George Washington
Carver
© Ed uc a tio n to th e C o re
G e o rg e w a s re tu rn e d to th e
p la n ta tio n , b u t h e w a s ve ry ill a n d
w e a k. He c o u ld n o t d o th e w o rk
th a t o th e r sla ve s c o u ld d o . Th is
g a ve h im tim e to w a n d e r a ro u n d
th e p la n ta tio n a n d le a rn a b o u t th e
p la n ts a n d tre e s.
G e o rg e Wa sh in g to n C a rve r w a s b o rn
in Ju n e o f 1864 in Dia m o n d G ro ve ,
Misso u ri. His p a re n ts w e re sla ve s o n a
Misso u ri p la n ta tio n a n d so w a s h e .
G e o rg e w a s kid n a p p e d b y sla ve
ra id e rs w h e n h e w a s ju st a b a b y.
1
Wh e n sla ve ry w a s a b o lish e d ,
G e o rg e 's fo rm e r m a ste rs c h o se to
ra ise h im a s th e ir c h ild . Th e y ta u g h t
h im h o w to re a d a n d w rite . He
e a rn e d h is h ig h sc h o o l d ip lo m a a fte r
a lo n g se a rc h fo r a sc h o o l th a t w o u ld
a c c e p t Afric a n Am e ric a n stu d e n ts.
2 3
G e o rg e stu d ie d p la n ts in c o lle g e . He
w a s g ive n h is first m ic ro sc o p e b y h is
te a c h e rs a n d frie n d s. G e o rg e
b e c a m e a te a c h e r, a n d h e ta u g h t
h is stu d e n ts h o w to m a ke b e a ke rs
a n d te st tu b e s o u t o f o ld g la ss b o ttle s
a n d ja rs.
4 5
G e o rg e Wa sh in g to n C a rve r
c h a n g e d th e w a y fa rm e rs p la n t
c ro p s. Be c a u se o f h im , p e o p le
th o u g h t d iffe re n tly a b o u t th e u se o f
d iffe re n t c ro p s. G e o rg e p a sse d
a w a y in 1943. He re c e ive d m a n y
h o n o rs a n d m e d a ls th ro u g h o u t h is
life tim e a n d se rve d o n se ve ra l
c o m m itte e s fo r th e U.S. De p a rtm e n t
o f Ag ric u ltu re .
6 7
G e o rg e to o k a n in te re st in h e lp in g
fa rm e rs in th e so u th . He h e lp e d
th e m to p la n t c ro p s so th a t th e y
w o u ld g e t th e rig h t a m o u n t o f
n u trie n ts u sin g a p ro c e ss c a lle d c ro p
ro ta tio n . G e o rg e a lso d isc o ve re d
th a t p e a n u ts g re w ve ry fa st. Th e y
a d d e d n u trie n ts to th e so il th e y w e re
g ro w n in . He e xp e rim e n te d w ith
p e a n u ts, a n d d isc o ve re d 300 w a ys
to u se p e a n u ts.
G e o rg e Wa sh in g to n C a rve r
Le a rn in g Re fle c tio n
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Grace Hopper
© Ed uc a tio n to th e C o re
At a g e 17, G ra c e w a s a d m itte d in to
Va ssa r C o lle g e . Sh e w e n t o n to
re c e ive a Ma ste r’s De g re e a n d th e n
a Ph .D. in m a th . At th is tim e , o n ly a
fe w w o m e n h e ld th is d e g re e . Sh e
b e g a n w o rkin g a s a m a th p ro fe sso r
a t Va ssa r C o lle g e .
2 3
G ra c e Ho p p e r w a s b o rn in 1906, in
Ne w Yo rk C ity. Sh e w a s a lw a ys ve ry
in te re ste d in h o w th in g s w o rk a n d
w a s ve ry c u rio u s a b o u t th e w o rld
a ro u n d h e r. Sh e lo ve d to ta ke th in g s
a p a rt to se e h o w th e y w o rke d .
1
At a g e 34, Dr. Ho p p e r trie d to e n list in
th e Na vy d u rin g Wo rld Wa r II. Sin c e
sh e w a s 34 ye a rs o ld , sh e w a s d e n ie d
e n tra n c e a n d sh e e n liste d in ste a d in
th e Na vy Re se rve s. Sh e b e c a m e a
lie u te n a n t a n d b e g a n to w o rk o n th e
first c a lc u la to r.
Sh e th e n w e n t o n to w o rk o n m a n y
d iffe re n t p ro je c ts a fte r th e w a r. Sh e
le d a te a m th a t w o rke d o n
c o m p ute r la n g u a g e s.
Afte r re tirin g fro m th e Na vy, Dr.
Ho p p e r w a s c a lle d b a c k to a c tive
d u ty a t a g e 60 to d o m o re w o rk o n
c o m p u te r la n g u a g e s. Sh e sta ye d
th e re fo r a n o th e r 19 ye a rs a n d re tire d
fo r g o o d a t a g e 79!

4 5

Dr. G ra c e Ho p p e r c o n tin u e d to w o rk G ra c e Ho p p e r
in th e c o m p u te r in d u stry fo r se ve ra l Le a rn in g Re fle c tio n
m o re ye a rs. Sh e d ie d a t th e a g e o f
85. Dr. Ho p p e r’s w o rk le d to th e ___________________________
c re a tio n o f th e first c o m p u te r. Sh e
in sp ire d m a n y p e o p le a n d re c e ive d ___________________________
m a n y a w a rd s th ro u g h o u t h e r
life tim e . ___________________________
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 Jan Ernst
Matzelinger
© Ed uc a tio n to th e C o re
It w a s c le a r ve ry e a rly o n th a t h e h a d
a g re a t d e a l o f m e c h a n ic a l a b ility.
Wh e n h e w a s 19, Ja n le ft fo r
Am e ric a . He m o ve d to Ph ila d e lp h ia ,
th e n to Ma ssa c h u se tts, a n d w e nt to
w o rk in th e sh o e in d u stry.
2 3
J a n Ern st Ma tze lin g e r w a s b o rn o n
Se p te m b e r 15 th , 1852, in Du tc h
G u ia n a . His m o th e r w a s a h o u se
sla ve a n d h is fa th e r o w n e d th e
C o lo n ia l Sh ip w o rks. At th e a g e o f 10,
J a n w e n t to w o rk a s a n a p p re n tic e
a t h is fa th e r’s c o m p a n y.
Se p t e m b e r 18 5 2
15
1
Ma kin g sh o e s w a s h a rd w o rk a s
sh o e s w e re m a d e b y h a n d .
Sho e m a ke rs c o u ld p ro d u c e a b o u t 50
p a irs o f sh o e s in a 10-h o u r w o rkd a y.
Ja n c re a te d a m a c h in e th a t w o u ld
m a ke th is p ro c e ss m u c h e a sie r.
C a lle d a n Au to m a te d Sho e La ste r,
h e re c e ive d h is first p a te n t in 1883.
Th is m a c h in e a llo w e d c o m p a n ie s to
m a ke b e tw e e n 150-700 p a irs o f
sh o e s a d a y.
Sin c e th e y c o u ld m a ke so m a n y
m o re sh o e s, th e y b e c a m e m u c h
c h e a p e r fo r p e o p le to b u y. Th is a lso
c re a te d a g re a t d e a l m o re jo b s fo r
w o rke rs. It c h a n g e d m a n u fa c tu rin g !
J a n w e n t o n to p a te n t a to ta l o f six
in ve n tio n s.

$3 0

4 5

Ja n w o rke d h a rd fo r h is e n tire sh o rt Ja n Ern st Ma tze lin g e r

life . In 1886, Ja n Ern st Ma tze lin g e r Le a rn in g Re fle c tio n
c o n tra c te d tu b e rc u lo sis a n d d ie d in
1889. He w a s 37 ye a rs o ld . A sta m p ___________________________
w a s issu e d in h is h o n o r in 1991, to
c e le b ra te h is in ve n tio n s a n d ___________________________
c o n trib u tio n s to th e m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u stry. ___________________________
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 Josephine
Cochrane
© Ed uc a tio n to th e C o re
O n e e ve n in g , w h ile w a sh in g d ish e s
a fte r o n e o f th e se p a rtie s, Jo se p h in e
n o tic e d th a t so m e o f h e r c h in a h a d
g o tte n c ra c ke d . Sh e d e c id e d to
lo o k fo r a b e tte r w a y to d o d ish e s,
th a t w o u ld m a ke c le a n in g th e m
e a sie r a s w e ll a s p ro te c t th e m .
2 3
Jo se p h in e G a ris C o c h ra n e w a s b o rn
o n Ma rc h 8, 1839 in O h io a n d w a s
ra ise d in Va lp a ra iso , In d ia n a . Sh e
m a rrie d Willia m C o c h ra n e , a ve ry
su c c e ssful m e rc h a n t a n d p o litic ia n .
Th e y live d in a la rg e h o u se a n d o fte n
h a d d in n e r p a rtie s a t th e ir h o m e .
1
Jo se p h in e d e sig n e d a n a u to m a tic
d ish w a sh e r in a sh e d b e h in d h e r
h o u se . Th e re h a d b e e n o th e r
a tte m p ts a t c re a tin g a n a u to m a tic
d ish w a sh e r, b u t Jo se p h in e ’s w a s th e
first o n e th a t w a s tru ly e ffe c tive .
Sh e sta rte d b y m e a su rin g d iffe re n t
typ e s o f d ish e s a n d th e n c re a tin g
ra c ks w h ic h w o u ld sp e c ific a lly fit
p la te s, c u p s, b o w ls, a n d sa uc e rs.
O th e r d ish w a sh e rs h a d b e e n m a d e
w ith b ru sh e s in sid e to sc ru b th e
d ish e s, b u t h e rs w a s th e first to u se
w a te r p re ssu re .
Jo se p h in e ’s d e sig n re c e ive d a
p a te n t in 1886, a n d sh e th e n o p e n e d
th e G a ris C o c h ra n e Ma n u fa c tu rin g
C o m p a n y to m a n u fa c tu re
d ish w a sh e rs. In 1893, sh e sh o w e d h e r
m a c h in e s a t th e Wo rld ’s C o lu m b ia n
Exp o sitio n , a ttra c tin g th e a tte n tio n o f
re sta u ra n ts a n d h o te ls. So o n , h e r
m a c h in e s w e re in b u sin e sse s
e ve ryw h e re .

4 5

He r b u sin e ss w a s b o u g ht b y Jo se p h in e C o c h ra n e
Kitc h e n Aid a fte r h e r d e a th in 1913, Le a rn in g Re fle c tio n
a n d th e first Kitc h e n Aid d ish w a sh e rs
w e re so ld to th e p u b lic . By th e n , ___________________________
m o st h o m e s h a d a c c e ss to h o t
w a te r, a n d th e d ish w a sh e r w a s a ___________________________
h u g e su c c e ss. Th e d ish w a sh e rs w e
u se to d a y a re a ll b a se d o n ___________________________
Jo se p h in e C o c h ra n e ’s o rig in a l id e a !
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