How Gulf Intakes Compare To State-Of-The-Art To Mitigate Impingement and Entrainment

INTERNATIONAL DESALINATION ASSOCIATION Tom Pankratz – DESALINATION AND THE GULF DECEMBER 6-7, 2010
HOW GULF INTAKES COMPARE TO

STATE-OF-THE-ART TO MITIGATE
IMPINGEMENT AND ENTRAINMENT
Tom Pankratz
Supported by
Electricity and Water Authority

Kingdom of Bahrain
IDA-BHR2010_Pankratz
© 2010 International Desalination Association. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or redistribution in any form without the prior written permission of International Desalination AssociationDesalination
© 2010 International is expresslyAssociation
prohibited.
Agenda
• Intake objectives
• Review typical Gulf seawater intakes
• Review potential environmental impacts
• Review alternative intake arrangements to mitigate

environmental impacts
• Summary
© 2010 International Desalination Association

Desal Intake Objectives
• Access to reliable seawater source

– provide stable water quality
– proximity to source
• Ability to minimize environmental impacts

– impingement / entrainment
– public opposition

Gulf Desalination Feedwater Withdrawal
Desal production capacity: 18,817,000 m3/d
assuming 35% recovery . . .
Total required feedwater: 53,763,000 m3/d

Seawater Intake Options

Gulf Seawater Intake Options

Traditional Intake

Travelling Band Screen Design Criteria
• Based on debris handling

capabilities
• Velocity of 0.60 to 0.75m/s
at low water depth
• 9mm mesh openings

Traditional Intake

1.1 million m3/d Gulf Intake

Seawater Intake Modeling
• 1500 MW power
• 454,200 m3/d water (MSF)
• 4,200,000 m3/d cooling water
• 1:10 scale model

• 40m x 40m
• Test flow conditions to avoid
vortex formations in forebay
and pump positions

Traditional Seawater Intake

Offshore Velocity Cap Intake

courtesy of ADWEA

Offshore Velocity Cap Intake

Velocity Cap Intake

Offshore Velocity Cap

1200 MW Power Plant Intake
courtesy of Protesa

Intake Pipe

480,000 m3/d Gulf Passive Screen Intake
courtesy of Veolia Water

480,000 m3/d Gulf Passive Screen Intake
courtesy of Veolia Water

Clean Water Act §316(b)
directs the US EPA to assure the location,

design, construction and capacity of cooling
water intake structures reflect the best
available technology (BAT) for minimizing
adverse environmental impact…

Primary ‘adverse environmental impacts’ are:
Impingement: Organisms trapped against screens

by flowing water

Primary ‘adverse environmental impacts’ are:
Impingement: Organisms trapped against screens

by flowing water
Entrainment: Smaller organisms pass through

screens into system

Typical Mitigation Measures
Impingement: • Reduce velocity to <0.15m/s

• Install ‘fish handling’ system
Entrainment: • Reduce flow

• Reduce size of intake openings
• Careful attention to intake location
• Sub-seabed intake




Travelling Band Screen
courtesy Siemens
Through-Flow Dual-Flow




Option: OTC to Closed-cycle Conversion
• CT = significant reductions in water usage

• OTC has best thermodynamic efficiency
• CapEx for CT, pump, piping, condenser
modifications
• Higher O&M, chemical costs
• Lost plant output, de-rated during summer
• Higher fuel costs, 2.40% more fuel at 35°C
• Unrealistic for most (all) existing Gulf power plants




Coastal Sensitivities
1) High-energy oceanic coasts, 8) Coastal salt flats

rocky or sandy, with coast-
9) Fjords contrived
parallel current
10) Shallow low-energy bays,
2) Exposed rocky coast
semi-enclosed lagoons
3) Mature shoreline
11) Algal mats
4) Coastal upwelling
12) Seaweed bays, shallows
5) High energy soft tidal coast
13) Coral reefs
6) Estuaries and similar systems
14) Salt marsh
7) Low energy sand-, mud- and
15) Mangrove flats
beachrock-flats

Velocity Cap Intake
Courtesy WaterSecure

Deep Tunnelled Intake




Vertical Beach Well Intake

216,000 m3/d Beach Well
• 80,200 m3/d SWRO

• Fractured karstic
carbonate geology
• 33 wells, 80–100m deep
• 40m avg spacing
• 300–400mm dia
• 49m pump head
• <1.5 SDI
courtesy Veolia Water

Slant Well Intake
courtesy of Municipal Water District of Orange County

Constructed Infiltration Gallery

Deep Infiltration Gallery
courtesy San Diego County
568,000 m3/d
Tunnel length = 1,220m
Below seabed = 30m
Water depth = 12.2m
Tunnel dia = 4.88m
Brine pipe dia = 2.45m
Collector wells = 90
Pump kW = 8,055

Summary
• Large installed base of thermal desal plants co-located

with OTC power plants in Gulf
• Consideration should be given to quantifying I&E
• Likely to be opportunities to retrofit some existing

intakes to minimize I&E
• New SWRO should consider purpose-built intakes

Thank you!
Tom Pankratz
tp@globalwaterintel.com

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INTERNATIONAL DESALINATION ASSOCIATION Tom Pankratz – DESALINATION AND THE GULF DECEMBER 6-7, 2010

HOW GULF INTAKES COMPARE TO

Electricity and Water Authority

• Review typical Gulf seawater intakes

• Review potential environmental impacts

• Review alternative intake arrangements to mitigate

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Desal Intake Objectives

• Access to reliable seawater source

• Ability to minimize environmental impacts

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Gulf Desalination Feedwater Withdrawal

Desal production capacity: 18,817,000 m3/d

assuming 35% recovery . . .

Total required feedwater: 53,763,000 m3/d

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Seawater Intake Options

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Gulf Seawater Intake Options

© 2010 International Desalination Association

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Travelling Band Screen Design Criteria

• Based on debris handling

© 2010 International Desalination Association

© 2010 International Desalination Association

1.1 million m3/d Gulf Intake

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Seawater Intake Modeling

• 1:10 scale model

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Traditional Seawater Intake

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Offshore Velocity Cap Intake

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Offshore Velocity Cap Intake

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Velocity Cap Intake

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Offshore Velocity Cap

© 2010 International Desalination Association

1200 MW Power Plant Intake

© 2010 International Desalination Association

© 2010 International Desalination Association

480,000 m3/d Gulf Passive Screen Intake

courtesy of Veolia Water

© 2010 International Desalination Association

480,000 m3/d Gulf Passive Screen Intake

courtesy of Veolia Water

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Clean Water Act §316(b)

directs the US EPA to assure the location,

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Primary ‘adverse environmental impacts’ are:

Impingement: Organisms trapped against screens

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Primary ‘adverse environmental impacts’ are:

Impingement: Organisms trapped against screens

Entrainment: Smaller organisms pass through

© 2010 International Desalination Association

Typical Mitigation Measures

Impingement: • Reduce velocity to <0.15m/s

Entrainment: • Reduce flow

© 2010 International Desalination Association