Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021

SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

I. Introduction
In the real number system, there is no solution to the equation 𝑥 2 = −1. In this lesson, we will study a
new number system in which the equation does have a solution.
The backbone of this new number system is the number 𝑖, also known as the imaginary unit

By taking multiples of this imaginary unit, we can create infinitely many more new numbers
like3𝑖, √5𝑖, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 12𝑖. These are examples of imaginary numbers.
However, we can go even further than that and add real numbers and imaginary numbers, for
example 2 + 7𝑖, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 − √2𝑖. These combinations are called complex numbers. -Khan Academy

I. Subject Matter
Complex Numbers: Imaginary Numbers & complex numbers, forms of complex numbers, Properties &
operations on complex numbers
II. Learning objectives
• Students be able to understand what is an imaginary number (Understanding)
• Students be able to differentiate Real numbers from Imaginary numbers (Understanding)
• Students be able to transform complex numbers to rectangular form, exponential and trigonometric
form (Applying)
III. Examples and Discussions

Topic1.1: Imaginary Numbers & Complex numbers

What is an Imaginary Number?
Figure 1.1:
Numbers

Real Imaginary

𝑒𝑥.

𝑒𝑥. Rational Irrational Pure Complex 3 + 4𝑖, 8 − 𝑖

1
̅
2, −1, , 0.33,
3
𝑒𝑥. 𝑒𝑥.

√2, 𝜋, 𝑒 −𝑖
√−1 = 𝑖, 2𝑖,
3

as you can see Imaginary numbers square root of a negative number or to be more specific the square
root of negative 1 and popularly denoted by the symbol 𝑖 as shown below.

√−1 = 𝑖

√−2 = √2(−1) = √2 ∙ √−1 = √2𝑖

√−25 = √25(−1) = √25 ∙ √−1 = 5𝑖

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Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

Powers of an Imaginary: here is one of the interesting properties of an imaginary when raised to
a positive integer.
𝑖1 = 𝑖
2
𝑖 2 = (√−1) = −1

𝑖 3 = 𝑖 1 ∙ 𝑖 2 = 𝑖 ∙ −1 = −𝑖

𝑖 4 = 𝑖 2 ∙ 𝑖 2 = −1 ∙ −1 = 1

Can you continue the pattern? What is the equivalent of 𝑖 5 ? 𝑖 6 ? 𝑖 7 ? 𝑖 8 ?

Brain teaser: evaluate 𝒊𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏

Quick test: do Exercise 1 on the exercises content on a ½ crosswise sheet of paper.
For more info: https://www.purplemath.com/modules/complex.htm

Topic1.2: Plotting a Complex number

What is a Complex number?
Is a combination of imaginary and real number and can be written in form 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊. Where, 𝒂 is the real
part and 𝒃𝒊 is called the imaginary part. Both 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 are real numbers. (refer to figure 1.1 for examples)

Unlike real numbers, Imaginary numbers cannot be found on the Cartesian plane, because
the Imaginary numbers are in a different dimension, and we have a special plane for imaginary numbers
called the Argand Diagram, named after the French mathematician Jean-Robert Argand.

The Argand Diagram is a geometrical plot of complex numbers also known as complex
plane. The x-axis (Horizontal axis) represents the Real parts and the y-axis (vertical axis) represents the
imaginary parts.

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Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

Example 1: what is the complex number 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 in the graph actual value?

Solution:

Process Explanation
First determine the value of a at the real axis
𝑎 = 4.5
and this equivalent to 4.5
𝑏 = 3.5 Second is determine the value of b at the
imaginary and that is equivalent to 3.5
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 4.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 3.5 Substitute the value of a and b
𝟒. 𝟓 + 𝟑. 𝟓𝒊 Final Answer

Example 2: Plot the complex number 𝑧 = −3 − 𝑖.

Solution:

Process Explanation
𝑎 = −3 In the equation the real part 𝑎 = −3
𝑏 = −1 In the equation the real part 𝑏 = −1

We can now just plot the coordinates

(𝑎, 𝑏)𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑎 = −3 & 𝑏 = −1
(−3, −1)

𝑧 = −3 − 𝑖
Lastly connect the dot and the origins

Quick test: do Exercise 2 on the exercises content on a ½ crosswise sheet of paper.

For more examples: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGzXIbauGQk

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 Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

Topic 2.1: FORMS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

I. Rectangular Form
Rectangular form or sometimes called as the cartesian form is the most common way
to represent a complex number. Where:

𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

Real Part Imaginary Part

II. Polar Form

We can also represent our complex number to polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃).

Where:

𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃

Modulus/Absolute value Argument

-is the distance of the -is the angle formed by the
point to the origin Modulus to the positive real
axis. Unit is in radian or
Degrees

Informative questions:
𝑏 1. What does a 𝜃 = 0° mean?
2. What does a 𝜃 = 90° mean?
3. What does a 𝜃 = 180° mean?
4. What does a 𝜃 = 270° mean?

Observations on Figure 2.1

Sassa 1. The modulus “𝑟” can be solve using Pythagorean

𝑎 21212121 𝒓 = |𝒛| = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

Figure 2.1 2. The Argument “𝜃” can be solve using trigonometry

𝒃 𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔; 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 |𝒂|

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 Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

III. Trigonometric Form

Combination of Polar and Rectangular comes Trigonometric. As shown on figure 2.1 we can solve for
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 using a little trigonometry.

• Solving b using the sine function

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏
sin 𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟
𝑏
sin 𝜃 =
𝑟
𝒃 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

• Solving a using the cosine function

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎
cos 𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟
𝑎
cos 𝜃 =
𝑟
𝒂 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Substituting the values of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 the rectangular form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + (𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑖
IV. Exponential Form

The last form is called the exponential form, derived from Euler’s formula.

Take Note:
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝜃𝑖 The argument 𝜃 is always on
radians

For more info:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:complex/x9e81a4f98389efdf:com
plex-polar/a/complex-number-forms-review

Topic 2.2: Transformations of a Complex number

On this topic we are going to transform complex number to its different forms.

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 Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

A. Rectangular form Polar, Trigonometric & Exponential form.

Example 1: Transform 𝑧 = 2 + 2𝑖 to Trigonometric form (Quadrant 1)

Solution:

Process Explanation
First determine the value of a at the real axis
𝑎=2
and this equivalent to 2
𝑏=2 Second is determine the value of b at the
imaginary and that is equivalent to 2
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 Use the formula for solving the Modulus
𝒓 = √𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 = √𝟖 𝒐𝒓 𝟐√𝟐 Substitute the value of a & b, then solve
𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1 | | Use the formula for solving the Argument
𝑎
2
𝜃 = tan−1 | | = 45° Substitute the value of a & b, then solve
2
𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝝅
45° × = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 Convert 45° to radians
180° 𝟒
Final Answer! Just substitute the values of the
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐√𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒 + 𝟐√𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒 𝒊 Argument and Modulus to trigonometric form
formula
Example 2: Transform 𝑧 = −2 + 2𝑖 to Pola form (Quadrant 2)
Solution:

Process Explanation
First determine the value of a at the real axis
𝑎 = −2
and this equivalent to -2
𝑏=2 Second is determine the value of b at the
imaginary and that is equivalent to 2
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 Use the formula for solving the Modulus
𝒓 = √(−𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 = √𝟖 𝒐𝒓 𝟐√𝟐 Substitute the value of a & b, then solve
𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1 | | Use the formula for solving the Argument
𝑎
2
𝜃 = tan−1 | | = 45° Substitute the value of a & b, then solve
−2
Since the complex number is located at the
quadrant 2, that means our 𝟗𝟎° < 𝜽 < 𝟏𝟖𝟎°,
45° + 90° = 135°
so in this case we add 𝟗𝟎° to our computed
angle.
𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝟑𝝅
135° × = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 Convert 135° to radians
180° 𝟒
𝟑𝝅 Final Answer! Just substitute the values of the
𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐√𝟐∠ 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟑𝟓°
𝟒 Argument and Modulus to the Polar form
formula

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 Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

Example 3: Transform 𝑧 = −2 − 2𝑖 to Pola form (Quadrant 3)

Solution:

Process Explanation
First determine the value of a at the real axis
𝑎 = −2
and this equivalent to -2
𝑏 = −2 Second is determine the value of b at the
imaginary and that is equivalent to 2
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 Use the formula for solving the Modulus
𝒓 = √(−𝟐)𝟐 + (−𝟐)𝟐 = √𝟖 𝒐𝒓 𝟐√𝟐 Substitute the value of a & b, then solve
𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1 | | Use the formula for solving the Argument
𝑎
−2
𝜃 = tan−1 | | = 45° Substitute the value of a & b, then solve
−2
Since the complex number is located at the
quadrant 3, that means our 180° < 𝜽 < 𝟐𝟕𝟎°,
45° + 180° = 225°
so in this case we add 𝟏𝟖𝟎° to our computed
angle.
𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝟓𝝅
225° × = 1.25𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 Convert 225° to radians
180° 𝟒
𝟓𝝅 Final Answer! Just substitute the values of the
𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊 == 𝟐√𝟐𝒆 𝟒 𝒊 Argument and Modulus to the Polar form
formula

Take Note: based on the examples, if the complex number is located at quadrant 4, what value do we
add to our computed angle? That’s right we add 𝟐𝟕𝟎°.

B. Polar form Rectangular, Trigonometric & Exponential form. This two has the same method
of conversion.
C. Trigonometric form Rectangular, Polar & Exponential

Example 4: Transform 𝑧 = 2√2∠315° to Rectangular form (Quadrant 4)

Solution:

Process Explanation
+ 𝑟 = 2√2 First determine the value of the Modulus r
Second is determine the value of the Argument
𝜃 = 135°
𝜃
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Substitute r and 𝜃 to the derived formula for
𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 solving a and b
𝑎 = (2√2)(𝑐𝑜𝑠135°) = 2
Solve for a and b using calculator
𝑏 = (2√2)(𝑠𝑖𝑛135°) = −2
Final Answer! Just substitute the values of a
𝟐√𝟐∠𝟑𝟏𝟓° = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒊
and b to the formula of a Rectangular form
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 Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

Example 5: Transform 𝑧 = 5 cos 156° + (5sin 156 °)𝑖 to Polar form (Quadrant 2)
Solution:

Process Explanation
𝑟=5 First determine the value of the Modulus r
𝜃 = 156° Second is determine the value of the Argument 𝜃
𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
Substitute r and 𝜃 to the formula of Polar form.
𝑧 = 5∠156°
𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟓𝟔° + (𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟓𝟔°)𝒊 = 𝟓∠𝟏𝟓𝟔° Final Answer!
Example 6: Transform 𝑧 = √3∠280° to Exponential form (Quadrant 2)
Solution:

Process Explanation
First determine the value of the Modulus
𝑟 = √3 r
Second is determine the value of the
𝜃 = 280°
Argument 𝜃
Convert 280° to radians, because the
𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝟏𝟒𝝅
280° × = 1.56𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 argument on exponential form is always
180° 𝟗 in radian.
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝜃𝑖 Substitute r and 𝜃 to the formula of
14𝜋
𝑧= √3𝑒 9 𝑖 Exponential form.
𝟏𝟒𝝅
√𝟑∠𝟐𝟖𝟎° = √𝟑𝒆 𝟗 𝒊 Final Answer!

D. Exponential form Rectangular, Trigonometric & Polar form.

𝜋
Example 7: Transform 𝑧 = 7𝑒 2 𝑖 to Rectangular form
Solution:

Process Explanation
𝑟=7 First determine the value of the Modulus r
𝜋 Second is determine the value of the Argument
𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 90°
2 𝜃
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Substitute r and 𝜃 to the derived formula for
𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 solving a and b
𝑎 = (7)(𝑐𝑜𝑠90°) = 0
Solve for a and b using calculator
𝑏 = (7)(𝑠𝑖𝑛90°) = 7
𝑎 =0 &𝑏 =7 Substitute the value of a and b to the formula of
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 a Rectangular form
𝝅
𝟕𝒆𝟐 𝒊 = 𝟕𝒊 Final Answer!

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 Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

Example 8: Transform 𝑧 = √5𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 to Trigonometric form

Solution:

Process Explanation
𝑟 = √5 First determine the value of the Modulus r
Second is determine the value of the
𝜃 = 2𝜋
Argument 𝜃
Substitute r and 𝜃 to the formula of
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃𝑖 trigonometric form. You may or may not
convert the angle to degrees.
√𝟓𝒆𝟐𝝅𝒊 = √𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅 + (√𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅)𝒊 Final Answer!

Example 9: Transform 𝑧 = 8𝑒 0.5𝑖 to Trigonometric form

Solution:

Process Explanation
𝑟=8 First determine the value of the Modulus r
Second is determine the value of the
𝜃 = 0.5
Argument 𝜃
Substitute r and 𝜃 to the formula of
𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃 trigonometric form. You may or may not
convert the angle to degrees.
𝟖𝒆𝟎.𝟓𝒊 = 𝟖∠𝟎. 𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟖. 𝟔𝟓° Final Answer!

Quick test: do Exercise 3 on the exercises content on a ½ crosswise sheet of paper.

IV. Exercises
Exercise 1: Evaluate the following by simplifying the given to its simplest imaginary form (2pts final
answer, 1pt solution)
1. √−4
2. √−8
3. √−45
4. 𝑖 16
5. 𝑖 24 × 𝑖 37 − 𝑖 87 ÷ 𝑖 74

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 Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

Exercise 2:
A. Give the complex number equivalent of the given points on the Argand Diagram.

𝑑
𝑒
𝑎

𝑐
𝑏

B. Plot the following complex numbers

1. −3𝑖
2. −4 + 2𝑖
3. 2.5
Exercise 3: transform the following complex numbers.
1. −3 + 𝑖 to polar, trigonometric and Exponential form
2. 7∠30° to rectangular, Trigonometric and Exponential form
3. 4 cos 240° + (4sin 240 °)𝑖 to rectangular, trigonometric and Exponential form
4. √29𝑒 5.093𝑖 to Rectangular, Polar and Trigonometric

V. Assessment/Evaluation
Write your answer on a 1 whole sheet of paper, and follow the format.

Name: __________________ Date passed: ___________

Course & yr. level: _______________ Score: ____________

Directions: Read the instructions carefully before answering.

I. In your own words, how did you understand Imaginary numbers? (minimum of 100 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

II. What is the difference between Real, Imaginary and Complex numbers? (Minimum of 100 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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 Module 1: Advance Engineering Mathematics Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE2

III. Simplify the following (2pts final answer & 1pt solution)
1. √−81
2. √−56
3. √−7
4. 𝑖 1002
5. 2𝑖 20 × −3𝑖 53 − 𝑖 7 ÷ 2𝑖 52
IV. Give the Complex number equivalent of the following points (2pts each)

V. Plot the Following complex number to the argand diagram (2pts each)
1. 3 + 5𝑖
2. −2.5𝑖
3. −1 − 2𝑖
4. −1.5
5. −6 + 3𝑖
VI. Transform the following Complex numbers (3pts final answer & 2pts solutions)
1. 7 − 𝑖 to polar and Exponential form
2. 10∠130° to rectangular and Trigonometric form
3. 5 cos 180° + (5sin 180 °)𝑖 to rectangular and Exponential form
4. 4√2𝑒 1.75𝑖 to Polar and Trigonometric

VI. Learning Resources/References

• Khan Academy website and youtube
• Calculus a complete course 9th edition by Robert A. Adams
• Higher Engineering Mathematics 8th edition by John Bird
• Precaculus: Mathematics for Calculus 7th edition by James Stewart
• Brilliant.org

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