Assignment Communication System

Due date June 7th 2013 [ date will not be extended] ,Submit only HARD Copies by 0900 am Friday June 7 th 2013 ,

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1 Subjective [ Descriptive ] 5%

Q1.Explain [ 20-40 words each ]

i. Telephone System
ii. Cellular Systems
iii. Packet Data Systems
iv. Satellite Systems
v. Microwave Systems
vi. Fiber Optic Systems

Q2. What do we mean by :

i. Baseband and Broadband Signals

ii. Time-Division Multiplexing
iii. Frequency-Division Multiplexing
iv. Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCO)
v. Envelope Filters (Envelope Detectors)
vi. Modulation & Demodulation
vii. Analog & Digital
viii. Communication Mediums
ix. Coherent Receivers.
Q3
Give definitions of : [search internet] , you may copy and paste.

 Analog Modulation Introduction

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Phase Modulation (PM)
 FM and PM Generalization
 AM Receivers

o Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

o Binary Modulation Schemes
o M-ary Modulation Schemes
o Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
o Noncoherent Receivers
o Line Codes

Q4

Describe terms [ 20-40 words for each ].

Wave Propagation
Antennas
Noise Figure
Wired Transmission
Wireless Transmission
Space-Division Multiplexing
Fading Channels
2 MCQ/Quiz 5%

1. In Mobile telecommunication systems, a number of databases are used to store information about mobile
users. One of these databases contains data records about mobile stations that can be used to check for
stolen mobile stations. This type of database is known as _________________.

a. home location register

b. visitor location register
c. equipment identity register
d. signaling level register

2. The banyan network is an example of a blocking network. There are two types of blocking that occur in the
banyan network: one is called the output port blocking and the other is called ______________.

a. internal link blocking

b. external link blocking
c. input link blocking
d. buffer link blocking

3. A convenient way for specifying a queuing system is to use Kendall notation which takes the form: A/B/N/R.
In Kendall notation, Symbol B is used to represent ____________.

a. the arrival process

b. the service process
c. the number of servers
d. the maximum number of jobs in the queue

4. Consider the following self-synchronizing scrambler:

 The tap polynomial that represents the above self-synchronizing scrambler is ____________

a. 1+x-2+ x-4
b. 1+x-3+ x-5
c. 1+x-2+ x-5
d. 1+x-3+ x-4

5. Golay code and Reed-Solomon codes are examples of _____________ that are commonly used in
communication system.

a. convolutional error-correcting codes

b. tree error-correcting codes
c. parity error-correcting codes
d. block error-correcting codes
6. Viterbi decoding is one of the most commonly used technique in modern systems that is used to decode the
data encoded by ___________________.

a. block coding
b. Hamming coding
c. convolutional coding
d. CRC coding

7. Given the following binary modulation scheme shown below:

The above modulation scheme is an example of _____________________.

a. phase shift keying

b. frequency shift keying
c. amplitude shift keying
d. continuous-phase frequency shift keying
8. In a linear system, if an input x1(t) produces an output y1(t), and an input x2(t) produces an output y2(t), then
an input x1(t) + x2(t) produces an output y1(t) + y2(t). This property of the linear system obeys
____________________.

a. frequency preservation property

b. orthogonal property
c. principle of superposition
d. amplification property

9. Applications like Digitally coded voice signals, high quality audio signals and constant bit rate video signals
are used in ATM network where the preservation of a constant bit-rate is the most significant. These
applications are supported by the ATM Adaptation layer of _____________.

a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type ¾
d. Type 5

10. On-off keying is the modulation scheme used for the majority of optical-fiber communication systems. This
scheme is an example of ____________________.

a. binary frequency shift keying

b. binary phase shift keying
c. binary continuous-phase frequency shift keying
d. binary amplitude shift keying

11. Light is an electromagnetic wave similar to a radio signal with a frequency __________________.

a. very much slower than frequency of a radio signal

b. very much higher than frequency of a radio signal
c. identical to the frequency of a radio signal
d. very similar to the frequency of a radio signal
12. When a specific physical transmission channel is provided for the exclusive and continuous use of each
path through a network, this is called _____________.

a. packet switching
b. circuit switching
c. network switching
d. virtual switching
13. Packets can be transmitted through a packet-switched network as independent packets. This kind of
transmission is known as _________________.

a. datagrams
b. virtual circuits
c. asynchronous
d. synchronous

14. The most common addressing scheme used in internet is IP version 4. This IP version is composed of
__________.

a. 24 bits
b. 36 bits
c. 32 bits
d. 64 bits

15. Differential coding produces an output in which the information is contained in differences between
successive bits such that the output changes state if the input bit is a 1 otherwise the output remains the
same. Assuming the initial condition for the output is 0, the differential coding for the input sequence
1100101 is ___________.

a. 1011101
b. 1010101
c. 1000110
d. 1111101

16. The routing tables within the router are used for routing the packets. The need for routing tables can be
avoided by using simple strategies. An example of such a simple strategy is ___________.

a. dynamic alternative routing

b. least-cost routing
c. flooding routing
d. static routing

17. One way of implementing a time switch is to use two memory devices: one for storing the incoming data and
the other stores the order in which the octets are sent to the outgoing lines. The memory device that is used
for storing incoming data is called ______________.

a. connection store
b. speech store
 c. buffer store
d. space store

18. In optical fiber systems, there are two sorts of light sources: light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes.
The optical line-width of a laser diode is _______________________.

a. narrower than that of a LED

b. wider than that of a LED
c. equal to that of a LED
d. similar to that of a LED
19. In a communication system, when two finite-power waveforms x (t) and y (t) having the properties: <x y>
=0 and < (x + y)2 >= <x>2 + <y>2 , then these waveforms are said to be __________.

a. identical
b. overlap
c. similar
d. orthogonal

20. An important impairment to digital signals in a communication system is the irregularities in timing caused
by imperfections in clock extraction and waveform regeneration. This effect is known as
__________________.

a. jitter
b. aliasing
c. fading
d. attenuation

21. When a gap exists in optical fiber cable, a reflection of the signal passing in the fiber will occur. This effect is
know as __________________.

a. aliasing reflection
b. fresnel reflection
c. wireless reflection
d. glass reflection

22. Optical amplifiers are devices which are used to amplify the signals passing in optical fiber cables. One of
the technologies used for manufacturing optical amplifiers is ________________.

a. Jaccop’s amplifiers
b. copper amplifiers
 c. iron amplifiers
d. Raman amplifiers

23. In ATM network, each message is divided into a number of equal sized packets called cells. Each cell
carries a number of octets equal to __________.

a. 32
b. 48
c. 53
d. 64

24. In ATM network, the main task of the ATM layer is to __________________.

a. organize the multiplexing and switching of the cells

b. split data into a number of octet chunks to fit the size of a cell and pass these to lower layer
c. minimize the possibility of cells with corrupted headers being passed on to upper layer
d. all of the above

25. Because ATM is a packet-switched network, several cells destined for the same output could arrive from
different inputs within the same cell time slot. The simultaneous arrival of more than one cell needing to be
directed to the same output is known as ______________.

a. queuing
b. buffering
c. lacking
d. contention
26. A metallic wire can be made dc blocking by adding a transformer or capacitor to prevent dc signals from
passing which affects transmitted signals causing them to drift towards 0 V as shown in the figure below:

This effect is called ___________________.

a. crosstalk
b. aliasing
c. base-band signal modulation
d. baseline wander

27. Interleaving is a technique used to allow error-correcting codes to protect against bursts. If we are
interleaving K code words from a block error correcting code with code words of length L bits (using a matrix
with dimensions K rows and L columns), this will introduce ______________.

a. a total delay = (K x L)
b. a total delay= 2 (K x L)
c. a total delay= 4 (K x L)
d. no delay

28. One type of optical fiber is the ___________________ that is cheap, easy to use and suitable for short-
distance communication.

a. glass fiber
b. iron fiber
c. copper fiber
d. plastic fiber

29. In optical fiber, the data carrying capacity of a single fiber can be increased by a special type of multiplexing
known as __________________.
 a. code division multiplexing
b. frequency division multiplexing
c. amplitude division multiplexing
d. phase division multiplexing

30. A useful spectral model of many types of noise encountered in communication systems is White noise. An
important property of a White noise is that it has ____________________.

a. a decreasing power density for all frequencies

b. an increasing power density for all frequenciesa constant power density for all frequencies
c. an increasing power density for high frequencies only

3 Technical Report Writing 5%

Write a technical report on following:

The Telecommunications Ordnance of 1994 created the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), Pakistan's
first independent telecommunications regulator, and the Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd (PTCL), a state-
owned monopoly.
Due to a lack of competition, local telephone call rates were high and international call rates were even higher.
During the 1990s, a call to United States cost $5 per minute (300PkRs per minute), which was not affordable for
most of the population. In addition customer service was poor; fixing a problem might take 10 to 15 days. Despite
this, consumers had to stick with PTCL, as they had no other options.
This prompted the government to take a series of actions to improve the service by opening the telecommunications
market. This was critical, but required a fine balance because opening the market and preserving PTCL were both
important for the government.
In July 2003 the government introduced a Deregulation Policy for the Telecommunication Sector,[4] which allowed
and encouraged foreign companies to invest in the Pakistani telecommunications market.The centerpiece of the
deregulation was the establishment of two categories of basic services licenses: Local loop (LL), for fixed line
telecommunication within the 14 PTCL regions, and Long-distance and International (LDI), for connectivity between
regions.” Two sets of criteria set by the regulatory authorities must be met before an operator is allowed to start
operation: one for the issuance of a license and another for the maintenance of service quality.
In 2006, Etisalat International Pakistan, a wholly owned subsidiary of Emirates Telecommunications Corporation,
purchased a 26% stake in PTCL and assumed management control of the company.
Pakistan's telecommunications infrastructure includes: Microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,
cellular, and satellite networks. International links include: landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4
 submarine cable systems (*AMK) that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; 3 Intelsat satellite earth
stations (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (2 at Karachi and 1 at
Islamabad); and microwave radio relay to neighboring countries.
*AMK : Now IMEWE of PTCL and TWA-1 of Transworld (Private Operator) also successfully working in Karachi,
Pakistan.

4 Research [Browsing ] to read Research Papers 5%

Summarize and give your comments following publication:

Pakistan and Satellite Communication Systems

Pakistan has experimented with basic store/dump communications relays in LEO.

With support from the Pakistan Amateur Radio Society, SUPARCO started building a
small amateur radio satellite in late 1986. It was called Badr, after the Urdu language word
for "new moon." This first satellite, Badr-1 or Badr-A, was to have launched on the US
Space Shuttle, but the plan changed after the 1986 Challenger explosion delayed American
flights. SUPARCO's first satellite BADR-A was launched as a secondary payload into low
orbit by a Chinese LM-2E booster on 16 July 1990. Originally designed for a nearly
circular orbit of 400-500 km, Badr-1 was inserted into an orbit of 205 km by 990 km.
Intended to provide technical experience in telemetry, control, transponder and digital
communications in preparation for further launches, the 150-lb satellite provided valuable
data for 5 weeks After contact with the vehicle ceased on 20 August, all efforts to restore
contact with the missing satellite failed. However, during its short mission, the satellite
successfully completed store/dump message tests. Badr-A carried a digital communications
system patterened on the British amateur radio satellite UO-11 launched in 1984. Badr-1
offered one radio channel for digital store-and-forward communications. Uplink was near
435 MHz, downlink was near 145 MHz, and the telemetry beacon was near 145 MHz.
Badr-1's orbit was so low it reentered the Earth's atmosphere after 146 days, on 09
December 1990.

Although Pakistan has expressed an interest to develop a GEO communications system, the
country is still several years away from deploying the first satellite. The Pakistan GEO
constellation is being designed with a capacity of 4,800 long distance telephone channels,
2,400 rural circuits, and two direct broadcast television channels in the 14/11 GHz band.
PAKSAT GEO locations near 38 degrees E and 41 degrees E are planned  (References 221-
222).

REFERENCES

221. S. Mehmud, "Pakistan's Space Programme", Space Policy, August 1989, p. 217-226.

222. P. Proctor, "Pakistan's Space Agency Building Second Experimental

Satellite", Aviation Week and Space Technology, 10 August 1992, p. 46.

Sources and Resources

 Adapted from: Europe and Asia in Space 1993-1994, Nicholas Johnson and David
 Rodvold [Kaman Sciences / Air Force Phillips Laboratory]

5 System Designing [Part of Assignments] 5%

Design any one of the following :

6 Mathematical Section [Part of Assignments] 5%

Attempt any one question :

a) .
b) .
c) .
d) .
e) .

7 Logical Reasoning 5%

Provide logical reason [ any two] of the following:

A. .
 B. .
C. .
D. .
E. .

8 Industrial Scenarios 5%

You are given a position in an Industry how will you perform if [ attempt any two scenarios ] :

a. .
b. .
c. .
d. .
e. .