Behavior Motivation

 Human Elements in
Occupational Safety
& Health
 OBJECTIVES
 To understand man’s different
backgrounds and the relationship of
these to safe practices.
 Improve safety performance at work

by understanding the basics of
human elements in safety.
 HUMAN ELEMENTS in OSH
Motivators that causes people to
focus their attention & action to try
harder and to persist until a desired
future state has been reached.
 HUMAN ELEMENTS in
Safety
 Your effort and energy to

reach a target depends on how
much of a challenge the target
represents.
Safety
Unrealistic goals and

targets breed reluctance
to action or inaction
Human Elements
Knowledge and ability
Level of achievement aspired
Commitment to reach target
Self belief to reach target/goal
Being informed / connected
 Studies revealed that
85 % to 95 % of all
ACCIDENTS are
the result of
HUMAN ERROR.
 Basic Terminology
 PSYCHOLOGY – science of the mind in any of its
aspect
 ATTITUDES – state of mind, behavior, or conduct,
as indicating one’s feelings, opinion, or purpose.
 BEHAVIOR – Manner or action of one’s conduct.
 JOB SATISFACTION – workers level of
contentment with his job
 MOTIVATION – something, as a need or desire,
that impels or incites a person to a certain course of
action or behavior.
 BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION – the use of
behavior change techniques to increase or
decrease the frequency of behaviors.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTORS IN SAFETY
 Individual Differences
People differ in behavior & attitudes.
 Motivations
Conflicting motivations should be considered in any
attempt to understand human relations.
 Emotions
People frequently act at the emotional level.
 Attitudes
Closely allied to emotions.
 Learning process
Depends on the age.
Three forms of feedback used
in Behavioral Safety Process:
Verbal – at the point of
observation
Graphical – in the
workplace
Weekly discussion
meetings
Safety
 A specific challenging target
clarifies what constitutes good
performance & removes
ambiguity.
 In combination, goals &
feedbacks are more powerful
than either one alone
 Targets inspire people to achieve.

 Feedbacks tell people how well they
are doing.
 Three forms of feedback used in
Behavioral Safety Process:
Verbal – at the point of
observation
Graphical – in the workplace
Weekly discussion meetings
 KEYS TO CONTROL /
MANAGE PEOPLE
KYP
Know your People
GPR
Good Personal
Relations
 THINGS TO KNOW
ABOUT PEOPLE
 ATTITUDES – (Good or Bad)

 What people think and feel
 BEHAVIOR – (Tied up with attitude)

 What people say and do
 HUMAN RELATIONS
 The art of getting along with
people.
 The process of interaction
between two or more persons
during which an atmosphere of
mutual trust and
understanding is created.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
MAN’S BEHAVIOR
 Physical characteristics
 Emotional stability
 Previous work experiences
 Work attitudes
 Aptitude – quickness in learning or
understanding
 Physical and emotional needs
 HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS
BOTH :
 OBSERVABLE
 MEASURABLE
therefore
BEHAVIOR CAN BE
MANAGED !
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
PLANNING
LEADING ORGANIZING
CONTROLLING
 ATTITUDES
are INSIDE A PERSON’S

HEAD – therefore they are
NOT OBSERVABLE OR
MEASURABLE
however
Attitudes can be changed
by changing behaviors
ATTITUDES
 ARE ENDURING REACTION
TOWARDS PEOPLE, PLACES OR
OBJECTS BASED ON OUR
BELIEFS & EMOTIONAL
FEELINGS
 TENDENCY TO REACT
POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY IN
REGARD TO AN OBJECT
 BEHAVIOR
MOTIVATION
 MOTIVATION is defined as
inducing people to work with
will to achieve a given task.
 OBJECTIVE OF
MOTIVATION
To improve safety
performance through behavior
motivation.
All of these are nothing if we would
not use the above results of
success as tools to attain or
provide “HAPPINESS”
 The objective of
MOTIVATION is for us
and our subordinates to
gain success where
 We develop talents  We reap honors
 We strengthen or  We win friends

improve our
position
 We gain power
 JOB MOTIVATORS
Achievement
Recognition
Work itself
Responsibility
Professional growth
 MOTIVATION
Individual’s tendency toward
action in a given situation.
It is the individual who acts or
behaves in a given situation
Goal-Directed School of
Motivation
 Needs Hierarchy Theory
 Need Achievement Theory
 Needs – Hierarchy
Theory
things that reflect on self-esteem,
friendships, romantic attachments, and
personal worth,
families help social
fulfillSELF recognition,
this– ACTUALIZATION
need for
and accomplishment.
companionship and acceptance, as does
self-aware, in
involvement concerned
social, with personal
community, or
EGO NEEDS
growth,
desire less concerned
for steady
religious groups. employment, with the opinions
health
care,ofsafe
others, and interested
workplace and
SOCIAL NEEDS
fulfilling their
potential.
environment, hazard free
SECURITY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
 HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL Needs
Hunger, thirst, excretion, rest, activity, sex, shelter, etc.
SECURITY Needs
Safety, preparation for the future, justice, comfort, self-preservation
SOCIAL Needs
Acceptance, group membership, belonging, team spirit, tolerance
EGO or ESTEEM Needs
Importance, self – respect, dignity, power, recognition, prestige,
status
SELF–ACTUALIZATION
Self expression (artists), use of potential, self-fulfillment,
achievement, creativity
NEEDS ACHIEVEMENT
Theory
 ACHIEVEMENT
 AFFILIATION /
RELATIONSHIP /
ATTACHMENT
 POWER
 PEOPLE TRY TO SATISFY
THEIR DESIRES
 Food Acceptance
 Shelter Achievement
 Security Self-Esteem
 Sex Status
 Examples of
CONFLICTING DESIRES
 SAFETY VS. SAVING TIME
 SAFETY VS. SAVING EFFORT
 SAFETY VS. COMFORT
 SAFETY VS. GETTING ATTENTION
 SAFETY VS. INDEPENDENCE
 SAFETY VS. GROUP ACCEPTANCE
 REINFORCERS
 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
 an act is followed by a pleasurable
reward (e.g. you do something
right and your boss praises you)
 NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
 you do something right and your
boss doesn't criticize you as he
usually does.
 REINFORCERS
 EXTINCTION
 you do something wrong and your
boss doesn't praise you as he
often does.
 PUNISHMENT
 you do something wrong and your
boss criticizes you.
 LAW OF EFFECT
If our actions have pleasant
effects, then we will be more
likely to repeat them in the future.
If however, our actions have

unpleasant effects, we are less
likely to repeat them in the future.
 HABIT
 85% of our behavior in a given day is
probably dictated by habit
 A tendency toward an action or condition,

which by repetition has become involuntary.
 Formed through direct & repetitious

experience
 Conscious thought process is bypassed
 Development of habit is automatic if the

response is continued & reinforced
 VALUES
 Enduring principles upon which a
person’s life is built
 Result of continued development &

usually take rigid form as the
person matures
 “The life you save maybe

your own”
 Emotions & Human
Behavior
 A disturbed psychological condition which
can be described as disintegrative activity
 Any feeling, as of love, joy, fear, hate,

anger, etc. accompanied by complex
psychological changes.
 90% involved in accidents had instances

of provocation, frustration, disappointment
 Emotions are integral part of the behavior

pattern
 POSITIVE APPROACH
Changes Image of
Supervisor
from to
―UNSAFETY – MINDED‖ “SAFETY – MINDED”
 ENFORCER  LEADER
 POLICEMAN  COACH
 PUNISHER  REWARDER
 NEGATIVE  POSITIVE
 Putting Positive Behavior
Reinforcement To Work
SET Your Goal

IDENTIFY Critical
Performance Factors
PINPOINT
Desired Behavior
REINFORCE Specific
Desired Acts
REPEAT,
Repeat
 PHASES OF SAFETY
NGINEERING
DUCATION
NFORCEMENT
SAFETY IS NOT MAGIC
ABC Model
Influence Behaviors for Better Safety Performance
ACTIVATORS
a person, place, thing, or event
that comes before a behavior, and
encourages or triggers a behavior.
Activators
signs
written procedures
training
must be specific
A Activators
ASSE Professional Development Conference 2015
Which is Strong Activator?

1) ―This
The second specifies
is antheextremely
dangers and dangerous
specific personal
protective equipment (PPE) to be used for safety. This is
chemical.
a strong activator. Wear proper PPE.‖ or
2) ―Sulfuric acid is a corrosive chemical

that can cause burns to the skin and
eyes. Wear butyl gloves, rubber apron,
face shield, and goggles when handling.‖
ABC Model
BEHAVIOR
Observable
Predictable
a choice made by the individual
it makes sense to the individual
ABC Model
What about
Unsafe Behavior
is normal behavior to the individual;
is the result of normal people reacting
to their environment.
Normally, employees do not do things
knowing they will result in injuries.
B Research-based Reasons
Behavior
for Unsafe Behaviors

American Society of Safety Engineers
Skill deficiency or lack No positive consequences

of training. for safe behavior.
Skills not used often Unclear management
enough. expectations.
Failure to recognize Physical obstacles.
warning events Employees
Failure to investigate believe they will not get
misses. hurt.
ABC Model
CONSEQUENCES
A is the predecessor to a behavior
C is the behavior itself
are anything that directly follows a

behavior.
d
C i
Consequences
s
include
n i
j p raise
u l
r i
mone y n
e
ABC Model
CONSEQUENCES
Consequences control behavior.
Activators influence behavior.
Like Activators,
Stronger Consequences are more effective.
C Consequences
How do you determine the

Strength of Consequences
Timing – Soon / Later
A consequence that follows
soon after a behavior is stronger
than one that occurs later.
C Consequences

Consistency
Certain / Uncertain
Consequences that are delivered
consistently after a behavior are
stronger than those that are uncertain or
unpredictable.
C Consequences

Significance
Positive / Negative
Positive consequences are
stronger than negative.
C Consequences
Most Powerful
Consequences
occur soon after a
behavior; certain, consistent;
and positive.
Sometimes, strong consequences create unsafe
behaviors. Ex: there may be the perception that it
will be more comfortable not to wear a face shield.
BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
% ABC Model: Influence Behaviors
for Better Safety Performance
The Problem
unsafe behavior contributes to
90% of injuries / accidents.
The Solution
encourage workers to make
better choices.
BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
% ABC Model: Influence Behaviors
for Better Safety Performance
The Problem
unsafe behavior contributes to
90% of injuries / accidents.
The Solution
encourage workers to make
better choices.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
TO BEHAVIOR CHANGE
1. Set clear expectations of workers—activator

2. Define success—activator
3. Identify the crucial activities, behaviors, and
metrics—activator
4. Monitor performance metrics and crucial
activities—activator/consequence
5. Provide feedback and recognition—
consequence
6. Apply accountability—consequence

Behavior Motivation

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Behavior Motivation

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 Human Elements in

 Improve safety performance at work

 Your effort and energy to

Unrealistic goals and

 Targets inspire people to achieve.

 ATTITUDES – (Good or Bad)

 BEHAVIOR – (Tied up with attitude)

are INSIDE A PERSON’S

 We strengthen or  We win friends

If however, our actions have

 A tendency toward an action or condition,

 Formed through direct & repetitious

 Conscious thought process is bypassed

 Development of habit is automatic if the

 Result of continued development &

 “The life you save maybe

 Any feeling, as of love, joy, fear, hate,

 90% involved in accidents had instances

 Emotions are integral part of the behavior

―UNSAFETY – MINDED‖ “SAFETY – MINDED”

SET Your Goal

Which is Strong Activator?

2) ―Sulfuric acid is a corrosive chemical

for Unsafe Behaviors

Skill deficiency or lack No positive consequences

are anything that directly follows a

How do you determine the

How do you determine the

How do you determine the

1. Set clear expectations of workers—activator

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