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Small-Signal Modelling of the Cuk Converter

Preprint · August 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17307.16164

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 Small-Signal Modelling of the Cuk Converter
Fernanda Zambonin Boaretto, João Martins Junior, Paulo Mario dos Santos Dias de Moraes e Ygor Pereira Marca
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Instituto de Eletrônica de Potência
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina
Email: fe-zb1@hotmail.com, martinsjr.joao@gmail.com, paulomario77@gmail.com, ygor marca@hotmail.com

Abstract—This article provides a study of the Cuk Converter iL1 VC1 iL2
with different types of modelling, such as state-space and PWM · · ·

switch for both continuous and discontinuous conduction mode. L1 C1 L2

The development of all equations will consider at least series Vin S D VC2 Ro Vo
resistances of the capacitors and inductors, and for the state-
C2
space method it will also consider the series resistance of the
· ·
active elements of the converter. Furthermore, simulation results
and a comparison between the methods will be presented in order
Fig. 1. Non-isolated basic Cuk Converter circuit.
to attest the analysis made.

Keywords – Cuk, converter, state-space, CCM, DCM,

PWM
I. I NTRODUCTION
The Cuk Converter was originally proposed in Prof. Slobo-
dan M. Ćuk’s thesis [1], and later in U.S. Patent 4,184,187
[2], granted on 1980 to its inventors, Slobodan M. Cuk and
Robert D. Middlebrook. Subsequent patents 4,257,087 (1981)
and 4,274,133 (1981) claimed improvements over the original
design.
The Cuk Converter is comprised of two inductances, one
In the Cuk Converter, input and output inductances can be
coupled into a transformer, as illustrated in Figure 2, because
their voltage waveforms are identical. One benefit is that either
the input or the output current ripple can be reduced by an
order of magnitude or more in comparison with their non-
coupled counterparts. A second benefit, instead of two cores
for two non-coupled inductors, a single core may be used,
thus it reduces the size, weight, and component count of the
converter.
·
· ·

in series with the input source and the other in series with L1 L2

the output load, which may be coupled or not. A storage Vin C2 Ro

· ·
capacitance is placed between the two inductances and may C1
be divided into two capacitors coupled by a transformer, if S D

electrical isolation between the source and the load is desired. · · ·

Both the input and output currents are non pulsating and have Fig. 2. Cuk Converter circuit with coupled inductors.
a current source characteristic.
One advantage of the Cuk Converter is that it uses a
The Cuk Converter can also be easily modified to provide
capacitor for energy transfer, unlike other topologies rely, to
electrical isolation between source and load, as shown in
some extent, on inductive energy transfer with its losses due
Figure 3. The storage capacitance must be divided in two,
to continually circulating currents. Capacitors also offer higher
one at the primary side and the other at the secondary side.
energy density per unit volume (or weight), resulting in smaller
Multiple secondary windings and outputs are also possible,
and lighter converters.
and output inductances can be coupled to the input (primary
The basic form of the Cuk Converter is shown in Figure 1.
side) inductance to reduce current ripple.
L1 and L2 are the input and output inductances, respectively.
C1 is the storage capacitance, and C2 is the output capacitance,
resulting in a LC filter with L2. Transistor S1 and diode L1 C11 C12 L2
·
D1 comprise an equivalent switch which either connects the · ·
junction of C1 and L1 or C1 and L2 to the common reference Vin S D C2 Ro
between the source and load. The Cuk Converter is naturally
inverting, as the Buck-Boost. In addition, it can also have a ·

DC gain greater or smaller than 1, i.e. the output voltage can

be greater or smaller than the input voltage. Fig. 3. Isolated Cuk Converter circuit.
 The goal of this work is to present different methods to respectively. In an ideal converter, the output voltage is equal
obtain the small-signal models for the basic Cuk Converter to the capacitor’s C2 voltage, but with C2 ’s series equivalent
of Figure 1. Non-idealities such as the series resistances of resistance (ESR) taken into account, Vo can be determined by
inductors and capacitors are taken into account. Both the CCM (5).
(Continuous Conduction Mode) and DCM (Discontinuous •
Conduction Mode) modes of operation are considered, and L1 iL1 = Vin + (−RS − RL1 )iL1 − RS iL2 (1)
simulation results for the small-signal models are presented to
attest the validity of the transfer functions obtained. •
C1 vC1 = −iL2 (2)
II. CCM O PERATION
CCM is the most common mode of operation of the vast
majority of CC-CC converters under nominal load. In CCM,
• −Ro
L2 iL2 =( )vC2 + vC1 − RS iL1 −
the converters have a voltage-source output characteristic, so RC2 + Ro
(3)
the output voltage is essentially independent of the load current Ro RC2
(Rs + RC1 + RL2 + )iL2
or load resistance R [3]. In the following sections, two distinct Ro + RC2
modelling methods will be used to obtain the transfer functions • Ro −1
for the Cuk Converter operating in CCM. C2 vC2 =( )iL2 + ( )vC2 (4)
Ro + RC2 Ro + RC2
A. State-Space Modeling RC2 Ro Ro
Although state-space modelling had been used long before, vo = ( )iL2 + ( )vC2 (5)
Ro + RC2 Ro + RC2
it was the work of Middlebrook and Cuk, [4] who presented
The second topological state is shown in Figure 6. Appli-
the state-space averaged modelling. It consists of averaging the
cable state equations (6) to (9) are obtained.
two exact state-space descriptions of the switched models over
a single switching period (Ts ). A perturbation and linearization iL1 VC1 iL2
process is then required to include the duty cycle modulation · ·
L1 RL1 RC1 L2 RL2
effect. One of the advantages of state-space modelling is that C1
VC2
C2
transfer functions become readily available without the need Vin RD Ro Vo
for circuit analysis or manipulations. RC2
Figure 4 presents the complete circuit to be investigated. It · ·
can be noticed that several non-idealities had been included:
inductors, capacitors, transistor and diode series resistances. Fig. 6. CCM operation - topological state 2.
Voltage polarities and current directions have been defined as
well.
•
iL1 VC1 iL2
L1 iL1 = vin − (RC1 + RL1 + RD )iL1 − RD iL2 − vC1 (6)
· · ·
L1 RL1 C1 RC1 L2 RL2 •
S D C2 VC2 C1 vC1 = iL1 (7)
Vin Ro Vo
RS RD RC2
· · ·
• RC2 Ro Ro
L2 iL2 = −(RL2 +RD + )iL2 −( )vC2 −RD iL1
RC2 + Ro Ro + RC2
Fig. 4. Cuk Converter circuit considering the losses. (8)

In CCM there are two topological states: the first when the • Ro 1
C2 v C2 = ( )iL2 − ( )vC2 (9)
switch S is turned on and diode D is blocked, and the second Ro + RC2 Ro + RC2
when S is turned off and D is conducting. The first topological Equations (1) to (9) are then represented in matrix form by
state is depicted in Figure 5. (11) to (19). Matrices subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the first and
second topological states.
iL1 VC1 iL2
· ·
•
L1 RL1 C1 RC1 L2 RL2 K x = Ax + Bu (10)
C2 VC2
Vin RS Ro Vo
RC2 y = Cx + Eu (11)
·

Fig. 5. CCM operation - topological state 1. iL1
 vC1 
The four state equations, corresponding to the four energy x= 
 iL2  (12)
storage elements, L1 , C1 , L2 and C2 , are shown in (1) to (4), vC2
 The next step is to replace the state-space descriptions of the
u = [vin ] (13) two topological states by a single state-space description which
represents approximately the behavior of the circuit across the
  entire switching period. This is accomplished by multiplying
L1 0 0 0
 0 the equations related to the first topological state by duty cycle
C1 0 0 
K1 = 
 0
 (14) d, and the equations related to the second topological state by
0 L2 0 
(1 − d) = d0 . Thus, (10) and (11) can be rewritten into (20)
0 0 0 C2
and (21), respectively.
 •
(−RS − RL1 ) 0 K x = [dA1 + d0 A2 ]x + [dB1 + d0 B2 ]u (20)


 0 0

A1 =  ... y = [dC1 + d0 C2 ]x + [dE1 + d0 E2 ]u (21)


 −R S 1 One must pay attention to the fact that, for now, d is not
 yet a time dependent variable, neither a switched discontinuous
0 0 variable which assumes values 1 or 0, but rather a fixed number
−RS 0
 for each switching cycle. Thus, (20) and (21) represent a linear
 continuous system.
−1 0

 Being a linear system, the superposition principle can be

 (15) applied, and one can proceed with introducing small perturba-
−(RS + RC1 + RL2 + Ro RC2 −Ro  tions around the operating points of the input, state and duty
Ro +RC2 )

Ro +RC2 
 cycle variables, as shown in (22) and (23), where x̂, û and dˆ
Ro −1 are small variations around X, U and D steady-state values.
Ro +RC2 Ro +RC2

•
 
1 ˆ 1 + (D0 − d)A
ˆ 2 ](X + x̂)+
K (X + x̂) =[(D + d)A
 0  (22)
B1 =  
 0  (16) ˆ 1 + (D0 − d)B
[(D + d)B ˆ 2 ](U + û)
0
ˆ 1 + (D0 − d)C
(Y + ŷ) =[(D + d)C ˆ 2 ](X + x̂)+

0 0 RC2 Ro Ro
 (23)
RC2 +Ro Ro +RC2 ˆ 1 + (D0 − d)E
[(D + d)E ˆ 2 ](U + û)
C1 = 1 0
 0 0  (17)
0 0 1 0 Distributing the terms, one can find:
  •
0 •
K X + |{z}
K x̂ = [AX + BU ] +
E1 =  0  (18) |{z} | {z }
0 AC
0 DC term
Ax̂ + B û + [(A1 − A2 )X + (B1 − B2 )U ]dˆ+
 | {z }
(−RC1 − RL1 − RD ) −1 AC terms

 (A1 − A2 )ûdˆ + (B1 − B2 )ûdˆ
 1 0 | {z }
non linear 2nd order terms

A2 = 
 ... (24)

 −R D 0

Y + ŷ = [CX + EU ] +
0 0 |{z} |{z} | {z }
DC AC DC term
−RD

0
 C x̂ + E û + [(C1 − C2 )X + (E1 − E2 )U ]dˆ+
 | {z }
0 0  AC terms
(C1 − C2 )ûdˆ + (E1 − E2 )ûdˆ

 (19)
Ro RC2 −Ro 
−(RD + RL2 + Ro +RC2 ) Ro +RC2  | {z }
 non linear 2nd order terms
 (25)
Ro −1
Ro +RC2 Ro +RC2 where:
It can be noted that iL1 and iL2 have been conveniently A = A1 D + A2 D 0
included as outputs of the system, by means of matrix C. The B = B1 D + B2 D0
reason is that transfer functions iL1 d and iL2 d will later be C = C1 D + C2 D0
obtained. E = E1 D + E2 D0
 Considering: iL1 VC1 iL2
· ·
L1 L2
Ap = K −1 A ·
C1
·
Bp = K −1 B Vin ·
VS VD C2 VC2 Ro Vo
·
Cp = C iS iD
Ep = E
Fp = K −1 [(A1 − A2 )X + (B1 − B2 )U ]
Gp = (C1 − C2 )X + (E1 − E2 )U Fig. 8. Cuk Converter PWM - Topological state 1.

The following transfer functions are obtained: iL1 VC1 iL2

 vo (s)  · · ·
L1 C1 L2
u(s)
iL1 (s) −1 · ·
 = Cp [(sI − Ap ) Bp ] + Ep (26)
 
 u(s) Vin ·
VS VD C2 VC2 Ro Vo
·
iL2 (s) iS iD
u(s)
·
 vo (s) 
d(s)
iL1 (s) Fig. 9. Cuk Converter PWM - Topological state 2.
−1
 = Cp [(sI − Ap ) Fp ] + Gp (27)
 
 d(s)
iL2 (s)
d(s)

B. PWM Switch Modelling VC1 = Vin + Vo (28)

The Cuk Converter is inherently a nonlinear system be-
In addition:
cause of its switching operation. However, the active switch
(transistor) and the passive switch (diode) can be combined
into an equivalent 3 terminal single-pole double-throw (SPDT) < VD >TS = −Vo (29)
switch, called PWM switch, which is solely responsible for the Then:
nonlinear behavior of the converter, being all other elements
linear. The separation of the nonlinear PWM Switch from the D
< VD >TS = −Vin (30)
linear remaining of the circuit is thus the basis of the PWM 1−D
switch modelling technique [5]. Also, in steady state conditions, the average current through
In the PWM Switch modelling, the switch network is each capacitor, over a switching period is zero, so (31) holds
replaced by voltage and current sources, in a manner that true.
the resulting circuit has only one topological state, i.e., its
connections do not vary in time. Then, the switch network < iC >TS = (−iL2 D) + (iL1 (1 − D)) = 0 (31)
waveforms are averaged over a switching period T s, such that
its terminal quantities are expressed in terms of state variables Which leads to:
(inductor currents and capacitor voltages) and independent
D
inputs (input voltage and duty cycle). At this point, the circuit iL1 = iL2 (32)
is still nonlinear because of the products of time-varying 1−D
quantities, so perturbation and linearization are used, in the iL2 D
same manner as done in section A for the state-space averaged < iS >TS = (33)
1−D
method.
Analyzing the ideal model of the Cuk Converter, the fol- Thus, the transistor and diode can be replaced by the
lowing circuit can be found: equivalent network shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11.

iL1 VC1 iL2

· · ·
i1(t)
L1 C1 L2 V2(t)
V1(t) S D
Vin S D C2 VC2 Ro Vo
i2(t)

· ·

Fig. 7. Ideal circuit of the Cuk Converter. Fig. 10. Switch Network.

The circuit in Figure 7 assumes two topological states, Perturbation and linearization of the voltages and currents
shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9. at the network ports lead to:
In steady state conditions, the average voltage across each D (I1 + I2 ) ˆ
inductor is zero over a switching period, thus (28) is obtained: (I1 + î1 ) = (I2 + î2 ) + d (34)
D0 D0
 Ro (1 + sC2 RC2 )
Zeq = (41)
1 + sC2 (Ro + RC2 )
Equations (36) to (40) can be written form, as in (42) to
(45).
 
î1 (s)
Fig. 11. Averaged switch network.  
 î2 (s)  v̂in (s)
M =N
ˆ (42)
 î3 (s)  d(s)
v̂1 (s)
D (V1 + V2 ) ˆ
(V2 + v̂2 ) = (V1 + v̂1 )+ d (35)  
D0 D0 î1 (s) i1 (s)
ˆ
v̂in (s) d(s)
Equations (34) and (35) can be realized in circuit form as 
 î2 (s) i2 (s)


depicted in Figure 12. v̂in (s) ˆ
d(s)  = M −1 N
 

 î3 (s) î3 (s)  (43)
 v̂in (s) ˆ
d(s)

 
v̂1 (s) î4 (s)
v̂in (s) ˆ
d(s)

RC1 + sC1 1 D 

RL1 + sL1 0 −D 0
D
 1 −1 −D 0 0 
M = D

 0 0 sL2 + RL2 + Zeq D 0

Fig. 12. Averaged switch network model. sL1 + RL1 0 0 1
(44)
Replacing the switches in Figure 7 by their equivalent  V1

averaged network model in Figure 12 results in the linear, −1 D 02
I2
time-invariant model shown in Figure 13.
 0 (D 0 )2

N = (45)
 
−V1
0

(D 0 )2
 
· · · 1 0
L1 RL1 C1 RC1 L2 RL2
^ C2 Where:
Vin+vin Ro Vo+v^ o
RC2
· · ·
îL1 (s) = î1 (s) (46)
-
+

·
I1+i^1 V1
·
D’
2 îL2 (s) = −î3 (s) (47)
V1+v^ 1
I2
2
V2+v^ 2
D’
·
I2+i^2 v̂o (s) = −î3 (s)Zeq (48)
·
D:D’
Using these relations, one can obtain the desired transfer
Fig. 13. Linear, time-invariant model of the Cuk Converter. functions by matrix operations.
Equations (36 to (41 can be readily obtained by simple III. DCM O PERATION
circuit analysis applied to Figure 13. Differently from CCM, DCM operation includes a third
topological state where both the switch S and diode D are
1 v̂1 D V1 dˆ not conducting. In the Cuk Converter, inductor currents do not
(RL1 + sL1 )î1 (s) + (RC1 + )î2 (s) − = v̂in + 02
sC1 D 0 D necessarily extinguish during a switching period, but remain
(36) constant while both S and D are blocked. Inductor voltages,
on the other hand, are null during the aforementioned interval.
D0 I2 dˆ The PWM Switch modelling method can be applied to
î1 (s) − î2 (s) + î3 (s) = 2 (37)
D (D0 ) the discontinuous mode, but changes to the switch model
become necessary: the input port cannot be represented by
D −V1 dˆ
(sL2 + RL2 + Zeq )î3 (s) + v̂1 = 2 (38) a dependent voltage or current source anymore. Instead, the
D0 (D0 ) transistor is modeled by an effective resistor Re , also called
lossless resistor. On the other hand, the diode is represented
(sL1 + RL1 )î1 (s) + v̂1 = v̂in (39)
by a dependent power source. The DC gain in DCM then
becomes load-dependent, because it is a function of the power
V1 = Vin − IL1 RL1 (40) processed by the converter and delivered to the load.
 iL1
Vo 2 Vin 2
IL1max = (58)
Ro Req
Thus, the static gain for the Cuk Converter operanting in
IL1min
t DCM is:
iL2 Vo
s
Ro
IL2max = (59)
Vin Req
In addition, the equivalent circuit of the Cuk Converter in
IL2min t DCM is illustrated in Figure 15.
iC1 C1
L1 L2
IL1mdc ·

Vin Req Peq C2 Ro

t
IL2mdc ·

Fig. 15. Time-invariant model of the Cuk Converter in DCM.

Fig. 14. Possible current waveforms for the Cuk Converter in DCM.
After perturbing the diode voltage and transistor current,
and applying the Taylor Serires expansion:
Figure 14 shows possible current waveforms through L1 ,
L2 and C1 for the discontinuous conduction mode. ∂
Averaging the currents and voltages of the dependent and IS + îS =f 1(Vin , Vo , D) + v̂in f |Vin =Vin +
∂Vin
independent switches: (60)
∂ ∂
v̂o f |Vo =Vo + dˆ f |D=D
∂vo ∂D
(Vin L2 + VC1 L1 − Vo L1 )d1 2 TS
< iS >TS = (49) v̂S = v̂in D1 2 A + 2dˆ1 D1 AVin (61)
2L1 L2

< vS >TS = Vin − Vin d1 + (VC1 − Vin )d2 (50) ∂

ID + îD =f 2(Vin , Vo , D) + v̂in f |Vin =Vin +
∂Vin
Vin VC1 − Vo d1 d2 (62)
∂ ∂
< iD >TS = (
L1
+
L2
)
2
TS (51) v̂o f |Vo =Vo + dˆ f |D=D
∂vo ∂D

< vD >TS = −Vo + (Vo − VC1 )d1 + Vo d2 (52) 2Vin D1 2 A 2 2 2

ˆ 2Vin D1 A ) − v̂o ( Vin D1 A )
îD = v̂in ( ) + d( 2
Voltage balance on the inductor L1 over a switching period Vo Vo Vo
(63)
results in: Where:
d1 Vin 1 1 TS
d2 = (53) A=( + ) (64)
Vo L1 L2 2
Substituting (53) in (49) to (52) leads to:

1 1 d1 2 TS 1
sC1
< iS >TS = Vin ( + ) (54) sL1 sL2
L1 L2 2
1
< vS >TS 1 Vin j1d
^
r1 g2v^ in
^
j2d1 r2 Ro
< Req >TS = = 1 2 (55) sC2
< iS >TS ( L1 + L12 ) d1 2TS

Vin 2 1 1 d1 2 TS
< iD >TS = ( + ) (56) Fig. 16. Small-signal model of the Cuk Converter in DCM.
Vo L1 L2 2
1
−Vin 2 r1 = (65)
< Peq >TS =< id >TS < vd >TS = (57) D1 2 A
Req
Equalizing input and output powers: j1 = 2D1 AVin (66)
 Vo 2 i1 (s) i1 (s)
 
r2 = (67) vin (s) d(s)
Vin 2 D1 2 A  i2 (s) i2 (s) 
 vin (s) d(s) 
i3 (s) i3 (s)  = M −1 N
 
2Vin 2 D1 A 
vin (s) d(s) (74)
j2 = (68)
 
i4 (s) i4 (s)
Vo
 
 vin (s) d(s) 
i5 (s) i5 (s)
2Vin D1 2 A vin (s) d(s)
g2 = (69)
Vo It is also known that:
Adding the parasitic resistances:
iL1 (s) = i1 (s) (75)
1
sL1 RL1 sC1 RC1 sL2 RL2
· · · · ·
iL2 (s) = −i5 (s) (76)
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 1
^ ^
v^ in j1d r1 g2v^ in+j2d1 r2 sC2 Ro
RC2 vo (s) = −i5 (s)Zeq (77)
· · · · ·

By applying (75) to (77) in (74), all transfer functions of

Fig. 17. Small-signal model including parasitic resistances.
interest are obtained.
Writing current loop equations in matrix form: IV. C ANONICAL M ODEL
 
i1 The canonical circuit model was first proposed in Slobo-
 i2    dan Ćuk’s thesis as a means for representing any converter
  v̂in
M  i3  = N (70) configuration in a standard form, regardless of its detailed
dˆ
 
 i4  configuration. It incorporates all three basic properties of a
i5 DC-DC converter: the DC-DC conversion function itself, rep-
resented by an ideal DC/DC transformer, control (via voltage
 and current sources dependent on duty cycle d) ˆ and low-pass
sL1 + RL1 r1 −r1
 filtering.
The canonical model can be derived from the state-space

 1 −1 0
description of the converter. One or more state equations are


1 realized into equivalent circuits, which in turn are coupled

M = 0 −r1 r1 + RC1 + sC1 ...
via ideal transformers. Once the complete model is obtained,


circuit manipulations are used to reflect all passive components

 0 0 1
to the right (secondary) side, all voltage and current sources


0 0 0 to the left (primary) side, and all transformers combined into
 a single one.
0 0
 By averaging state equations over a switching period, (78)
 to (80) are obtained.
0 0 



r2 −r2 
 (71) Vin − vL1 − vC1 (1 − D) − iL1 [RC1 (1 − d) + RL1 ] = 0 (78)


−1 0 
iL1 (1 − d) − iC1 − iL2 D = 0 (79)


−r2 sL2 + RL2 + r2 + Zeq
 
1 0 Ro Ro RC2
 0 j1  vC1 d−vL2 −vC2 ( )−iL2 (RC1 d+RL1 + )=0
  Ro + RC2 Ro + RC2
N =  0 0 
 (72) (80)
 g2 j2  Equations (78) to (80) are realized into the ciruit shown in
0 0 Figure 18.
After perturbation, separation of DC and AC terms, and
Ro (sC2 RC2 + 1) disregard of second-order terms, the left loop of Figure 18 is
Zeq = (73)
s(Ro C2 + RC2 C2 ) + 1 represented by:
All relations can then be derived by matrix operations in
(74). Vin − VC1 D0 − IL1 D0 − IL1 RL1 = 0 (81)
 L1 RL1+RC1d’ L2 RL2+RC1D
•
C2 ˆ C1 D−v̂C2 RA −îL2 DRC1 −IL2 RC1 d−
ˆ îL2 RB = L2 î
Vin VC1d’ +
iL1d’ iL2d’
-
VC1D Ro VC1 d+v̂
- C1 +
L2
RC2 (88)

v̂C1 dˆ − îL2 dR
ˆ C1 ≈ 0 (89)
Fig. 18. Averaged model of the Cuk Converter in CCM.

Figure 21 shows the small-signal model of the right loop in

Figure 18.
•
ˆ L1 RC1 d−
v̂in −v̂C1 D0 +VC1 d+I ˆ îL1 RC1 D0 −îL1 RL1 = L1 îL1 sL2
DRC1
(82) ^ 1
Vc1d
sC2
Ro
− v̂C1 dˆ + RC1 îL1 dˆ ≈ 0 (83) v^ C1D RC2
^
IL2RC1d
-

+
Figure 19 shows the small-signal model of the left loop in
Figure 18. Fig. 21. Small-signal model for the L2 voltage and C2 current loops.
+
-

sL Joining the models from Figures 19 to 21 into a single

(VC1+IL1RC1)d RC1D’ RL1
^
model:
v^ in v^ C1D’ +
-
(VC1+IL1RC1)d^ L1 VC1d^ L2
-
+

+
-
RL1+RC1D’ RL2+DRC1
^ C2
(IL1+IL2)d
Vin+v^ in C1 Ro
Fig. 19. Small-signal model for the L1 voltage loop. RC2
-

+
^
After perturbation, separation of DC and AC terms, and D’:1 1:D IL2RC1d
disregard of second-order terms, the middle loop of Figure 18
Fig. 22. DC and small-signal model for the Cuk Converter in CCM.
is represented by:

By proper manipulations, the Canonical Model for the Cuk

IL1 D0 − DIL2 = 0 (84)
Converter in CCM is presented in Figure 23.

•
îL1 D0 − DîL2 − (IL1 + IL2 )dˆ = C1 v̂C1 (85) va vb R1 L1D’2 2 L2 RL2+DRC1
- D
· - · ·
+

·
C2
Vin+v^ in ia C1 Ro
−îL2 dˆ − dˆîL2 ≈ 0 (86) · RC2
· · ·
Figure 20 shows the small-signal model of the middle loop D’:D
in Figure 18.
Fig. 23. Canonical model for the Cuk Converter in CCM.

1 D0 2
^ ^ ^ R1 = ( ) (RC1 D0 + RL1 ) (90)
iL2D’ DiL2 (IL1+IL2)d D
sC1
0 0
ˆ C1 (1 − D ) + RC1 ( D IL2 + IL1 )]
vA = d[V (91)
Fig. 20. Small-signal model for the C1 current loop. D D

After perturbation, separation of DC and AC terms, and 0

disregard of second-order terms, the right loop of Figure 18 ˆ D sC1 (VC1 − IL2 RC2 )]
iA = d[ (92)
D3
is represented by:

VC1 D − VC2 RA − IL2 DRC1 − IL2 RB = 0 (87) vB = iA (RC1 D0 + RL1 + sL1 ) (93)
 TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF THE SIMULATED CIRCUIT

CCM DCM
Vin=50 Vin=50
L1=10m L1=7u
L2=10m L2=16u
C1=100u C1=100u
C2=100u C2=100u
R=5 R=12 Fig. 26. Current in the inductor L1 for CCM with variation in the input
D=0.3 D=0.42 voltage.
RL1=0.01 RL1=1m
RL2=0.01 RL2=1m
RC1=0.001 RC1=1m
RC2=0.001 RC2=1m
Rs=0 Rs=0
Rd=0 Rd=0
fs=20k fs=100k

V. S IMULATION RESULTS Fig. 27. Current in the inductor L1 for CCM with variation in the duty cycle.
The switched model of the Cuk Converter was simulated in
Simulink both for CCM and DCM operation. Parameters used
on the simulation are presented in table I.
First of all, in order to compare the results, all the steps in
the input voltage will be 2 volts for both CCM and DCM
simulations. Also, the steps for the duty cycle will be an
increment of 0.02 in 0.2 seconds.
Furthermore, the figures below compare the response of the
model, the switched circuit and the average result obtained Fig. 28. Current in the inductor L2 for CCM with variation in the input
with a second order low-pass filter. voltage.
In Figure 24 the response of the output voltage to an input
voltage step variation for CCM operation is shown.

Fig. 29. Current in the inductor L2 for CCM with variation in the duty cycle.

Fig. 24. Output voltage for CCM with variation in the input voltage.
At last, simulation results for DCM operation are presented
One can verify that the dynamics of the transfer function in figures below. Again, the validity of the transfer functions
obtained from state-space averaging and PWM Switch are in is demonstrated.
accordance with the simulations of the switched and averaged
circuits.
Likewise, the following figures show Vout , iL1 and iL2 re-
sponses to a step in the input voltage and in the duty cycle, also
for CCM operation. The results show solid agreement between
the transfer functions and the switched circuit simulations.

Fig. 30. Output voltage for DCM with variation in the input voltage.

Fig. 25. Output voltage for CCM with variation in the duty cycle.
VI. C ONCLUSION
In this work the basic features of the Cuk Converter were
presented. Also, distinct modeling methods were used to
obtain the various transfer functions of the converter, includ-
ing nonidealities such as series resistances of inductors and

Fig. 31. Output voltage for DCM with variation in the duty cycle.
Fig. 32. Current in the inductor L1 for DCM with variation in the input
voltage.
of the Cuk Converter in CCM was derived.
The Cuk Converter is a fourth-order system, and when
non-idealities such as parasitic resistances are considered, the
modelling job becomes even more challenging. Thankfully,
software tools are now available which greatly help the mod-
elling task. When the Cuk Converter was conceived some 30+
years ago, this was certainly not the case.
R EFERENCES
[1] S. M. Cuk, Modelling, Analysis, and Design of Switching Converters,
Doctor Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California,
1977.
[2] S. M. Cuk, R. D. Middlebrook, invertors, California Institute of Tech-
nology, assignee. DC-to-DC Switching Converter. United States Patent
4,184,197. 1980.
[3] R. W. Erickson, Fundamentals of Power Electronics. Second Edition.
Secaucus, NJ, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
[4] R. D. Middlebrook, S. Cuk, A General Unified Approach to Modelling
Switching-Converter Power Stage. IEEE Transactions on Power Electron-
ics, 1977, 42, 521-550.
[5] R. Tymerski et al, Nonlinear Modeling of the PWM Switch, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, v. 4, n. 2, April 1989.

Fig. 33. Current in the inductor L1 for DCM with variation in the duty cycle.

Fig. 34. Current in the inductor L2 for DCM with variation in the input
voltage.

Fig. 35. Current in the inductor L2 for DCM with variation in the duty cycle.

capacitors. Finally, simulation results attested the validity of

the mathematical development.
The state-space averaged method is based on a very compact
description of the system in matrix form, and allows for the
immediate obtention of all transfer functions of interest. The
PWM Switch method, on the other hand, allows for more
physical insight into the original switched circuit, since it
maintains the original circuit structure and only the transistor
and diode are replaced by an equivalent switch network. It was
demonstrated that this technique is also appropriate for the
discontinuous conduction mode. At last, the canonical form

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