Correlational study between social media use and stress levels

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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A CORRELATIONAL STUDY BETWEEN THE TIME SPENT USED ON
SOCIAL MEDIA AND LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG
4TH YEAR CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT
National College of Science
and Technology
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Fields and Methods in Psychology
Villacarlos, Althea Marie
Zaportiza, Rossy Queen
Valmoria, Carolyn Joy
Villacarlos, Lance
Peñalba, Michelle
February 2021
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Social media is computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts,
and information through the building of virtual networks and communities. By design, social
media is internet-based and gives users quick electronic communication of content. Stress is the
body's reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or response. The body reacts to these
changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses. Stress is a normal part of life. You can
experience stress from your environment, your body, and your thoughts.
It makes sense to wonder if the use of digital technology creates stress. There is more
information flowing into people’s lives now than ever — much of it distressing and challenging.
There are more possibilities for interruptions and distractions. It is easier now to track what
friends, frenemies, and foes are doing and to monitor raises and falls in status on a near-constant
basis. There is more social pressure to disclose personal information. These technologies are said
to takeover people’s lives, creating time and social pressures that put people at risk for the
negative physical and psychological health effects that can result from stress.
Social media use has increased over the last few years-especially in this new generation
of students. Generation Z. In fact, college students have integrated the use of social media into
their everyday lives and place high value on social media (Deatherage et al. 2013). Students in
today's society have more direct access to social media than past generations, and that increased
access has also increased the level of stress that college students experience (Deatherage et al.
2013)
The advantages of social media; (1) Communicate and stay up to date with family and
friends around the world. (2) Find new friends and communities; network with other people who
share similar interests or ambitions. (3) Join or promote worthwhile causes; raise awareness on
important issues. (4) Seek or offer emotional support during tough times. (5) Find vital social
connection if you live in a remote area, for example, or have limited independence, social
anxiety, or are part of a marginalized group. (6) Find an outlet for your creativity and self-
expression. (7) Discover (with care) sources of valuable information and learning.
The disadvantages of social media; (1) Inadequacy about your life or appearance. Even if
you know that images you’re viewing on social media are manipulated, they can still make you
feel insecure about how you look or what’s going on in your own life. (2) Fear of missing out
(FOMO). While FOMO has been around far longer than social media, sites such as Facebook
and Instagram seem to exacerbate feelings that others are having more fun or living better lives
than you are. The idea that you’re missing out on certain things can impact your self-esteem,
trigger anxiety, and fuel even greater social media use. (3) Isolation. A study at the University of
Pennsylvania found that high usage of Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram increases rather
decreases feelings of loneliness. Conversely, the study found that reducing social media usage
can actually make you feel less lonely and isolated and improve your overall wellbeing.
Over use of social media more often, though, increases FOMO and feelings of
inadequacy, dissatisfaction, and isolation. In turn, these feelings negatively affect your mood and
worsen symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Human beings need face-to-face contact to
be mentally healthy. Nothing reduces stress and boosts your mood faster or more effectively than
eye-to-eye contact with someone who cares about you.

The more you prioritize social media interaction over in-person relationships, the more
you’re at risk for developing or exacerbating mood disorders such as anxiety and stress.
According to (Saima Salim, 2019) The latest data about the time spent of internet users
are now spending 144 minutes per day and many countries claims that it will grow higher and
higher every year. The most popular social media platforms is the Facebook followed by
Youtube, Facebook Messenger, and WhatsApp. Social media usage frequency and duration of
use; increases students stress and anxiety levels (Aydoğan ,2017)
The researcher decided to conduct this study to find out the relationship between the
amount of spent time on social media by college students and the level of stress. The target
respondents would be 4thyear Criminology students. In this study the researcher aims to spread
the gathered information and to be aware about the relationship between the spent time of social
media and the level of stress.
Objective of the Study
This study aims to determine the relationship of time spent used in social media and the
level of stress.
1. Determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age
2. To determine the time spent used of social media platforms lead college students of BS
Criminology to experience stress.
3. To determine the level of stress caused by using social media platforms.
4. To determine the relationship between the time spent used in social media and the level
of stress.
Statement of the Problem
Students now a days used social media platforms as a way of communicating to their
family, friends and love ones' they also used it for entertainment, online selling, sharing their
thoughts, knowledge, reading memes and news that sometimes makes them to be happy and
stress.
This study will attempt to answer the questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents?
2. Is time spent used of social media platforms lead college students of BS Criminology to
experience stress?
3. What is the level of stress caused by using social media platforms?
4. Is there a relationship between the time spent used in social media and the level of stress.
Theoretical Framework
To support this study, the researchers utilized this theory as a basis for this research
entitled; Correlational Study Between the Time Spent used on Social Media and Level of Stress
among 4th year Criminology students.

Drawing on Stress Dynamics and Coping Theory (Richard Lazarus,1966)
This study examines how social media users engage in adaptive and maladaptive coping
strategies when encountering overload and, thus, change their discontinuous usage intention,
especially in different psychological states (i.e., fatigue and flow experience).
Stress dynamics and coping theory holds that stress is a process of transaction between an
individual and the environment, including environmental conditions, which are perceived by an
individual as stressors that place a strain on him or her, thus inducing corresponding coping
responses that result in psychological, behavioral, or physiological outcomes (Lazarus, 1993a;
Lazarus, 1993b; Tarafdar et al., 2019). This stress process provides an appropriate and useful
theoretical framework to comprehend technostress (Pirkkalainen et al., 2019).
Accordingly, the technostress process is activated due to the use of information
technology (IT), and its effects are generated through relationships between techno-stressors and
outcomes (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008). Techno-stressors are IT-use-related stressors that follow
the individual's appraisal of technology environment factors (Ayyagari et al., 2011), such as
techno‐overload, techno‐invasion, techno‐insecurity, and techno-disturbances (Maier et al., 2014;
Cho, 2015; Maier et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2018).

Conceptual Framework
The major concept of this study is focused on correlation study between the time spent
used on social media and level of stress among 4 th year Criminology students. On the basis of
these theories, the conceptual paradigm of this study is illustrated in Figure 1.
Ages
22-27 Years old
Level of Stress
Time spent in Drawing on stress
social media dynamics and coping
theory, this study
5 hours
examines how social
media users engage
in adaptive and
maladaptive coping
strategies when
encountering
overload and, thus,
change their
discontinuous usage
intention, especially
in different
psychological states
(i.e., fatigue and flow
experience).
Figure 1: Research paradigm entitled: A correlational study between the time spent used on
social media and level of stress among 4th year Criminology students.
Ages 22-27 years old tend to spend 5 hours in using social media. Social Media users
nowadays spend a lot of time just by using social medias and sites to get entertained because of
school works and such. This strategy can lead to serious mental health problems.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study will focus on the relationship between the time spent used on social media and
level of stress among 4th year criminology students. The researchers use the Correlational
research design. Correlational research is a non-experimental research design technique that
helps researchers establish a relationship between two closely connected variables. Test
questionnaires is use as an instrument to collect data to know the relationship of social media and
stress.
The study will be conducted from January until March 2021 having ninety five (95)
students from 4th year BS Criminology students of the National College of Science and
Technology as the respondents. They will be the sample of the study that will answer and expand
the researchers’ knowledge about the topic. The other relevant information and review of
literature and studies that will be get depending to its availability and published year.
Demographic was not test or correlated because this would only serve a description of the
respondents.
Significance of the Study
The study will focus on the relationship between the time spent used on social media and
level of stress among 4th year criminology students.
The result of the study would be a great contribution to the vast knowledge of
participants of the study for them to be able to know the stress level brought by spending longer
times on using social media in relation to learners’ competence and emotional stability.
Fundamental results of the investigation could be highly significant and beneficial specifically to
the following:
Respondents. It will be beneficial for them to determine the stress level brought by
spending longer hours on social media. Furthermore, the result of the study will help the student
to balance the use of social media platforms, improve their competence and learn to manage
anxiety and stress.
Community. This study would also help the community to be knowledgeable about the
over usage of social media platforms to their emotional stability. It will enlighten everyone to use
the social media in correct manner and learn to cope up with stress and anxiety brought by the
social media.
Future Researchers. This study helps the future researchers to serve as a reference, to
gain information and get some idea about the topic and to abroad the topic and give another idea
for the next generation. Also to help them in doing researches by giving some information and
how to cite some sources that can be used in research.

Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship in social media usage and stress.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are being used to determine the relationship between the time spent
used in social media and the level of stress.
Stress. This refers to the body's reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or response.
Social media. This refers to the computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas,
thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and communities.
Criminology. This refers to the study of crime. Students who major in criminology learn about
the causes of crime related to biology, psychology, or social factors like socioeconomic status.
Digital technology. This refers to the electronic systems and devices, such as smartphones,
website, social media and online application.
Mental health. This refers to a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and
emotional well-being.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign Article/Study
Psychological Stress and Social Media Use (Keith, Lee, Weishi, Inyoung, Kristen, 2015)
Stress might come from maintaining a large network of Facebook friends, feeling jealous
of their well-documented and well-appointed lives, the demands of replying to text messages, the
addictive allure of photos of fantastic crafts on Pinterest, having to keep up with status updates
on Twitter, and the “fear of missing out” on activities in the lives of friends and family.9
We add to this debate with a large, representative study of American adults and explore
an alternative explanation for the relationship between technology use and stress. We test the
possibility that a specific activity, common to many of these technologies, might be linked to
stress. It is possible that technology users — especially those who use social media — are more
aware of stressful events in the lives of their friends and family. This increased awareness of
stressful events in other people’s lives may contribute to the stress people have in their own
lives. This study explores the digital-age realities of a phenomenon that is well documented:
Knowledge of undesirable events in other’s lives carries a cost — the cost of caring.10
This study explores the relationship between a variety of digital technology uses and
psychological stress. We asked people an established measure of stress that is known as the
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).11 The PSS consists of ten questions and measures the degree to
which individuals feel that their lives are overloaded, unpredictable and uncontrollable.
Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Karim, F. (2020) Stated that social media are responsible for aggravating mental health
problems. This systematic study summarizes the effects of social network usage on mental
health. Findings were classified into two outcomes of mental health: anxiety and depression.
Social media activity such as time spent to have a positive effect on the mental health domain.
However, due to the cross-sectional design and methodological limitations of sampling, there are
considerable differences.
Computers in Human Behavior Volume 104, March 2020, 106160 Full length article Does
time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study.
Many studies have found a link between time spent using social media and mental health
issues, such as depression and anxiety. However, the existing research is plagued by cross-
sectional research and lacks analytic techniques examining individual change over time. The
current research involves an 8-year longitudinal study examining the association between time
spent using social media and depression and anxiety at the intra-individual level. Participants
included 500 adolescents who completed once-yearly questionnaires between the ages of 13 and
20. Results revealed that increased time spent on social media was not associated with increased
mental health issues across development when examined at the individual level. Hopefully these
results can move the field of research beyond its past focus on screen time.
The relationship between social networking addiction and academic performance in Iranian
students of medical sciences: a cross-sectional study
Social networking has a negative impact on physical and psychological health and
causes behavioral disorders, depression, anxiety and mania. In this regard, results of a study on
German students (2017) showed a positive relationship between addiction to facebook, with
narcissism character, depression, anxiety and stress. It is believed that addiction to social
networking is higher in people with anxiety, stress, depression and low self-esteem. Grifith
(2005) suggests that addictive behavior is a behavior that has certain characteristics such as
salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse.
Addictive behavior refers to repeated habits that increase the risk of a disease or social
problems in a person. Over the past decade, addictive behaviors, such as overuse of internet or
social networks, have become a part of everyday life of students. Social networking addiction
includes the characteristics such as ignoring the real problems of life, neglecting oneself, mood
swing, concealing addictive behaviors, and having mental concerns. In this regard, signs and
symptoms of addiction to social networking can include experiencing disturbances in day-to-day
work and activities, spending more than one hour a day on social networks, being curios to see
the old friends’ profiles, ignoring work and daily activities due to the use of social networks, and
feeling anxious and stressed due to the lack of access to social networks.
Evidence suggests that many factors are associated with addiction to internet and social
networks. Among these factors are online shopping, dating, gaming and entertainment, using
mobile phones for access to internet, searching for pornographic images, user personality trails,
and low self-esteem.
Does personal social media usage affect efficiency and well-being? Stoney Brooks Computers
in Human Behavior 46, 26-37, 2015
Personal social media usage is pervasive in both personal and professional lives.
Practitioner articles and news stories have commented on the addicting and distracting nature of
social media. Previous empirical research has established the negative effects of distractions on
primary tasks. To date, little research has looked at the potentially distracting nature of social
media and the negative effects that can arise from usage. This research addresses this gap by
investigating the effects of personal social media usage on task performance.
To extend this research, I also examined the effects that the personal social media usage
has on individuals’ technostress and happiness levels. I tested these effects by creating a
classroom task environment and measuring subjects’ usage of social media and their task
performance. From this, it was found that higher amounts of personal social media usage led to
lower performance on the task, as well as higher levels of technostress and lower happiness.
These results are consistent across different levels of attentional control and multitasking
computer self-efficacy. These results suggest that the personal usage of social media during
professional (vs. personal or play) times can lead to negative consequences and is worthy of
further study.
The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health, July 12, 2019 Tracey Walker
In research published in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Keith N.
Hampton, PhD, a researcher in Michigan State University’s Department of Media &
Information, tested the theory that social media, such as Facebook, use leads to declining mental
health. Data for the study came from the PSID (Panel Study of Income Dynamics), the longest-
running household panel study in the world. The longitudinal survey began in 1968 with a
representative sample from more than 5,000 families in the U.S. To answer the question, “Is your
Facebook really destroying your mental health?,” Hampton relied on measures of psychological
well-being and separate measures of technology use from the 2015 and 2016 PSID.
He found that active internet and social media users are 63% less likely to experience
serious psychological distress, associated with depression or other mood and anxiety disorders.
When tiny bits of information pop up on your cell phone and your Facebook feed, that ongoing
contact might matter for things like mental health, according to Hampton. Much of the existing
research on the effects of social media use involves studies of youth or college students.
“Problematizing relatively mundane uses of information and communication technologies
has contributed to a moral panic. The supposed cure-encouraging individuals to protect their
well-being by limiting their Internet and social media use-may actually reduce a new protective
influence on mental health,” Hampton tells Managed Healthcare Executive. “Overheated public
and clinical concerns about problematic Internet, cell phone, and social media use risk
demonizing technologies that have a positive impact on the mental health of most adults,”
Hampton says.
“Generally, the protective relationship between information and communication
technologies and psychological distress is only reduced due to social conditions beyond an
individual’s control. Instructing people to avoid others online who are experiencing distress, for
fear of ‘catching’ anxiety or depression, is antithetical to the goal of developing positive
personality traits related to perspective taking and empathic concern. Such instruction removes a
new and increasingly important means for people to communicate their problems and become
aware of the need to provide social support."
Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Impact on mental health
Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which people understand their
abilities, solve everyday life problems, work well, and make a significant contribution to the
lives of their communities [8]. There is debated presently going on regarding the benefits and
negative impacts of social media on mental health [9,10]. Social networking is a crucial element
in protecting our mental health. Both the quantity and quality of social relationships affect
mental health, health behavior, physical health, and mortality risk [9].
The Displaced Behavior Theory may help explain why social media shows a connection
with mental health. According to the theory, people who spend more time in sedentary behaviors
such as social media use have less time for face-to-face social interaction, both of which have
been proven to be protective against mental disorders [11,12]. On the other hand, social theories
found how social media use affects mental health by influencing how people view, maintain, and
interact with their social network [13]. A number of studies have been conducted on the impacts
of social media, and it has been indicated that the prolonged use of social media platforms such
as Facebook may be related to negative signs and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress
[10-15]. Furthermore, social media can create a lot of pressure to create the stereotype that others
want to see and also being as popular as others.
Foreign Literature
Numerous previous studies have revealed significant and complex relationships between
the escape-avoidance coping style and addictive Internet use. The variables incorporated in these
relationships included perception of stress, psychopathological symptoms, as well as a range of
cognitive and personality variables, such as outcome expectations of using the Internet and
certain personality traits (Brand, Laier, & Young, 2014;Deatherage, Servaty-Seib, & Aksoz,
2014;Kardefelt-Winther, 2014b;Cheng, Sun, & Mak, 2015;Chou et al., 2015;Li et al., 2016;Kuss
et al., 2017;McNicol & Thorsteinsson, 2017;Zhou et al., 2017)
Previous literature has invariably reported that college students are subjected to various
forms of stressors and stress levels with regard to the levels of stress and stressors. For example,
in a study conducted with a sample of 249 student participants, as a result of academic
obligations, financial burdens, and lack of time management skills, undergraduate university
students were found to experience higher levels of stress. The wellbeing, emotional state, and
academic performance of the students can be devastated by negative perception of the stressful
meaning or intensification of the stress level (Ranjita Misra & Mckean, 2000). In accordance
with this result, a large sample (N = 1200) was surveyed by Waghachavare, Dhumale, Kadam,
and Gore (2013) and found that college students faced a certain degree of stress correlated with
healthier lifestyles and academic variables. Bhat U et al. (2018) recently concluded that
psychological stress is very prevalent among college students, especially among students of
engineering and art, and those who reside with their families.
Through a longitudinal study, Fleming et al. (2005) provided strong empirical evidence
that interventions that strengthen students’ social, emotional, and decision-making skills also
positively impact their academic achievement. Students with frequent feelings of internalized
distress such as sadness, anxiety, depression) show poor academic functioning and those with
externalized distress such as anger, frustration, and fear exhibit school difficulties (Roeser,
Eccles, & Strobel, 1998).
Local Article/Study
Facebook use and adolescentsâ emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress
(Leodoro J. Labrague*)
Studies indicated that among Facebook users, college students in particular are the heavy
users. [2-4] Facebook is used by about 85 to 96 percent of college students according to previous
studies conducted. [5-7] In the Philippines, the largest age group of Facebook users is currently
18 – 24with total of 12 million users, followed by the users in the age of 25 – 34. 1Reasons for
joining this site include maintenance of relationship, to meet new people, to communicate
information, to express their beliefs, and some used Facebook out of boredom. [8-10] This
phenomenal advancement of social networking is no doubt has revolutionized the concept of
socialization and communication among adolescents.

In spite of the promising advantages these unique technological advances offered such as
social capital and friendship articulation [11] , there have been increasing concerns regarding its
negative outcomes to adolescents’ well being. Some of the off-putting outcomes that are related
to Facebook use involved personality problem and unwanted behaviors such as stalking. [12,13]
In the study conducted by O’Dell, it was reported that students who use Facebook may feel
depressed or lonely. 5Meanwhile, Gabre & Kumar [14] commenced that student who used
Facebook while studying reported higher levels of stress and were less in control of things.
Klingensmith [15] also found high usage of Facebook to be positively related to feelings of
loneliness, shyness, and “friend sickness,” which is described as the distress one experiences at
the loss of old friends. A study conducted by Schwartz [16] found Facebook intensity, or high
usage of Facebook, frequency of status updates, and update intensity to be negatively related to
self-esteem. Other study however opposes their findings saying that Facebook use can enhance
self-esteem [17] even linked it to an increase in overall life satisfaction.
Student involvement, mental health and quality of life of college students in a selected
university in Manila, Philippines (Jerome Visperas Cleofas)
This study was conceived within the context of increasing incidence of mental health
challenges observed among college adolescents in the Philippines. Being an important social
institution, the school must be able to create a social environment in order to foster better mental
wellbeing and quality of life among its students.
Student involvement and mental health

During their later adolescent years, college students spend most of their time in schools
and frequently interact with peers, classmates and teachers. Their ability to socially integrate
with the entities in the academe influences the state of their mental health. Pachucki, Ozer,
Barrat, and Cattuto (2015) suggest that the structure interaction networks of adolescents
influence the robustness of depressive symptoms. Moreover, students who have low perceived
quality of support were more likely to experience mental health difficulties (Hefner & Eisenberg,
2009) The extent to which students are involved with both curricular and extra-curricular
activities is also indicative of their psychological wellbeing and distress as seen in qualitative
(Buckley & Lee, 2018) and quantitative studies (Billingsley & Hurd, 2019; Lushington et al.,
2015). Various social, developmental and academic challenges offered by the school shape the
minds of these late adolescents as they strive towards the attainment of their respective degrees
and better life conditions during early adulthood.
The state of mental health among college students in the Philippines
The social and mental health aspects of student welfare in tertiary level institutions have
gained more attention from stakeholders of education in the Philippines, wherein college
students are still considered in the adolescent youth bracket. News reports have revealed college
students involved in violent acts, such as murder transpiring within (GMA News, 2012) and
outside university premises (Baclay, 2010; Pedrosa, 2013). Also, there is an increase in incidence
of suicide committed by college students through various forms such as jumping from a building
(Manila Bulletin, 2013) and shooting self with a gun (PHnews, 2013). Experts have reported that
there is one suicide referral made per day among the youth (Tomacruz, 2018).
Commentaries from various journalistic publications in the Philippines argue that these
destructive exhibitions of social and mental problems among the youth can be attributed to both
social and academic factors, and that addressing these problems requires a holistic approach
coming from various social institutions such as the family, the school and policy-making bodies
(Cruz, 2013; Salaverria, 2013; Sauler, 2013; Tomacruz, 2018). In the context of the recently
enacted Mental Health Act in the Philippines (RA 11,036), and the dearth of literature situated in
the Philippine context on the mental status among college students, the present research aims to
examine the relationship among student involvement, mental health status and quality of life
among college students in a selected university in the Philippines.
Local Literature
According to world mental health survey results, 50% of psychiatric disorders exists by
age 14 (Sorel, 2010). Mental health problems, being developmental in nature and aetiology, are
best addressed through prevention measures during early age. Educational institutions, being the
students’ primary environment during their formal educational years, should establish systems,
wherein actual and potential mental health problems among the youth can be addressed. The link
between mental health of students, and academic engagement (Reis, Hoppe, & Schröder, 2015;
Roth, 2013), and school environment (Chen, Romero, & Karver, 2016).
This present study demonstrates that all measures of psychological wellbeing and distress
are significantly correlated with youth quality of life, positively and negatively, respectively. The
strong relationship between mental health and quality of life among students has also been
suggested by previous studies, such as that of Taylor, Bramoweth, Grieser, Tatum, and Roane
(2013) which observed depression, anxiety, stress together with quality of life among students
with sleeping problems; Mukhtar and Hashim (2010), which demonstrated the relationship
between depression, self-efficacy and quality of life among undergraduate students; Abdel-
Khalek (2010), which identified subjective well-being as a factor of quality of life among
Muslim college students; and Bhandari (2012), which pointed out that stress and relationship
with adviser accounted for a significant portion of variance especially in the mental component
of quality of life.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodologies including, research design, research
respondents, locale and duration, sampling technique, research instrument, statistical treatment
and data gathering procedure.
Research Design
The study used a quantitative research as it is a systematic investigation of phenomena by
gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques. Quantitative research collects information from existing and potential customers
using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls and questionnaires the
results of which can be depicted in the form of numerical.

The design that will be employed in this study is the correlational research design.
Correlational research is a non-experimental research design technique that helps researchers
establish a relationship between two closely connected variables. This type of research requires
two different groups. There is no assumption while evaluating a relationship between two
different variables, and statistical analysis techniques calculate the relationship between them.
Research Respondents
The researchers selected a total of Ninety-five (95) Fourth (4th) year Bachelor of
Science in Criminology students that are currently enrolled during the first semester of school
year 2020-2021 at National College of Science and Technology – Dasmarinas Cavite.
Sampling Technique
For this study, the researchers used purposive sampling technique. A form of non-
probability sampling in which decisions concerning the individuals to be included in the sample
are taken by the researchers, based upon a variety of criteria which may include specialist
knowledge of the research issue, or capacity and willingness to participate in the research. The
researchers chose this sampling technique because of the limited number of respondents that
would qualify the researcher’s criteria:

 The respondents must be studying at National College of Science and
Technology.
 A fourth year Criminology students and,
 Age varies, between 22-27 years old in the paradigm.

Research Instrument
The researchers will use survey questionnaire as a research instrument in gathering data.
A questionnaire is any written set of questions, while a survey is both the set of questions and the
process of collecting, aggregating, and analyzing the responses from those questions rated by the
respondents.
Statistical Treatment
The statistical treatments of data used in the study are as follows:
1. Percentage will be used to determine the demographic profile of the respondents.
The formula for Percentage is:
F
P= x 100
N
Where:
F- frequency
P- percentage
N- number of total populations

2. Average weighted mean will be used to determine the average score of the respondents.
The formula for weighted mean is:
∑ wx
w x́=
∑w
Where:
∑= symbol of “summation”
x = the weight of each item
w = weight of each item value
3. To determine the relationship of time spent used in social media and the level of stress, the
researchers will be using the Regression
The formula of Regression is:
Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will provide a letter to be approved by the School administration and
consent form to the respondents for them to be able to start the research. After that, the
researchers will select the 95 students from 4th year Criminology students of National College
and Science and Technology
The researchers will conduct their study around 3:00-4:00 in the afternoon; in virtual
manner since it is pandemic; to avoid contact between researcher and respondents and obey
health protocols under the government supervision. It is an advantage since the majority
population in 4th Criminology students has actively present to social media on their online classes
during afternoon session. The survey questionnaire, will be all about how long does the
participants spent time using social media platforms and the level of stress they get in actively
using social media every day. The researcher aimed to measure the relationship between the
times spent use in social media of 4th year Criminology students to their stress level.
Sources of Data
There are two sources of data collection techniques that were used in this study. First, is
the primary data collection through answering survey form, test questionnaires, interview and
observations. Second data collection technique, is getting data from published printed resources
like books and journals and from published electronics sources like e-journals and web blogs
from other peoples study.

Correlational study between social media use and stress levels

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Correlational study between social media use and stress levels

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NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Amafel Building, Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114

A CORRELATIONAL STUDY BETWEEN THE TIME SPENT USED ON

SOCIAL MEDIA AND LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG

4TH YEAR CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Villacarlos, Althea Marie

Zaportiza, Rossy Queen

Valmoria, Carolyn Joy

eye-to-eye contact with someone who cares about you.

use; increases students stress and anxiety levels (Aydoğan ,2017)

media and the level of stress.

Objective of the Study

1. Determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

3. To determine the level of stress caused by using social media platforms.

Statement of the Problem

This study will attempt to answer the questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents?

3. What is the level of stress caused by using social media platforms?

among 4th year Criminology students.

Drawing on Stress Dynamics and Coping Theory (Richard Lazarus,1966)

especially in different psychological states (i.e., fatigue and flow experience).

responses that result in psychological, behavioral, or physiological outcomes (Lazarus, 1993a;

theoretical framework to comprehend technostress (Pirkkalainen et al., 2019).

Accordingly, the technostress process is activated due to the use of information

techno‐overload, techno‐invasion, techno‐insecurity, and techno-disturbances (Maier et al., 2014;

Cho, 2015; Maier et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2018).

these theories, the conceptual paradigm of this study is illustrated in Figure 1.

22-27 Years old

Scope and Limitation of the Study

research design. Correlational research is a non-experimental research design technique that

Significance of the Study

level of stress among 4th year criminology students.

anxiety and stress.

how to cite some sources that can be used in research.

1. There is no significant relationship in social media usage and stress.

used in social media and the level of stress.

website, social media and online application.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

students of medical sciences: a cross-sectional study

salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse.

symptoms of addiction to social networking can include experiencing disturbances in day-to-day

and low self-esteem.

in Human Behavior 46, 26-37, 2015

investigating the effects of personal social media usage on task performance.

In research published in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Keith N.

Hampton, PhD, a researcher in Michigan State University’s Department of Media &

“Problematizing relatively mundane uses of information and communication technologies

“Generally, the protective relationship between information and communication

fear of ‘catching’ anxiety or depression, is antithetical to the goal of developing positive

aware of the need to provide social support."

Impact on mental health

Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which people understand their

want to see and also being as popular as others.

relationships included perception of stress, psychopathological symptoms, as well as a range of

et al., 2017;McNicol & Thorsteinsson, 2017;Zhou et al., 2017)

in a study conducted with a sample of 249 student participants, as a result of academic

Eccles, & Strobel, 1998).

phenomenal advancement of social networking is no doubt has revolutionized the concept of

socialization and communication among adolescents.

self-esteem [17] even linked it to an increase in overall life satisfaction.

university in Manila, Philippines (Jerome Visperas Cleofas)