Name: Ferrer, Franklin, Sison Enrolled Course: GEED 10033

Course and Section: BAPE 1-2 Instructor: Mr. Jacinto R. Valila, Jr.

UNIT 1
Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of History

ACTIVITY
Propose a title for a possible research and come up with at least three (3) statements of
the problem or arguments. Prepare an outline which would determine the flow of your research.
Using digital archives, prepare a bibliography of the sources which you can use in your research.
Classify your sources according to type.

A Research Paper Outline of

“A comparative study of economic development of the Philippines during the presidency of

Ferdinand Marcos and after the referendum”

Prepared by
Ferrer, Franklin S.

Submitted to
Professor Jacinto R. Valila, Jr.

November 2020
 I. Introduction
The Philippines is placed after Japan in being a model of development among the East
Asian countries. Moreover, the Philippines was called one of the industrial powerhouses in Asia.
It produces raw materials and finished goods (Hays, 2015). Besides, according to Dolan (1991),
in his study about the Philippines, the manufacturers during 1950 had the highest net domestic
product, not until the second half of 1950, it fell to 4.9 percent. However, in the half-decade, this
sector recovered, somehow the crisis-affected employment.
Ferdinand Marcos is elected as one of the presidents of the Philippines from the year
1965 until 1986. He also implemented numerous reforms in the country. The Philippines, during
Martial law, experienced an economic crisis leaving a generous amount of international debt
(Dolan, 1991).
Aside from having a magnanimous amount of debt to the International Monetary Fund or
IMF, the Philippines became one of the poorest non-communist. What the Philippines gained
during the 1950s to 1960s was lost by corruption, cronyism, and mismanagement of Marcos's
administration. Therefore, during Aquino's years, the Philippines was called the “sick man of
Asia'' (Hays, 2015).
According to Sicat (2011), the economy of the country during the regime of Marcos
resulted in positive still the written history looked negatively. Moreover, because of the
misleading management of the administration, the legacy more likely showed a decrease.
However, Sicat said that Marcos is not the only one to blame rather the successor, Former
President Corazon Aquino, the president of the Philippines from the year February 1986 to June
1992.
After the Philippines experienced a sudden fall of the economy under the Marcos
administration, it arose during 1986, when Corazon was elected as a president. Nonetheless, the
recovery of the Philippines economy was not continuously improving somewhat and faced
another economic difficulty (Hays, 2015).
According to the definition of economic development, it is only a broader concept than
economic growth. Economic development involves social development and economic growth.
Still, improvement cannot guarantee if it is only growth associated (Economic Development,
n.d.).
 To identify the movement of economic development, the researcher based on the
indicators of economic development such as investments, role of the public governance and the
gross domestic development or the economic growth. Investments to infrastructures and human
capita. Human Development Index is the Education, Health and Death Rate, the Descent
Standard of Living. The role of public governance scope with the political stability. Real gross
domestic product will provide the details from the economic growth of the Philippines.
II. Investments for infrastructure and Human Capita
1. Infrastructure
When the time of the former president Marcos, the economy of the
Philippines experienced rise and fall. Additionally, infrastructure also experienced
a boom and immediate downfall. He made a tremendous investment in
infrastructure. One of these is the Marcos High-way, which is the road from
Manila (NCR) to Baguio (CAR). The administration takes this project as an
opportunity to earn profit through toll. Moreover, the puppet regime launched to
build a power plant in Batangas. Nevertheless, until today the power plant is
abandoned. After the assassination of the former senator Benigno Aquino Jr.,
infrastructure experienced a swift comedown (Overholt, 2017). The government
of Mrs. Aquino exceedingly encounters dilemmas in public infrastructure.
Therefore, the legacy of Cory failed to finish the unfinished infrastructure during
the Marcos regime (Sicat, 2016).
2. Human Capita
a. Education
Education did not develop well in the Philippines. Nevertheless,
according to the Taiwan Ministry of Education online database, the gross
rate of enrollment increases in primary to the tertiary level of education.
Indication of expansion accessibility of education in the Philippines. The
administration of Marcos implements the National College Entrance
Examination (NCEE) as a policy. NCEE aims to solve the rising problem
of graduates' unemployment. Additionally, Marcos stated that the
economic and social survival of the nation was dependent on education.
The project of Marcos named New Society transformed education and
 uses an instrument for social and economic transformation. Therefore, the
sector of learning becomes vital in attaining economic growth. Although,
this system resulted in having export of labor.

The Philippines failed to set its national identity because of colonization.

Most of the textbooks during the Marcos regime were funded by the
World Bank. Moreover, the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development suggests that education must align with rapid economic
growth. As a result, many professionals, for example, nurses, engineering,
and doctors travel abroad to get a job. Contrastly, Mrs. Aquino's regime
does not have a clear ideology of education and a policy to prevent
alienation. Nevertheless, according to the administration, the concept of
export labor has a benefit from the country. The Supreme Court used
NCEE to control the accessibility in higher education and to limit
unemployment. Therefore, export labor continues (Maca & Morris, 2012).

b. Health and Death Rate

The Marcos and Aquino administration implement policies for
public health in the book of the Department of Health entitled "A Legacy
of Public Health." These policies aid Filipinos to have accessible
hospitalization. Nevertheless, Mrs. Aquino's regime experiences
challenges as lifestyle diseases increase. Also, double burden disease was
present due to infectious and non-communicable diseases. In conclusion,
the administrations did well to improve public health (Department of
Health, 2014).

c. Descent Standard of Living

During the 1960 to 2000 is the scope of administrations of Marcos,
Aquino, Ramos, and Estrada wherein the Philippines remained poor.
According to Alba (2007), the relative living standards of 1960 to 2000
and the average annual growth rate: Relative Living Standards 1960:
 0.17432; Relative Living Standards 2000: 0.12976 and; Average Annual
Growth Rate: -0.74 compared to its neighbor countries. This was caused
by being stuck in a low-growth trajectory. Moreover, the unemployment is
visible during the Marcos and Aquino regimes. Nevertheless, the negative
impact of Marcos administration inherited by former president Mrs.
Aquino.

III. Role of Public Governance

1. Political stability
Political instability may cause problems to the economic growth of the
country. Throughout the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos there are many political
issues involved. Corruption is presented when the administration becomes a
dictatorial state. Most corrupt political leaders are the cronies assigned by Marcos
(Overholt, 1986). Moreover, political freedom was oppressed, therefore, many
Filipinos raised revolutions to bring back democracy. The multiple political issues
including the assassination of former Sen. Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. resulted in the
fall of the Philippines, especially its economy.

IV. The real Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

According to Hill (1988), the economy of the Philippines during 1985 has fallen.
The gross domestic product of the Philippines is much lower than to its neighbor
countries except for Indonesia. Basic Facts, DMCS of ADB, Statistics unit, Asian
Development Bank, Manila year 1987 reported that Philippines has GDP Growth
1982-86 (real, per capita) of -3.6. Nevertheless, during 1982 the real GNP of the
Philippines reached 1950 Pesos. This is why the regime of Marcos called for the rise and
fall of the Philippine’s economy. On the other hand, the presidency of Mrs. Aquino faces
problems in the economic stand of the Philippines because of its large debt from
international sources. Moreover, the GNP of the Philippines under Mrs. Aquino
experienced repeated rise and fall (Dolan, 1991).
 V. Conclusion
The history of economic development during and after Marcos is not attainable
because of the issues that the Philippines' economy encountered. Moreover, the economy
of the neighborhood of the Philippines attains economic development due to their
sustainable economy. Through the political instability of the Philippines in the time of
Marcos is one of the reasons why the economy of the Philippines experienced a sudden
fall. On the other hand, Aquino faces multiple economic issues, including the massive
debt of Marcos for rapid economic growth. However, the researcher found out there was
a gap between the economic history of the Philippines throughout the presidency of
Marcos and after the referendum. The data presented that most of the literature are
studies comes from international writers, therefore, there might be missing pieces to the
history of the Philippines economy that only Filipino know.

Reference
WRITTEN SOURCE
Primary Source

Sicat, G. P. (2016). How our public infrastructure went poor -- A historical view.
Philippine Star. Retrieved from
https://www.philstar.com/business/2016/03/29/1567376/how-our-public-infrastruc
ture-went-poor-historical-view

Secondary Sources

Alba, M. M. (2007). Why has the Philippines Remained a Poor Country? Some
Perspectives from Growth Economics. Retrieved from
https://www.econstor.eu/obitstream/10419/46668/1/538098074.pdf

Department of Health. (2014). A Legacy of Public Health (2 ed.). Manila: Cover & Pages
Publishing Inc. Retrieved from
https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/The%20Legacy%20Book%202n
d%20Edition_0.pdf
 Dolan, R. E. (1991). Philippines: A Country Study. Washington City: GPO for the Library
of Congress. Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/philippines/

Hill, H. (1988). The Philippine Economy under Aquino: New Hopes, Old Problems.
Asian Survey, 28(3), 261-285. doi:10.2307/2644487

Maca, M., & Morris, P. (2012, May). The Philippines, the East Asians 'developmental
states' and education: A comparative analysis of why the Philippines failed to
develop. Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, 42, 1-24.
doi:10.1080/03057925.2011.652814

Overholt, W. (1986, November). The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand Marcos. Asian Survey -
Asian SURV, 26, 1137-1163. doi:10.1525/as.1986.26.11.01p04282

Sicat, G. P. (2011). The Economic Legacy of Marcos. Retrieved from

https://econ.upd.edu.ph/dp/index.php/dp/article/view/679

Electronic Sources

Economic development. (n.d.). Retrieved from Economics Online for Students of

Economics:
https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Economic_development.h
tml

Hays, J. (2015, June). Economic History of the Philippines. Retrieved from Facts and
Details:
http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6g/entry-3916.html