pmrsufESm - 1

tcef; (1)
tiftm;pkcGJa0rIjyóemESifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf

avsmhxkwf&rnfh ukefpnf
wdk;xkwf&rnfhukefpnf\tcGifhtvrf;p&dwf
=
wdk;xkwf&rnfh ukefpnf

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tcef; (2)
0,fvdktm;ESifha&mif;vdktm;qef;ppfrI\tajccHrsm;

0,fvdktm;\aps;EIef;tavsmhtwif;
ukefpnf0,f,lrnfhta&twGufajymif;vJrIU &mcdkifEIef;
ukefpnftwGuf0,fvdktm;\ aps;EIef;tavsmhtwif; =
aps;EIef;ajymif;vJrIU &mcdkifEIef;

(Q / Q)  100 Q P
Ed   
(P / P)  100 P Q
a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf
1. Ed = (- ) 2. Ed > or < r rsm;^enf; 3. aps;EIef;wuf^us ta&twGufavsmh ^wdk;

a&mif;vdktm;\ aps;EIef;tavsmhtwif;

ukefpnfaps;EIef; -------usyf½Sd ukefpnfa&mif;csrnfhta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIU &mcdkifEIef;

a&mif;vdktm;\ aps;EIef; =
tavsmhtwif; aps;EIef;ajymif;vJrIU &mcdkifEIef;

(Q / Q)  100 Q P
Es   
(P / P)  100 P Q

0,fvdktm;\ 0ifaiGtavsmhtwif;
ukefpnf0,f,lrnfhta&twGufajymif;vJrIU &mcdkifEIef;
ukefpnftwGuf0,fvdktm;\0ifaiGtavsmhtwif; =
pm;oHk;ol\ 0ifaiGajymif;vJrIU&mcdkifEIef;
(Q / Q)  100 Q Y
Ey   
(P / Y)  100 Y Q
a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf
1. EY = (+ / - ) 2. Ey (+ )omrefukefpnf ? (-) ukefnHh ukefpnf 3. 0ifaiGwdk;0,fvdktm;wdk; ^0ifaiGa

0,fvdktm;\ tjyeftvSeftavsmhtwif;

avhvmaeaomukefpnftwGuf avhvmaeaomukefpnf\0,f,lonfhta&twGufajymif;vJrIU&mcdkifEIef;
0,fvdktm;\tjyeftvSef =
tavsmhtwif; tjcm;ukefpnf\aps;EIef;ajymif;vJrI&mcdkifEIef;
( Qx / Qx )  100 Qx Py
Ex Py   
(Py / Py )  100 Py Qx
1. ExPy = (+/-) 2. ExPy (+) tpm;xdk;ukefpnf^ (-) wGJzufukefpnf
3. (+)tjcm;ukefpnf\aps;EIef;wuf^us avhvmaeaom ukefpnf\0,f,lrnfhta&twGuf wdk;^avsmh
4. tjcm;ukefpnf\aps;EIef;wuf ^us avhvmaeaomukefpnf\0,f,lrnhfta&twGuf avsmh ^wdk;
 pmrsufESm - 2

tm;rQaps;EIef; ^ tm;rQta&twGuf
1/ ukefpnfwpfck\0,fvdktm; ^a&mif;vdktm;yHka&;qGJ
2/ aps;EIef;ESifh0,fvdktm;ajymif;jyefqufpyf (aps;EIef;wuf^us)
0,fvdktm;ta&twGuf (avsmh^wdk;)
3/ aps;EIef;ESifha&mif;vdktm;wdkuf&dkufqufpyf (aps;EIef;wuf^us)
a&mif;vdktm;ta&twGuf (wdk; ^avsmh)
4/ tm;rQaps;EIef; - ,lepf
tm;rQta&twGuf - ,lepf
5/ tm;rQaps;EIef;jrifhwufvQif aps;uGufwGifydkvQHa&mif;vdktm;jzpfay:rnf/
tm;rQaps;EIef;xufedrfhvQifydkvQH0,fvdktm;jzpfay:rnf/

jzpf&yf (aps;uGuftajctae)
1/ rajymif;vJaomrsOf;auG;
2/ ajymif;vJaomrsOf;auG; = vuf,m ^ 0JrsOf;auG;opf
3/ tm;rQjctrSwf rlvtrSwfrS vuf,m^0J tm;rQajctrSwfopf
4/ tm;rQaps;EIef; wuf^us
5/ tm;rQukefpnfta&twGuf wdk; ^avsmh

tcef; (3)
wdkif;jynf0ifaiG
wdkif;jynf0ifaiGwGufcsufenf;rsm;

1. ukefxGufenf; 2. 0ifaiGenf; 3. toHk;p&dwfenf;

(u) (c) (*) (C)

(+) ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfrIU
u@tvdkufukefxGuf wefzdk;
(+) vkyfcESifh vpmrsm; (+) pm;oHk;rIwefzdk;
C) (
wefzdk; (xkwfvkyfol)
(+) 0efaqmifrUI wefzdk;
(-) vkyfief;csif;toHk;jyKrIU
(+) iSm;&rf;crsm; (+) &if;ESD;jrKwfESHrIUw
(D)

(+) ukefoG,frIUwefzdk;
(GDP) xkwfvkyfolrsm;\
(GP) (+) twdk; (+)tpdk;&toHk;p&dwf
(G)
(+)tcGeftaumuf (+)vkyfief;tjrwf (+)ydkUukefwefzdk;
(x)
(-)axmufyHhaMu; Äpkpkaygif;wdkif;jynf0ifaiG
(-)vufusefpawmhwefzkd; (-)oGif;ukefwefzdk;

*GDP *GDP (aps;uGufaygufaps;)*GDP (tiftm;pktcaiGP ) *GDP

(-) NIPA (-) NIPA (-) NIPA (-) NIPA

GNP GNP (aps;uGufaygufaps;) GNP (tiftm;pktcaiGP ) GNP

(-) jyKef;wD;rIUwefzdk; (-) jyKef;wD;rIUwefzdk; (-) jyKef;wD;rIUwefzdk;

(-) jyKef;wD;rIUwefzdk;

*NNP (wdkif;jynf0ifaiG) *NNP (wdkif;jynf0ifaiG) *NNP (wdkif;jynf0ifaiG)

*NNP (wdkif;jynf0ifaiG)

*NIPA wGif (-) tEkwfwefzdk;avhvmvQif aygif;ay;&rnf/

(GNP > GDP)
 pmrsufESm - 3

tcef; (4)
aiGaMu;ESifhbPfvkyfief;

tajccHckESpfrSavhvm tajccHESpfrSavhvmaeaomckESpf½Sdpm;oHk;ukefpnftkyfpkwefzdk;
aeaomckESpf&Sdpm;oHk;
= _ 100
olaps;qEIef;udef;
CPI() tajccHESpf&Sdpm;oHk; ukefpnftkyfpk wefzdk;

avhvmaeaomckESpf&Sdpm;oHk;olrsm;\
tajccHESpf&Sdpm;oHk;olrsm;\
avhvmaeaomESpfESifh aps;qEIef;udef;
CPI() - aps;qEIef;udef;
CPI()
tajccHESpfftwGif;
CPI )( = _ 100
ajymif;vJrIU&mcdkifEIef; tajccHESpf&Sdpm;oHk;olrsm;\aps;qEIef;udef;

a0zefoHk;oyf
avhvmaeaomESpfESifhtajccHESpftwGif;
CPI ) ajymif;vJrIU
( % -------------- % jrifhwuf ^ wdk;wuf ^ usqif;
taxGaxGaps; EIef;tqifhonf -------- % jrifhwuf ^ usqif; aiGazmif;yGrUUEIef; ( + ------
- ------
%)jzpfonf/
%) (
jzpfonf/

aiGaMu;ta&twGufoDtdk&D
ay;xm;csufu taxGaxGaps;EIef;
P) ukefpnfta&twGuf
( T()
1/ yxrqHk;&Sm&ef
tay;t,ljyKvkyfonfhwefzdk;
R = PT MV
2/ 'kwd,&Sm&ef P  P
T
R PT
aiGaMu;vSnfhywfrIUt&Sdef
V 
M M wdk;vmaomaiGaMu;yrmPaygif;
3/ wwd,&Sm&ef
rlvay;xm;aomaiGaMu;yrmP
aiGaMu;yrmPajymif;vJrIU
= ---------------------------------------------- _ 100
wdk;vmaomukefpnfta&twGuf
rlvay;xm;aomukefpnfta&twGuf
ukefpnfta&twGufajymif;vJrIU
= ---------------------------------------------- _ 100
wdk;vmaomaiGaMu;yrmPopf
wdk;vmaomukefpnfta&twGufopf
(u) P aps;EIef; = ------------------------------------- _ aiGaMu;vSnfhywfrIUt&dSef (udef;a

MV
P  P  -------- usyf
T

aiGaMu;yrmP
( M ) = M1 + M2 + M3

aiGaMu;yrmP
(M1) = aiGpuúLESifhtaMuGrsm; + pm&if;&SiftyfaiG
aiGaMu;yrmP
(M2) = M1 + tcsdefqdkif;tyfaiG
aiGaMu;yrmP
(M3) = M2 + aiGpkpmcsKyf
 pmrsufESm - 4

tcef; 5
jynfolUb@ma&;

oufqdkif&mpm;oHk;ol\0ifaiG usyf --------------- wGif

tcGefyrmP(usyf)
tdrfaxmifpk
A twGuf tcGefpnf;MuyfrIUEIef;
= --------------------------------
0ifaiGusyf _ 100

tdrfaxmifpk\0ifaiG ------------- wGif tcGefpnf;MuyfrIUEIef;rSm -------- % jzpfonf/

wdk;vm ^ avsmhoGm;
^
tdrfaxmifpktoD;oD;\0ifaiGtqifhjrifhrm;vmonfESifhtrQtcGefpnf;MuyfrIUEIef;
wpfckwnf;aomEIef; EIef;wdk;cGef ^ EIef;avsmh
jzpfaomaMumifh tcGefpnf;MuyfrIUyHko@mefrSm
^ tcsdK;wlcGef
jzpfonf/

tcef; 6
tjynfjynfqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qufoG,frIU
ydkUukefaps;qEIef;udef;
ukefzvS,frIIUtcsdK;= ----------------------------- _ 100
oGif;ukefaps;qEIef;udef;

= -------------- 100 (tcGifhromaomtajctae)

<
ydkUukefwifydkUrIUrS&&SdaomEdkiffiHjcm;aiGjzifh oGif;ukefrsm;udkavsmhí0,f,lEkdifrnfjzpfaomaMumifh x
aomukefzvS,frIUtcsdK;udkjzpfay:apygonf/

ydkUukefaps;qEIef;udef;
ukefzvS,frIUtcsdK; = ------------------------------------ _ 100
oGif;ukefaps;qEIef;udef;

>
= ------------------------ 100 (tcGifhomaomtajctae)

ydkUukefwifydkUrIUrS&&SdaomEdkifiHjcm;aiGjzihfoGif;ukefrsm;udkydkrdk0,f,lEdkifrnfjzpfaomaMumifh x
ukefzvS,frIUtcsdK;ukdjzpfay:apygonf/

min.thantun.mmm@outlook.com