh over the long period of time, which means it has higher shelf
life as compared to other seed oils.

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 Specific Gravity: Date seed oil has specific gravity value of 0.85 to 0.95(range), which is
higher than that of water. Which means it is heavier than water for the same volume of
sample.
Viscosity: Date seed oil has viscosity around 20 cp which is much higher than water
which means it is dense liquid.

1.7 Experimental Plan:

We will extract the date seed oil on the lab scale using single stage leaching apparatus &/or
multistage cross current leaching apparatus(Soxhlet apparatus).
The given process describes about the extraction of date seed oil using the
acetone,methanoland ethanol as solvent. The procedure for the extraction of the date seed oil
using the soxhlet apparatus is as follows:-
Pretreatment:-
 Date seeds were washed by fresh water and then dried for one week at room
temperature. Followed by keeping it for 2-3 days in sunlight.
 The date seeds was then crushed manually followed by sieving process to separate the
particles according to the required size range.

Process for calculating yield of date seed oil using different solvent:
 Now take these 5grams of dried and crushed date seed powder in a vessel and pour
50ml of solvent(Benzene, Diethyl ether or Toluene). Then seal the vessel so that
vapors cannot escape from the vessel.
 After 24hrs. separate the date seed powder from the solvent-oil solution using sieve.
 Then dry the date seed powder by simply placing it in warm place(Or sunlight).
 Then weight the dried sample and yield can be calculated from dried sample as
mentioned in calculation.
Calculation:
 The yield of the extraction process can be obtained from the experiment by calculating
the various parameter. The calculations to find the yield is as follows
 Initial weight of sample taken=x
 Weight of the sample after the experiment=y
 Then yield=((x-y)/x)*100
 This is the yield that should be obtained if there no loss of the date seed oil due to
factors like absorption, evaporation inefficiency and other factors. After taking these
factors into account the yield then can be calculated as:-
 Weight of date seed oil obtained=z
Then yield=(z/x)*100
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1.8 Materials/Tools:
 Heating mantle
 Round bottom flask
 Soxhlet apparatus
 Condenser
 Pipes
 Beaker
 Mixing rod.

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 Chapter: -2
BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS

 Key Partners :
1. Engineers
2. Researchers
3. Pharma sector
4. Cosmetic sector
5. FMCG

 Key activities :
1. Order change
2. Crushing
3. Solvent selection
4. Solvent separation
5. Solvent extraction

 Key resources :
1. Date seed
2. Solvent
3. Utility ( water & heat)
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  Value proposition:
1. Selectivity of solvent
2. More yield
3. Better separation
4. More purity
5. Better conversion of waste

 Customer relationship
1. Pharma
2. Cosmetics
3. Food
4. Researchers

 Channels
1. Advertisement
2. Through internet
3. Online purchase

 Cost structure
1. Raw material
2. Production
 Make up solvent calculation
 Mass and energy balance
 Temperature control

 Revenue streams
1. Raw material fee
2. Property dependency
3. Direct sale

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 Chapter: -3
Implementation

The actual implementation of the extraction of date seed oil extraction on industrial
scale require an intensive research on increasing the yield and mainly decreasing the solvent
requirement. As in most of the literature the solvent requirement is high so it won't be
feasible industrially. And in our project; we targets to solve this problem by using the
mixture of solvent as discussed. Based on the literature the flow sheet for the actual
production of date seed oil at industrial scale is as follows:-

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 Chapter 4
Results
Based on the literature we compared the performance of the different processes and
for the solvent extraction the performance of different solvent and other parameters on the
yield of the date seed oil, which is shown in the following table

SOLVENT EXTRACTION AMOUNT SIZE TEMPERATURE WEIGHT %

TIME (hrs) 0F ( mm) In degree celcius in grams YIELD
SOLVENT
Acetone 4 100 ml 0.212-1 56 5 9.5
Methanol 4 100 ml 0.212-1 78.37 5 9.78
Ethanol 4 100 ml 0.212-1 64.7 5 10
Toluene 6 250 ml 2 111 50 6
n-hexane 6 250 ml 2 69 50 5
Chloroform 6 250 ml 2 61 50 3.8

From the table extraction using the acetone, ethanol, hexane and toluene as solvent
in solvent extraction gives good yield which can be checked for the large scale production.
Date seed oil is a good source of antioxidants which is comparable to olive oil. Along with
this the other applications make it one very feasible process.

Following table shows the result (Yield) of the experiment performed by us in laboratory.

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 Chapter 5
References
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2. Mrabet, Abdessalem, et al. "Date seeds: A promising source of oil with functional
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16. Al-Farsi, Mohamed Ali, and Chang Young Lee. "Usage of date (Phoenix
dactylifera L.) seeds in human health and animal feed." Nuts and seeds in health
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