Chapter 10: Servant Leadership Test Bank: Ultiple Hoice

Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
Chapter 10: Servant Leadership

Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Context and culture is ______.

A. an antecedent condition in servant leadership
B. a leader behavior in servant leadership
C. an outcome of transformational leadership
D. an outcome of servant leadership
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Antecedent Conditions
Difficulty Level: Easy
AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
2. Liden’s servant leadership model is “trait-like” in that ______.

A. leader behaviors are identified
B. leader attributes are part of the antecedent conditions
C. humility is a consistent servant leadership factor
D. identifying leader traits is an outcome of servant leadership
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
3. Which is an antecedent condition?

A. leadership outcomes
B. conceptualization
C. follower receptivity
D. putting followers first
Ans: C
4. The people I am leading want me to use servant leadership. This is an example of

______.
A. collective bargaining
B. emotional healing
C. context and culture

D. follower receptivity
Ans: D
AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork
5. Dimensions of culture related to how power is used in different societies is an

example of which main component of Liden’s servant leadership model?
A. antecedent conditions
B. servant behaviors
C. leadership outcomes
D. transactional leadership
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Medium
AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments
6. The qualities and disposition of the leader describe ______.

A. leader behaviors
B. leader attributes
C. ethical perspective
D. follower growth
Ans: B
7. Individuals who find servant leadership a form of micromanagement ______.

A. are receptive to this style of leadership
B. lack one of the important outcomes of servant leadership
C. lack one of the three antecedent conditions of servant leadership
D. would enjoy working with a leader who uses servant leadership
Ans: C
8. Jasmine understands the complexities of all levels of her organization and

successfully solves problems that meet the organization’s mission. She is using which
servant leader behavior?
A. conceptualizing
B. behaving ethically

C. putting followers first
D. empowering
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Servant Leader Behaviors
AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
9. Henry leads a group of 20 in a fast-paced telemarketing center. He stopped his own

work to console one of his followers who was struggling with a personal issue unrelated
to his work. He is using which servant leader behavior?
A. helping followers grow and succeed
C. creating value for the community
D. empowering
Ans: B
10. Kim leads a team of graduate students in food science who discover a new food
ingredient that tastes like salt but contains no artificial ingredients. Kim gives credit for
the discovery to her graduate students. She is displaying what servant leader behavior?
A. foresight
D. empowering
Ans: C
11. My math teacher not only helps me solve difficult equations, but she also wrote me
a great letter of recommendation for the college I want to attend that has a highly
ranked math department. She is using which servant leader behavior?
A. helping followers grow and succeed
C. behaving ethically
D. conceptualizing
Ans: A
12. My supervisor signed our company up for the annual “Day of Service” in our town.
He encouraged all of us to volunteer with him instead of working at our company that
day. He is using which servant leader behavior?
A. conceptualizing
B. creating value for the community
D. emotional healing
Ans: B
13. I give my teaching assistants the freedom to set their own office hours and create
grading rubrics for the assignments they independently grade. I am using which servant
leader behavior?
A. persuasion
B. creating value for the community
D. empowering
Ans: D
14. Which leader behavior is the defining characteristic of Liden’s servant leadership
model?
A. behaving ethically
D. empowering
Ans: C
15. Leaders who do the right thing are applying which of Liden’s servant leader
behaviors?
A. empowering
C. emotional healing
D. putting followers first
Ans: B

AACSB Standard: Social responsibility
16. Which of the following is not an outcome of servant leadership?

A. follower performance
B. organizational performance
C. follower conceptual ability
D. follower growth
Ans: C
Answer Location: Leadership Outcomes
17. Servant leadership ______.

A. directly impacts society
B. indirectly impacts society
C. has not been shown to impact society
D. is not a useful theory of leadership
Ans: B
Answer Location: Leadership Outcomes
18. Greenleaf credits his early formulation of servant leadership to ______.

A. his years moving around from job to job
B. a powerful religious experience
C. a mythical story about a band of travelers
D. time he spent incarcerated in jail
Ans: C
Answer Location: Historical Basis of Servant Leadership
AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society
19. Which of the following is a strength of servant leadership approach?

A. Research supports the identification of the seven leader behaviors.
B. The follower focus implies servant leadership is not about leading.
C. There is no consensus on a common definition of servant leadership.
D. It frames leadership on the principles of followers first.
Ans: D
Answer Location: Strengths

20. One criticism of servant leadership is ______.

A. it puts followers first at the expense of the leader
B. the Servant Leadership Questionnaire has not been validated
C. conceptualizing leader behaviors could be a cognitive ability
D. altruism is a central component
Ans: C
Answer Location: Criticisms
21. When leaders use good communication skills to understand and acknowledge
followers’ viewpoints they are using which characteristic of a servant leader?
A. healing
B. listening
C. persuasion
D. conceptualization
Ans: B
Answer Location: Ten Characteristics of a Servant Leader
22. My leader tries to appreciate what I am thinking and feeling in our interactions; he is
using which characteristic of a servant leader?
A. empathy
B. listening
C. persuasion
Ans: A
23. When my leader shows she cares about my personal well-being she is using which
characteristic of a servant leader?
A. awareness
B. listening
C. healing
Ans: C

24. I am attuned to my physical, social, and political environments and my impact on

others. I am using which characteristic of a servant leader?
A. stewardship
B. listening
C. persuasion
D. awareness
Ans: D
25. My leader gently but clearly convinces me to change. He is using which

characteristic of a servant leader?
A. foresight
B. awareness
C. persuasion
Ans: C
26. My leader is a real visionary and helps us solve organizational problems in creative
ways. She is using which characteristic of a servant leader?
A. building community
B. listening
C. foresight
Ans: D
27. My leader is great at predicting the future based on past experiences. He is using
which characteristic of a servant leader?
A. empathy
B. awareness
C. persuasion
D. foresight

Ans: D
28. My leader takes careful responsibility for managing the resources of our
organization. This is an example of which characteristic of a servant leader?
A. stewardship
B. commitment to the growth of people
C. persuasion
Ans: A
29. My leader helped me advance my career by giving me additional opportunities to

learn and expand my skills. He is using which characteristic of a servant leader?
A. stewardship
B. building community
C. commitment to the growth of people
D. awareness
Ans: C
30. Our team feels a sense of unity and relatedness that helps us identify with the
greater value of our organization because our leader’s use of which characteristic of a
servant leader?
A. stewardship
C. commitment to the growth of people
D. awareness
Ans: B
31. The servant leader characteristic in which the leader has vision and solves problems
in creative ways is similar to the problem-solving competency in which leadership
approach?

A. behavioral
B. skills
C. transformational
D. authentic
Ans: B
AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
32. Which researcher(s) identified the 10 characteristics of servant leaders?

A. Liden et al.
B. Luthans and Avolio
C. Riggio
D. Spears
Ans: D
33. Spears’s 10 characteristics of a servant leader were derived from ______.

A. House’s original work on ethical leadership
B. Greenleaf’s original work on servant leadership
C. House’s original work on charismatic leadership
D. Bass’s original work defining transformational leadership
Ans: B
34. Greenleaf’s original writing about servant leadership is accepted as a leadership

______.
A. theory
B. model
C. approach
D. dissertation
Ans: C
35. Which statement is most correct about servant leadership?

A. There are two models of servant leadership: Liden’s and Spears’s.

B. The only model of servant leadership is Liden’s.
C. There are several models that describe servant leadership.
D. No models of servant leadership have been shown to be effective.
Ans: C
Answer Location: Building a Theory About Servant Leadership
36. Which characteristics of servant leadership are found in all models of servant
leadership described in the text?
A. wisdom and humility
B. wisdom and courage
C. vision and courage
D. none of these are consistent across all models
Ans: D
37. The purpose of Liden et al.’s research on servant leadership was to ______.
A. discredit servant leadership as a theory
B. clarify the altruistic nature of servant leadership
C. provide a framework consistent with transformational leadership
D. provide a framework for understanding servant leadership complexities
Ans: D
Answer Location: Model of Servant Leadership
38. According to Liden et al., the three main components of the servant leadership
model are ______.
A. authenticity, antecedent conditions, motivation
B. conceptualization, servant leader behaviors, performance outcomes
C. idealized consideration, performance outcomes, servant leader behaviors
D. servant leader behaviors, antecedent conditions, leadership outcomes
Ans: D
39. A preexisting factor that influences servant leadership process is ______.

A. an outcome of servant leadership

B. an antecedent condition of servant leadership
C. an effect of servant leadership
D. a behavior in servant leadership
Ans: B
40. Servant approach is about ______.

A. service and influence
B. influence and skill development
C. service and authoritarianism
D. adaptive and influential leadership
Ans: A
Answer Location: Description
41. The clearinghouse and research center on servant leadership is now called ______.
A. the Center for Applied Ethics
B. the Service and Leadership Center
C. the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership
D. the Center for Service and Ethical Behaviors
Ans: C
42. The first papers about servant leadership were written by ______.
A. Liden
B. Spears
C. Greenleaf
D. House
Ans: C
43. Greenleaf began exploring how companies and organizations could better serve
society after ______.
A. spending a career in the ministry
B. working his entire career at AT&T

C. he retired as a pilot for Southwest Airlines
D. his university was awarded a large grant to study leadership
Ans: B
44. Greenleaf includes in his definition of servant leadership ______.

A. being taken care of by the servant follower
B. an emphasis on leaders first serving others
C. the servant follower serving others first
D. the servant follower serving the leader first
Ans: B
45. Servant leaders communicate by ______ first.

A. motivating
B. envisioning
C. empowering
D. listening
Ans: D
46. Servant leadership is one of the only leadership models to incorporate ______.
A. social justice
B. leader attributes
C. one-on-one relationships
D. outcomes
Ans: A
AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning
47. Servant leadership is ______.

A. descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. both descriptive and prescriptive
D. neither descriptive nor prescriptive

Ans: C
48. Servant leadership has been called a paradox because ______.

A. it is not a trait but a behavior that can be learned
B. it asks leaders to serve and influence others at the same time
C. it is both a theory and an approach
D. followers grow while being served
Ans: B
49. The opposite of servant leadership is ______.

A. laissez-faire leadership
B. path–goal leadership
C. authentic leadership
D. coercive leadership
Ans: D
50. According to Greenleaf, the best measure of servant leadership is ______.

A. whether the leader has the necessary traits to lead
B. whether the leader is ethical
C. whether followers are willing to support the leader
D. whether followers are nurtured by the leader
Ans: D
51. Which of the following is not a component of Spears's 10 characteristics of servant

leaders?
A. listening
B. healing
C. sympathy
D. stewardship
Ans: C

52. Which of the following is true of antecedent conditions that have an impact on
servant leadership?
A. Dimensions of culture will influence leadership.
B. Leader attributes are much less important in this model.
C. Servant leadership works when conditions are turbulent.
D. Leaders must first understand followers’ developmental level.
Ans: A
53. According to this leadership approach, leaders should be held accountable for
failing to anticipate future trends and problems in the organization because leaders
should possess foresight.
A. path–goal leadership
B. servant leadership
C. leader–member exchange
D. transformational leadership
Ans: B
54. Under what conditions does servant leadership fail to have a positive impact on
followers?
A. When subordinates are unskilled or uneducated.
B. When the organization rewards coercive leader behavior.
C. When subordinates already exhibit a high level of organizational citizenship behavior.
D. When subordinates don’t want guidance from the leader.
Ans: D
55. The concept that servant leaders care about the personal well-being of their
followers is best expressed by which characteristic of servant leadership?
A. healing
B. stewardship

C. persuasion
D. awareness
Ans: A
56. According to the 10 characteristics of servant leadership, stewardship is ______.

A. clear and persistent communication that convinces others to change
B. attempting to see the world from another’s point of view
C. referring to the leader’s ability to see the future
D. taking responsibility for the leadership role
Ans: D
57. Which of the following is not a servant leader behavior?

A. empowering
C. geniality
D. conceptualizing
Ans: C
58. In recent studies, servant leadership has been shown to increase all of the following
except ______.
A. organizational citizenship behavior
B. intrinsic motivation
C. willingness to help coworkers
D. employee turnover
Ans: D
Answer Location: Outcomes
59. Servant leadership works best when ______.

A. there is a balance of power between the leaders and followers
B. leaders are altruistic and have a strong motivation to help others
C. leaders use a task-oriented approach

D. leaders are willing to leave followers to work on their own
Ans: B
60. One criticism of servant leadership is ______.

A. researchers have been unable to reach a consensus on a common definition
B. servant leadership makes altruism the central component of the leadership process
C. there is not enough focus on the role of influence and power in leadership
D. a follower’s readiness to receive servant leadership moderates its potential
usefulness
Ans: A
Answer Location: Criticisms
61. Which of the following is not an outcome of servant leadership?

A. follower performance and growth
B. organizational performance
C. societal impact
D. leader empowerment
Ans: D
62. Under servant leadership, followers may become servant leaders themselves. This
is an example of what?
A. organizational performance
B. leadership duplication
C. follower performance and growth
D. societal impact
Ans: C
63. Servant leadership ______ competition in organizations.

A. increases
B. downplays
C. prevents

D. celebrates
Answer Location: How Does Servant Leadership Work?
64. What makes up the core of the servant leadership process?

A. antecedent conditions
B. characteristics of the leader
C. servant leader behaviors
D. context and culture
Ans: C
65. Ray was chosen by his boss to lead a team of coworkers during a companywide
project. Ray spent a lot of time getting to know each of his individual team members and
fostering intergroup relationships. Throughout the project, the people on Ray’s team
developed a deep sense of unity and relatedness to one another. Which characteristic
of servant leadership best describes Ray’s methods?
A. conceptualization
C. stewardship
D. awareness
Ans: B
66. Which three antecedent conditions have an impact on servant leadership?

A. context and culture, societal effect, follower receptivity
B. follower receptivity, emotional healing, creating value for the community
C. follower performance and growth, societal impact, behaving ethically
D. context and culture, leader attributes, follower receptivity
Ans: D
67. Which of the following is not typically involved in servant leadership training?
A. self-assessment exercises
B. educational sessions

C. visualization
D. goal setting
Ans: C
Answer Location: Application
68. What makes servant leadership similar to the skills approach and styles approaches
of looking at leadership?
A. It focuses on leadership from the point of view of the leader.
B. It focuses on leadership from the point of view of the follower.
C. It emphasizes the importance of communication in leadership.
D. It accentuates the significance of the leader–follower relationship.
Ans: A
69. Servant leaders do all of the following except ______.

A. put followers first
B. empower followers
C. help followers develop full personal capacities
D. rely on followers to independently initiate growth
Ans: D
70. Helping followers to grow and succeed and creating value for the community are
both behaviors most closely aligned with which type of leadership?
A. transformational leadership
B. servant leadership
C. authentic leadership
D. transactional leadership
Ans: B
71. When servant leadership is practiced, organizational performance is positively

affected because ______.
A. followers become aware of their full potential

B. leaders create more opportunities for subordinates
C. subordinates go beyond the basic requirements of their job duties
D. leader–follower communication is mutually respected and enhanced
Ans: C
72. How does servant leadership differ from path–goal theory?

A. focuses on the behaviors leaders should exhibit to put followers first
B. is unconcerned with the way leaders should treat followers
C. focuses on the need for leaders to perfect themselves before helping others
D. makes the need for task completion necessary before relationships can thrive
Ans: A
Answer Location: Summary
73. Jackson’s boss is Claire who is described as a servant leader. Claire is very skilled
at using emotional healing which was exemplified when Claire ______.
A. sent Jackson a link to the employee assistance program so he could get help
B. insisted on taking a large share of Jackson’s work when his mother died
C. scored higher than Jackson on tests of emotional intelligence
D. told Jackson to leave his emotions at home so he could be more efficient at work
Ans: B
74. Ming’s boss Benjamin enjoys empowering his followers. Benjamin’s empowerment
skill was best exemplified when he ______.
A. gave Ming a raise for meeting aggressive project deadlines
B. supported Ming in her proposal to work from home after her baby was born
C. encouraged Ming and her team to volunteer for a local charity
D. helped Ming understand a complex problem her team was facing
Ans: B

75. Asha is a regional vice president of a multinational beverage company. She is a
servant leader, known for her ethical behaviors. Asha’s ethical behavior was best
exemplified when she ______.
A. was anonymously sent a competitor’s recipe and immediately reported it to the
competitor
B. asked all of her employees to complete an online ethics training module
C. held focus group sessions with each of her regional teams to hear concerns
D. gave 2% of company profits to the various urban community foundations in her
region
Ans: A
AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning
76. According to servant leadership, followers will realize their full capabilities when
______.
A. leaders nurture them, help them with personal goals, and give them control
B. leaders reward everyone fairly and ensure diversity across teams
C. leader style is matched closely with each follower’s motivational level
D. followers initiate extra-role behaviors with leaders to enhance the relationship
Ans: A
77. Organizations that adopt a servant leadership culture are typically interested in
______.
A. strengthening their competitive position in the service sector
B. training programs for lower level managers who supervise frontline workers
C. recruiting employees with high levels of agreeableness
D. helping those in need outside the organization
Answer Location: How Does Servant Leadership Work?
78. Martin completed the SLQ and scored in the low range on three factors and in the
moderate range for the other factors. This means ______.
A. Martin’s scores indicate that he does not possess the traits to become a servant
leader
B. Martin is now aware of what he could work on if he wants to become a servant leader
C. Martin scored in the low range on the majority of the SLQ servant leader factors
D. Martin’s scores indicate that he is likely being too hard on himself
Ans: B

Answer Location: Leadership Instrument
79. Which of the following statements is true about servant leadership?

A. The servant leadership approach originated in 1970 but research on it has since
stalled.
B. No consensus exists on a common theoretical framework for servant leadership.
C. Servant leadership is used in nonprofit organizations, not in for-profit companies.
D. Servant leadership models are essentially lists of attributes with no attention to
outcomes.
Ans: B
80. The most likely motto of a servant leader would be ______.

A. know my strengths
B. lead change
C. put others first
D. serve up results
Ans: C
True/False
1. Leader courage and humility are two characteristics consistent across all models of
servant leadership.
Ans: F
2. Servant leadership is not used widely in leadership training programs.

Ans: F

3. Servant leadership can be applied at all levels of management in all types of
organizations.
Ans: T
4. Leaders can both serve and influence their followers at the same time.
Ans: T
5. There is a lack of agreement among researchers on what specific characteristics

define servant leadership.
Ans: T
6. Servant leadership can be effective in any organizational context.

Ans: F
7. Follower receptivity is an outcome of servant leadership.

Ans: F
8. Antecedent conditions refer to the societal trends that enable servant leadership to be
effective.
Ans: F
9. The first step in becoming a servant leader is to aspire to lead.


Ans: F
10. Servant leadership can enhance group performance by clarifying goals and
increasing team potency.
Ans: T
Short Answer
1. Name four of the seven leader behaviors in the servant leadership model advanced
by Liden et al.
Ans: Students should answer with any four of the following: conceptualizing, emotional
healing, putting followers first, helping followers grow and succeed, behaving ethically,
empowering, creating value for the community.
2. Give a specific example of putting followers first.

Ans: Students should give a brief description of a time when a leader put his/her own
goals or agenda beneath or subordinate to follower(s) needs and agendas. It might
mean letting followers take credit for a joint project or listening to follower needs and
advancing their agenda above one’s own.
3. State one servant leader behavior that you most identify with and briefly explain why.
Ans: Varies. Student will need to choose either one of Liden’s seven (conceptualizing,
emotional healing, putting followers first, helping followers grow and succeed, behaving
ethically, empowering, creating value for the community) or one of Spears’s 10 and give
some supporting reasoning.

4. Think about the main outcomes of a servant leadership approach, according to
Liden’s model. What might be a good metaphor for describing these outcomes?
Ans: Some examples include ripples in a pond, bullseye, funnel, sound waves, seismic
waves, and so on. Students’ metaphors or visual imagery should demonstrate an
understanding that the outcomes intended by servant leadership are first directly on the
followers then outward to the organization, then outward further to a societal level.
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. Give the words or phrases that best complete the following sentence: Because
servant leaders ______ authority to followers, they exercise ______ institutional power
and control.
Ans: shift (give, give up, afford, etc.); less
Essay
1. How does the power of servanthood relate to concepts from French and Raven’s five
bases of social power?
Ans: Referent power: leaders are liked and adored by followers. Expert power: based
on followers’ perceptions of the leader’s competence. Legitimate power: having status
or formal job authority. Reward power: having the capacity to reward behavior. Coercive
power: having the capacity to penalize or punish others. Servant leadership is more
about shared power. Some say it is the opposite of coercive power. Servant leadership
might align most closely with referent power inasmuch as followers like and are drawn
to leaders who listen, heal, empower them, and put them first.
Answer Location: Servant Leadership Defined
2. Using servant leader characteristics, how can a leader develop the ability to be a
visionary?
Ans: Conceptualization: providing a clear sense of goals and direction. Foresight: using
what has happened in the past compared with what is happening in the present to
predict what will happen in the future.

3. Why might some subordinates not want to work with servant leaders?
Ans: Servant leaders concern themselves with inequalities and injustices. Those at the
top of the organization will be brought down to the level of those who have less in order
to even things out. There is little incentive to achieve higher since everyone is viewed as
equals. In addition, some followers may perceive servant leadership as
micromanagement and may not be open to the closeness and guidance from their
leader.
Answer Location: Follower Receptivity
4. Defend or refute: Servant leadership should be conceptualized as a behavior rather

than a trait.
Ans: If conceptualized as a behavior, servant leadership can be learned and is available
to everyone. Liden et al.'s research identifies seven specific behaviors that individuals
can develop to become servant leaders. If conceptualized as a trait, servant leadership
appears to be reserved for only a special few who exhibit this trait. A trait perspective
lends credence to those who argue that certain people are “called” to be leaders.
Answer Location: Servant Leadership Defined
5. Explain the process of how servant leadership works.

Ans: Focuses on the behaviors leaders should exhibit to put followers first and help
them in their personal development. Leaders make it a priority to listen closely to
followers and treat them fairly. Leaders develop strong relationships with followers and
help them reach their full potential. Servant leadership spreads within the organization
and creates a culture of serving others. Ultimately, this culture leads to caring for the
community and society at large.

Chapter 10: Servant Leadership Test Bank: Ultiple Hoice

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Chapter 10: Servant Leadership Test Bank: Ultiple Hoice

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Northouse, Leadership 8e

SAGE Publications, 2019