Introduction to Incremental

Quantities and Traveling Waves for

Protection and Fault Location

Armando Guzmán, PhD

Research and Development

© SEL 2018
 Voltage and Current
Incremental Quantities

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 Incremental Quantities
Thevenin’s Theorem and Superposition

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Incremental Quantities
Implementation

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Looking for A Simple Math to Deal
with RL Circuits in Time-Domain

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Looking for A Simple Math to Deal
with RL Circuits in Time-Domain

© SEL 2018
Looking for A Simple Math to Deal
with RL Circuits in Time-Domain

The replica current allows replacing differential

equations with algebraic equations

© SEL 2018
Loop Incremental Voltage and Loop
Incremental Replica Current

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Loop Incremental Voltages and Loop
Replica Incremental Currents

© SEL 2018
Traveling Waves

© SEL 2018
Traveling Waves in Transmission Lines

From AT&T Archives © SEL 2018

 Out on the Power Line
The Birth of a Traveling Wave

408 kV
Voltage Collapse
VL−G

2 • 500
∆V = kV
Insulator 3
Sportsman
∆V =408 kV

GROUND
© SEL 2018
 At the Instant of the Fault …
• A 408 kV traveling-wave is launched in
both directions on the faulted conductor
• Current waves are concurrently produced

vF vF
iF iF

© SEL 2018
 At the Instant of the Fault …
• A 408 kV traveling-wave is launched in
both directions on the faulted conductor
• Current waves are concurrently produced

vF vF
iF iF

vF ∆V 408 kV
iF = =
= = 1166 A
ZC ZC 350 Ω
© SEL 2018
 Faults Launch Waves That Travel
Toward The Line Terminals Close to
The Speed of Light

Copyright © SEL 2017

 Wave Arrives First to The Terminal
Closest to The Fault

A B
186 miles (300 km)

TW - A TW - B
0.25 ms 0.75 ms
TW line propagation time (TWLPT): 1 ms © SEL 2018
Waves Reflect According to the
Termination Impedance

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Effect of Line Terminations

iI
iT

ZC iR ZT

© SEL 2018
Voltage and Current Reflection Coefficients

vT v I + vR
= = ZT
iT i I + iR

ZT − ZC
vR = vI = Γv vI
ZT + ZC

ZC − ZT
iR = iI = Γ i iI
ZT + ZC
© SEL 2018
Reflection Coefficients
Open-Circuited Line

ZT = ∞
ZT − ZC ∞
Γv = = = 1
ZC + ZT ∞
Z C − Z T −∞
Γi = = =−1
ZC + ZT ∞
vR =Γ v ⋅ vI and vR =vI
iR =Γi ⋅ iI and iR =−iI
© SEL 2018
Reflection Coefficients
Short-Circuited Line

ZT = 0
ZT − ZC − ZC
Γv = = =−1
ZC + ZT ZC
ZC − ZT ZC
Γ=
i = = 1
ZC + ZT ZC
vR =Γ v ⋅ vI and vR =−vI
iR =Γi ⋅ iI and iR = iI
© SEL 2018
 Incident and Transmitted TWs
Transmission Coefficient

iI
iT

ZC iR ZT

vT v I + vR 2ZC
== ZT iT = iI Ti iI
iT i I + iR ZT + ZC

© SEL 2018
TW Approaching a Junction Point

i1I

Z1 Z2

Z3
 Reflected TW at Junction Point
Provides Valuable Information for FL

i1R
i1I i2T

Z1 Z2

Z3 i3T
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Three line segments
i1R
i1 I i2T
Z1
Z2

Z2 Z3 Z3 i3T
ZP =
Z2 + Z3
R I Z1 − Z P
i1 Γi i1
= Γi =
Z1 + Z P
ZP I 2 Z1
i2T = Ti i1 Ti =
Z2 Z1 + Z P
ZP I
i3T = Ti i1
Z3 © SEL 2018
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Example with four line segments

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Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Example with four line segments

© SEL 2018
 Three-Conductor Line
Mutual Coupling Affects TWs

CCA'

CAG' CAB' CBC'

CBG'
CCG'

LAB LB LAB LC
LA
A rA B rB LCA C rC
CCA'

CAB' CBC'
CAG' CBG' CCG'

© SEL 2018
Representation of R′, L′, G′, and C′

′
′
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ′
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐿𝐿′𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐿𝐿′𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐿𝐿′𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
′
′
𝑅𝑅 ′ = 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ′
𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿′ = 𝐿𝐿′𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿′𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿′𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
′ ′ ′
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐿𝐿′𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐿𝐿′𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐿𝐿′𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
′ ′ ′
𝐺𝐺 ′ = 𝐺𝐺𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐺𝐺𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐺𝐺𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ′
𝐶𝐶 ′ = 𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ′
𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ′
𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

© SEL 2018
 Clarke Components

 I0  1 1 1 IA
    
I
 =α 1 / 3  2 −1 −1
 IB 
Iβ  0 3 − 3   I C 
  

© SEL 2018
Clarke Components Extract
Aerial and Ground Modes
I A 2 −1 −1   I A 
α
   
= I A
 β 1 / 3 0 3 − 3  I B 
 A  
1 1 1   I C 
I
 0  

I B   −1 2 −1   I A 
α
   
=I
 βB
1 / 3 − 3 0 3  IB 
 B  
 1 1 1   I C 
 I 0  

I C   −1 −1 2   I A 
α
   
= I βC  1 / 3  3 − 3 0   I B 
 C  
1 1 1   I C 
I
 0   
© SEL 2018
Avoid Zero Mode: Attenuates, Distorts

Zero Alpha Beta

We chose the Alpha and Beta modes

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 Propagation Along a Line
t=0 t = later

Step ... becomes ... sloped and attenuated

DC High Frequency

• Skin effect vs frequency

increases R, decreases L
• Ground mode is more resistive

© SEL 2018
Attenuation and Dispersion
as Waves Travel

Transmission
Line

Termination
Impedance

© SEL 2018
 Typical Single Circuit 400 kV Line
Tower Configuration
X (m) Y (m)
A-1 0.00 19.83
A-2 0.45 19.83
B-1 10.00 19.83
B-2 10.45 19.83
C-1 20.00 19.83
C-2 20.45 19.83
SW-1 3.35 28.53
SW-2 16.65 28.53

Phase Conductor
ACSR 1113 BLUJAY
Sag = 4.83 m
Shield Wire Conductor 30

3/8"
Sag = 3.53 m 20
Y (m)

10

0 5 10 15 20 © SEL 2018
 Currents for a Voltage Step Change
on Phases A and B at the Sending End
50 km
1,000

A –1,000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
150 km
1,000

0 A
A

–1,000 B
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
300 km
C
1,000

0
A

–1,000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
450 km
1,000

0
A

–1,000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (milliseconds) © SEL 2018
Attenuation and Dispersion as a Wave
Travels In a 400 kV Transmission Line
800

700

600

500
Amperes

400

300

200

100

0
–5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (µs) © SEL 2018
Attenuation and Dispersion as the Wave
Travels 50, 100, 150, …

Breaker 2 Open

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Reflection Due to the Parallel Line

Breaker 2 Open Breaker 2 Closed

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Capacitance Sharpens Wave Edge

Without Capacitance With Capacitance

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 Transients Contain Fault Information
6000 High-frequency
4000
transients contain
precise information
about the fault
2000
Amperes

-2000
3000
2000
-4000
1000
0 DC to 0.6 MHz
-6000 -1000
-2000
0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4
-3000
Seconds 0.298 0.299 0.3 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.304 0.305

150

100
10 kHz–0.6 MHz
50

-50

-100
0.298 0.299 0.3 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.304 0.305
© SEL 2018
Differentiator-Smoother Works Great
Borrowed Idea From “Leading-Edge Tracking”

Current Arrival
Time-of- Time
i(t) Smoother is(t) Differentiator dis/dt
d/dt Peak ta
(LPF)
Estimator

i dis/dt
Interpolate to
i(t) 50 ns Accuracy
is(t)

dis/dt
t t
ta

© SEL 2018
 Practical Considerations
• CTs are pretty “hi-fi” for transients: over 100 kHz

• CCVTs are not, we rely on the stray capacitances:

– Tuning reactor

– Step-down transformer

 Primary and secondary windings

 Interwinding

© SEL 2018
 CT Bandwidth Is Adequate
to Capture TWs

© R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, and H. W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality.

McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 1995, p 493, Fig 11.24. For internal SEL use only.
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B5vXY4-Kg5GeNTVwZG1YMFpRakk/edit
© SEL 2018
 Are CCVTs Adequate to Capture TWs?
0

-20
Gain (dB)

-40

CC CPS

LP RP LS RS

-60 CE LC RC

CF LF

CP LM RM CS RB

RF

-80
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10

Frequency (Hz)
© SEL 2018
Incident, Reflected and Transmitted
Waves in a Lattice Diagram
L m ℓ–m R
... ...

L R
tL1

tL2 tR1

tR2

tL3

Time m<ℓ–m Time Copyright © SEL 2017

 Reflected Waves
From an External Network
B L m ℓ–m R
...

B L R
tL1

tL2 tR1

tR2

tL3

Time m<ℓ–m Time

Copyright © SEL 2017
 Field Experience at BPA

• 72.77-mile 161 kV
Goshen-Drummond
line
• 18 sections with
4 different tower
configurations

Image courtesy
of Google
Copyright © SEL 2017
 Successful Installation at BPA
Goshen
161 kV Drummond
115 kV

Relay G Relay D

Swan Valley
Goshen 161 kV
115 kV

Copyright © SEL 2017

 Successful Installation at BPA
Goshen
161 kV Drummond
115 kV

Relay G Relay D

Swan Valley
Goshen 161 kV
115 kV

Copyright © SEL 2017

 BG Fault at 18.02 km From Drummond
BG Fault, June 04, 2013
Drummond αB (A) km Goshen αB (A)
-10 0 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 -20 0 20 40 60
0

100

200

300
Microseconds

400

500

600

700

800

Data from 411L

900
TW Record
1000 © SEL 2018
BG Fault at 18.02 km From Drummond
Data from 411L
TW Record

© SEL 2018
 A SOLID Three-Phase Fault at 36.25 km
ABC Fault, Aug 28, 2013
Drummond βA (A) km Goshen βA (A)
-100 0 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 -500 0 500
0

200

400

600

800
Microseconds

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800
Data from 411L
TW Record © SEL 2018
2000
A SOLID Three-Phase Fault at 36.25 km

Data from 411L

TW Record
© SEL 2018
Lines with Overhead, Underground and
Overhead Sections

Overhead Underground Overhead

Substation Substation
X Y

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

ZC_OH=350 Ω ZC_UG=45 Ω ZC_OH=350 Ω

© SEL 2018
 Wave Is Attenuated When
Going From UG Cable to OH Line

Overhead Underground Overhead

Substation Substation
X Y

ZC_OH=350 Ω ZC_UG=45 Ω ZC_OH=350 Ω

2 ⋅ 45
Τ i _ UG /OH= = 0.228
45 + 350
© SEL 2018
Wave Is Reflected at the OH/UG Junction

Overhead Underground Overhead

Substation Substation
X Y

ZC_OH=350 Ω ZC_UG=45 Ω ZC_OH=350 Ω

350 − 45
Γi _ OH /UG= = 0.772
45 + 350
© SEL 2018
 Introduction to Traveling Waves
Summary

• Faults launch traveling waves (TWs) that

travel close to the speed of light
• ZC is the ratio between the forward voltage
and forward current wave
• TWs reflect and transmit according to
termination impedance

© SEL 2018
 Introduction to Traveling Waves
Summary

• Waves reflect according to the termination

impedance
– A voltage TW arriving at an open-circuited line is
reflected without a sign change
– A current TW arriving at an open-circuited line is
reflected with a sign change
– A voltage TW arriving at a short-circuited line is
reflected with a sign change
– A current TW arriving at a short-circuited line is
reflected without a sign change

© SEL 2018
 Introduction to Traveling Waves
Summary

• We use Clarke components to analyze

TWs
• The alpha currents are available for all
fault types
– They provide a reliable quantity to detect TWs

• The zero-sequence mode has more

attenuation and dispersion than the aerial
alpha and beta modes
© SEL 2018