PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE (Gramineae

Saccharum officinarum L.)

A Research Proposal

Presented to the faculty of

Carmona National High School

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirements

In Special Science Program

Researchers:

Mariane Erika Ruth M. Dalusong

Lance Joy Gonzales

Roeniel S. Manzanilla

Damiel Luther B. Marasigan

Sherinel Ann I. Oytas

Rusell Vincent M. Sison

JUNE 2016
 CERTIFICATION

This research proposal entitled “PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL

FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE (Gramineae Saccharum Officinarum
L.)”, prepared and submitted by Mariane Erika Ruth M.
Dalusong, Lance Joy Gonzales, Roeniel S. Manzanilla, Damiel
Luther B. Marasigan, Sherinel Ann I. Oytas, Rusell Vincent
M. Sison in partial fulfillment of the requirements in
Special Science Program has been examined and recommended
for ORAL EXAMINATION.

NANETTE D. JALON

Adviser

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee on oral defense with the grade of

______________.

____________________
Chairman
__________________ __________________
Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of

requirements in Special Science Program.

AYNALINDA S. MAPANOO
Head Teacher VI

TERESITA A. SILAN Ed.D.

Principal IV
 Table of Contents

Approval Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Conceptual framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Significance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Scopes and Limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Definition of terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Local Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Foreign Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Local Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Foreign Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Justification of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Chapter 3: Materials and Methods

Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Materials, Equipment and Apparatus . . . . . . . . 28

Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Experimental Flow Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Statistical Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Curriculum Vitae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Background

Ethanol is a renewable source of energy and widely

used by people around the world. Nowadays, some parts of

the world use ethanol as an effective and alternative use

for petroleum or fuel by extracting the ethanol from corns,

sugarcanes or grass. Because of this the greenhouse gases

emissions are decreased.

The main objective of this study is to produce a

significant amount of ethanol from waste material that will

partially cut the limitation of ethanol to be sold in

market. The subject to be use in this research is Sugarcane

Bagasse (Gramineae Saccharum officinarum L.) that becomes a

solid waste after it was use.

Statement of the Problem

Specifically it aims to answer the following:

1. How much Sugarcane Bagasse (Gramineae Saccharum

officinarum L.) extract will be used to produce 5

liters of ethanol?

2. How are the physical and chemical properties of the

ethanol produced from Sugarcane Bagasse (Gramineae

Saccharum officinarum L.) compared to commercial

ethanol in terms of the following?

a. Flammability

b. Volatility

c. Flash Point

d. Reaction with Sodium

e. Oxidation

f. Dehydration

3. Is there any significant difference on the physical

and chemical properties of ethanol derived from

Sugarcane Bagasse (Gramineae Saccharum officinarum L.)

and the commercial ethanol?

 Hypotheses:

 There will be no Sugarcane Bagasse extract used

to produce 5 liters of ethanol.

 There is no significant difference of ethanol

derived from Sugarcane Bagasse compared to

commercial ethanol in terms of their Physical

Properties.

 There is no significant difference of ethanol

derived from Sugarcane Bagasse compared to

commercial ethanol in terms of their Chemical

Properties.

Conceptual Framework

The research aims to determine the production of

Sugarcane Bagasse as a source of ethanol. Paradigm

shows the input of materials, processes involved, and

output of the study. The input of the study is the

sugarcane Bagasse. The processes involve are

extraction, fermentation, and distillation to obtain

ethanol from the mixture. The output is ethanol.

 Independent Dependent
Variable Variables

Amount of ethanol

Sugarcane Baggase Physical properties:

(Gramineae Saccharum a.Flammability
officinarum L.) b.Volatility
c.Flash Point

Chemical Properties:
a. Reaction
with Sodium
b. Oxidation
c. Dehydration

Figure 1.1 Research Paradigms

Significance of the Study

Ethanol is generally considered to be a renewable

energy source and is in principle a greener alternative to

conventional fossil fuels. During the last few decades

production of ethanol on a large scale has achieved

remarkable escalation mainly due to its flexible

application and high demand. Nevertheless robust

technologies are yet to be established focusing on the

exploitation of lignocelluloses material and waste.

Sugarcane processes for ethanol or sugar production provide

as waste bagasse approximately 250–280 kg of bagasse per

ton of sugar cane. This solid residue of the cane milling

process has, in most cases, been misused so far. If it is

not disposed to land, it is either sold as animal feed or

used in a rather inefficient way to cover the domestic

energy needs of the local residents. Thus, the proper

exploitation of bagasse will enhance the sustainability of

existing biorefineries and give an important economic boost

to local communities.

The study will help SM Sta. Rosa to reduce the amount

of Sugarcane Bagasse (Gramineae Saccharum officinarum L.)

that they produce every day. This solid waste will be

utilized in the production of ethanol.

The research study is beneficial for the fuel industry

because Sugarcane Bagasse can be a new source of ethanol

after the declining and diminishing reserves of fossil

fuel. The study will greatly contribute to the financial

aspect of the industry.

In addition, this is beneficial for the fuel industry

since the country is facing a universal shortage of fuel.

The country is not aware that fossil fuel is quite hard to

obtain because it takes a long time for the fossils to be

converted into fuel. The largest single use of ethanol is

as a motor fuel and fuel additive. More than any other

major country, Brazil relies ethanol as a motor fuel.

Scope and Limitation

The study was conducted to determine the amount of

Ethanol harvested in sugarcane bagasse. The study limits

its coverage in determining the significant difference

between the physical properties such as: Flammability,

volatility and flash Point. The researchers will also

determine the significant difference in terms of its

chemical properties: Reaction with Sodium, oxidation and

dehydration of the harvested ethanol. This study will be

conduct on Carmona, Cavite starting from August 2017 to

October 2017.

Definition of Terms

The following operational and conceptual terms are

utilized by the researchers for this study.

Distillation. The process of purifying a liquid by

successive evaporation and condensation; the volatilization

or evaporation and subsequent condensation of a liquid, as

when water is boiled in a retort and the steam is condensed

in a cool receiver.
 Extraction. The state or fact of being extracted; the

act or process of getting something by pulling it out,

forcing it out.

Fermentation. A change brought about by a ferment, as

yeast enzymes, which convert grape sugar into ethyl

alcohol; A metabolic process in which an organism converts

a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol

or an acid. For example, yeast performs fermentation to

obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol.

Flash point. A point at which someone or something

bursts suddenly into action or being; The lowest

temperature at which a liquid in a specified apparatus will

give off sufficient vapor to ignite momentarily on

application of a flame.

Sugarcane. It is a tall grass that is grown in

warm places as a source of sugar; a stout tall perennial

grass (Saccharum officinarum) native to tropical Southeast

Asia that has a large terminal panicle and is widely grown

in warm regions as a source of sugar.

Sugarcane Bagasse. Plant residue (as of sugarcane or

grapes) left after a product (as juice) has been extracted;

The independent variable in this study.

Vapor Pressure. Equilibrium vapor pressure is defined

as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic

equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at

a given temperature in a closed system.

Yeast. A microscopic unicellular fungus that is used

to make bread, wine and beer; Any of various small, single-

celled fungi of the phylum Ascomycota that reproduce by

fission or budding, the daughter cells often remaining

attached, and that are capable of fermenting carbohydrates

into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter will cite different studies related to

the presented study. The researchers applied this

information in developing studies.

Related Literature

Local Sources

According to Salman Zafar (2015) with the passing of

Biofuels Act of 2006, the sugar industry in the Philippines

which is the major source of ethanol and domestic sugar

will become a major thriving industry. Around 380,000

hectares of land is devoted to sugarcane cultivation. It is

estimated that 1.17 million tonnes of sugarcane trash is

recoverable as a biomass resource in the Philippines. In

addition, 6.4 million tonnes of surplus bagasse is

available from sugar mills. There are 29 operating sugar

mills in the country with an average capacity of 6,900

tonnes of cane per day. Majority is located in Negros

Island which provides about 46% of the country’s annual

sugar production.

According to Glady Reyes (May 2014) Negros Occidental

is the renewable energy Capital of the Philippines.

Fortunately for Negros Occidental, a green revolution is

slowly taking place. Various forms of renewable energy

sources are either currently being used or already in the

pipeline for development, making Negros Occidental the

Renewable Energy Capital of the Philippines.

Right at the center of the green revolution is San

Carlos City, where the first sugarcane to ethanol plant not

only in the Philippines but in the South East Asia started

operation in 2009. As the sugar capital of the Philippines,

Negros Occidental is the best location for the country’s

first ethanol plant which is use sugarcane as feedstock.

The plant which is owned by San Carlos Bioenergy has the

capacity to crush 1,500 tons per day of sugarcane that will

produce 125,000 liters of bioethanol per day. The plant is

also a cognition plant producing 8MW of power form bagasse,

the sugarcane waste after juicing extraction, which it uses

to run the plant and supply around 2.4MW to the power grid.

Agricultural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse, coconut

husks and shells, woods, grasses and other energy crops

from dedicated plantations will be used as feedstock. Thus,

farmers will now have additional income from their own

agricultural wastes. Once operational in 2015, the first

renewable energy integrated zone in the Philippines was in

San Carlos City.

According to the Philippines’ Agriculture Secretary

Arthur Yap (2007) that 60,250 hectares of new sugarcane

areas that can produce as much as 274 million liters of

bioethanol was identified by the country’s Sugar Regulatory

Administration. These new areas for sugarcane will yield

more than enough of the biofuel to meet the 2009b

requirement which was set at the 255 million liters.

Yap said that more than 55,000 farmers dependent on

the crop will be beneficiary from the expansion of

sugarcane areas for bioethanol.

About 10-medium scale refineries would be needed in

order to convert the feedstock into ethanol. Interest to

establish this is great, with both the local and foreign

private sector seeing the Philippines as a relatively good

investment opportunity. Recently, a ‘Biofuels Country

Attractiveness Index’ placed the country in the top 15 of

the most suitable bioenergy investment destinations mainly

because of its central geographical position in the booming

South East and east Asian market, its recent biofuel

legislation and its suitable agro-climatic conditions for a

range of crops.

Currently, the island state has only 38,500 hectares

of land planted to sugarcane. The scope for future

expansion is large: a total of 377,182 hectares of land are

suitable for planting sugarcane based on the studies by the

Sugar Regulatory Administration. In Luzon there are 17.2

percent, 53.3 percent in Negros Island, 6.9 percent in

Panay Island, 4.4 percent in the Eastern Visayas region,

and 19.1 percent in Mindanao.

Arthur Y. said the Department of Energy had reported

thet at least seven new investors have expressed interest

in building sugar refineries that would have a combined

annual capacity of 402 million liters of ethanol.

The Philippines recently passed its Biofuel Act

requiring a minimum of five percent of ethanol to be pre-

blended with gasoline by February 2009, with the ratio

doubling to 10 percent by February 2011. The same law

requires all diesel engine fuels to be pre-blended with one

percent coco biodiesel. On February 2009, this blending

ratio will double to two percent.

Foreign Sources

Plants are living organisms such as trees, shrubs,

herbs, grasses, ferns and mosses that usually grow in a

permanent points. The plants release oxygen into the air

during this process. This factor, are the things that is

needed for the plants to produce glucose. The plant that

the researcher will use for the study is Sugar cane.

According to Baucum, L., Rice, R. W. & Muralles, L.

(2009) sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a perennial

grass in the family Poaceae grown for its stem (cane) which

is primarily used to produce sucrose. Sugarcane has a

thick, tillering stem which is clearly divided into nodes

and internodes. The leaves of the plant grow from the nodes

of the stem, arranged in two rows on either side of the

stem. The leaves are tubular and blade-like, thicker in the

centers than at the margins and encircle the stem. The

inflorescence of sugarcane is a terminal panicle which

possesses two spikelet and seeds protected by husks

(glumes) covered in silky hair. Two flowers are produced on

the inflorescence, one sterile and the other bisexual.

Sugarcane can reach a height of up to 6 m (3.3 ft) and once

harvested, the stalk will regrow allowing the plant to live

for between 8 and 12 years. Sugarcane is primarily used for

the production of sucrose. One of the bio products of

sugarcane production is bioethanol which can be used as a

fuel in place of gasoline. The dried fiber which is left

over after the extraction of the sugarcane juice is called

bagasse and is used in paper and textile production, as a

fuel or as an organic mulch.

According to Cibele H. (2011). Biofuels, which are

mainly derived from sugar, are Brazil's most meaningful

source of energy after oil. For a unit of energy, the

production and use of sugar-based ethanol generates only

two-fifths of the carbon emissions of petrol, and half

those of corn-based ethanol, according to the United States

Environmental Protection Agency. Sugar cane bagasse is

produced in Brazil as waste of the sugar and ethanol

industries. This lignocellulosic material is a potential

source for second-generation ethanol production; however a

pretreatment stage is essential, which aims at removing the

hemicellulose component by disorganizing the

lignocellulosic complex.

Fermentation is a chemical process and produces heat.

In concentrated or particularly large mashes, the

temperature can actually rise to levels dangerous to yeast.

Since the ideal temperature for yeast is around 85oF, it’s

best to maintain the temperature by either utilizing

cooling coils. (Yah et.al,2010)

In regards to Firdos K. (Biotechnology Fundamentals p.

370) fermentation is a metabolic process in which an

organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a

sugar, into an alcohol or an acid and certain foods.

Fermentation occurs naturally in many different foods given

the right conditions, and human have intentionally made use

of it for many thousands of years.

In addition, the fermentation process produces

valuable products like ethanol which is used in alcoholic

beverages, as a solvent, and as a fuel. Certain yeast and

certain bacteria perform ethanol fermentation where

pyruvate is broken into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Merriam Webster’s dictionary, defines ethanol as a

colorless volatile flammable liquid C₂H₅OH that is also used

as a solvent and in fuel.

Based on the official site of the U.S. government

source for fuel economy information, ethanol is a

renewable, domestically produced alcohol fuel made from

plant material, such as corn, sugar cane, or grasses. Using

ethanol can reduce oil dependence and greenhouse gas

emissions.
 The Renewable Fuels Association (March 2015) stated

that the economic impact of domestic ethanol production is

felt far outside the bio refinery. In hundreds of

communities across the nation, ethanol production is

creating well-paying jobs where jobs are too often few and

far between. Additionally, these products represent a

growing export opportunity.

According to the United States Department of Energy

(2007) the amount of materials used to make 10 million

barrels in a day is equivalent to 60 billion gallons per

year.

Related Studies

Local Sources

The 23rd edition of Agrilink which will be held on

October 6-8 will highlight the newly formed Negros Island

Region, it was announced by Antonio V. Roces, president of

the Foundation for Resource Linkage and Development (FRLD).

The three-day event will be held at the World Trade Center

at the corner of Puyat Avenue and Macapagal Blvd., Pasay

City.

Roces said that Agrilink, the biggest and most

influential agricultural trade show in the country, has for

its theme “Negros, a Model of Agribusiness Resiliency.” The

theme highlights the sturdiness and the strength of the

agricultural industries of Negros Occidental and Negros

Oriental through an improved and integrated focus on the

chain of agribusiness activities – from production inputs,

the use of new and appropriate technologies, value adding,

market diversification, strategic product development,

retailing, and marketing.

The island region’s agriculture industry has proven

its resiliency in the face of ASEAN competition for both

provinces. The Philippine Statistics Authority reports that

in 2014, the Negros Island region had a combined production

of 14.6 million tons of sugar, 271,000 mt. coconuts,

161,000 mt. bananas, 92,000 mt. saba banana, 30,000 mt.

sweet potato and 54,000 mt. cassava. The new region also

has a sizeable combined production of hogs at 86,743 mt. in

2015.

In its aquaculture industry, notable gains were seen

in the value of their production of milkfish, tilapia,

prawns, white shrimp, catfish, grouper, oyster, mussel and

seaweeds. Its inland municipal fisheries have seen stable

value and production of eel, mullet and spade fish as well

as blue and mangrove crabs. Its commercial fisheries have

also seen steady production, particularly the big-eyed

scads, frigate and yellow fin tuna, Indian mackerel and

sardines, threadfin bream, round scad and squid.

Roces also said that “agriculture employs around 30%

of the whole workforce for each province, so a robust

agricultural industry is essential. It is a means of

enhancing competitiveness and innovations in research and

development, and generating employment and income that

underpin sustainable livelihood for the farmers and fisher

folks. Agribusiness, in particular, plays an important role

in designing and implementing viable regional and export-

oriented industries that can create lucrative opportunities

in value-added goods and services.”

According to the FRLD head, agribusiness has been

identified in the island region as a focal area for

infrastructure support, trade promotion and investment. For

instance, the island region is a major producer of sugar,

accounting for two-thirds of the country’s total output.

Complemented with over 12 milling facilities, distilleries

and refineries, the region’s sugar industry has also

diversified into various value-added products such as

acetylene, which is used in heavy industries, as well as

fertilizers, bio-plastics, ethanol, beauty products, rum,

molasses and vinegar.

Another by product, bagasse, is used by many milling

facilities to commercially generate and dispatch

electricity catering to nearby regions and provinces. These

include the facilities of First Farmers Holdings, Hawaiian

Philippines Co., Victorias Milling and Universal Robina

Corp.

The island is also in the forefront of organic

agriculture. According to the Department of Agriculture’s

National Organic Agriculture Program, over 16,000 hectares

of land are already being utilized to produce organic

produce, from the famous Mt. Kanlaon coffee to gourmet

rice, muscovado sugar, mango, papaya, squash, lettuce, pork

cuts and various herbs. To support the industry, the DA has

earmarked R207 million, with R7 million already planned for

production support services such as market development,

training and education, distribution of organic fertilizer

as well as rice and vegetable seeds for lowland and upland

areas in both provinces.

Supported by the DA, its regional units and allied

agencies as well as co-organized by over 30 agribusiness

and food organizations, Agrilink 2016 will feature local

and international products and technologies at the expanded

exhibit area of the World Trade Center. This 23rd edition

of Agrilink will, as usual, offer free entrance to the

indoor exhibits, live animals and plant displays outdoors,

as well as seminars, technical workshops and investment

forums.

According to Teodoro C. Mendoza (2016) the Philippines'

Biofuels Act of 2006 (R.A.9367) provides the legal basis

for biofuel production in the country. Specifically for the

Philippine sugar industry, ethanol production for fuel will

expand the market for sugar. Even the 10% ethanol+ gasoline

mix (E 1 0) will already be significant since the 600

million li of ethanol needed by 2011 will entail an

equivalent of 1.0 million metric tons sugar. As more car

owners use ethanol, it "'ill increase the demand and it

will ultimately stabilize or increase sugar prices. The

usual "boom and bust" cycle of sugar prices may no longer

occur. By year 2010, sugar trading in the ASEAN region will

be liberalized. Tariff will go down by 5%. This will

translate to about PhP661 to 892/LKg of raw sugar. The

world market price of sugar will be at USD 0.1 0-0.14/lb or

about PhP742/LKg. The anticipation is that the Philippines

will be flooded with cheap sugar from Thailand or those

coming in other countries that produce sugar cheaper than

us. Moreover, world production of sugar had increased this

crop year and exportable production may reach 51.3 metric

tons, an increase of 7. 7 metric tons compared to last year

2005/ 06. Asia is behind the phenomenal rise, with India

having 66% of the increase (Amarri, 2007). Philippine sugar

production also increased by 4.43 % (94,722 MT) over last

year's production.

Foreign Sources

First generation bioethanol was based on the

structural rigidity of lignocellulosic materials results in

material that is extremely resistant to hydrolysis

(depolymerisation). Due to that circumstance the ethanol

production process from biomass such as sugarcane cane

bagasse requires aggressive thermochemical or physical

pretreatments, or combinations of both to generate a

material more amenable to hydrolysis. These pretreatment

processes add to the cost of bioethanol production from the

biomass feedstocks and, depending upon the process used,

generate significant degration products that can

detrimentally affect the fermentation productivity and

product yield.
 According to Delicio Rodriguez and Lucia Schild Ortiz,

Brazilian sugarcane industry find a new cycle for their

expansion by producing sugar and ethanol from sugarcane. The

use of this bio-fuel on a large scale is also an

important contribution to the global effort to reduce

greenhouse gas emissions because it offers a renewable

alternative to petroleum.

Peter Zuurbier and Jos van de Vooren (2008) said that

in producing ethanol from sugarcane fermentation initially

produces ethanol containing a substantial amount of water.

Distillation removes the major part of the water to yield

about 95 percent pure ethanol. This mixture of 95% ethanol

and water is called hydrous ethanol. If the remaining water

is removed, the ethanol is called anhydrous ethanol and is

suitable for blending with gasoline. Ethanol is ‘denatured’

prior to leaving the distillery to make it unfit for human

consumption.

Based on Oriental Journal of Chemistry, the demand for

oil is expected to increase to 57% from 2002 to 2030. The

average price of gasoline in 2005 was $2.56 per gallon,

which was $0.67 higher than the average price of gasoline

in the previous year. Yet in June 2008, the average price

of gasoline in the US reached $4.10 per gallon [6]. Rise in

energy demand in worldwide and the progressive demising of

oil reserves motivate the search for alternative energy

resources, especially for those derived from renewable

materials such as biomass

1
1
1
Justification

Lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural

residues, potentially can be used for the biofuel

production. Sugarcane bagasse, the major by-product of the

sugarcane industry, is an economically viable and very

promising raw bagasse for bioethanol and bio methane

production (Rabelo et al., 2011 and Badshah et al., 2012).

Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, by

using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, comprises the hydrolysis of

cellulose and sugar fermentation. In order to obtain

fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse, the cellulose

can be saccharified using either acids or enzymes. However,

somewhat acid enzymes are preferred rather acid because

enzymatic hydrolysis is free from fermentation inhibitory

products (Rivera et al., 2010, Galbe and Zacchi,

2002 and Sun and Cheng, 2002).

The task of hydrolyzing lignocellulose to fermentable

monosaccharides is still technically problematic because

the digestibility of cellulose is hindered by many physico-

chemical, structural and compositional factors. Therefore,

pretreatments, such as with steam explosion, alkaline,

diluted acid, ammonia, organosolv water/ethanol, oxidation

with Fenton’s reagent and pelleting, among other methods,

are required prior of enzymatic hydrolysis in order to make

the cellulose more accessible to attack by enzymes (Galbe

and Zacchi, 2002; Beukes and Pletschke, 2010; Michalska et

al., 2012 and Rijal et al., 2012).

Steam explosion is the most widely employed physico-

chemical pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass. In

combination with the partial hemicellulose hydrolysis and

solubilization, the lignin is redistributed and to some

extent removed from the bagasse (Pan et al., 2005). On the

other hand, alkaline pre-treatments solubilize lignin and a

small percentage of the hemicelluloses (Beukes and

Pletschke, 2010). The raw corn stover was pretreated in a

process combining steam explosion and alkaline hydrogen-

peroxide (Yang et al., 2010). Steam explosion was chosen as

the first step to pretreat the corn stover. Lignin still

was remained a protective physical barrier to against

enzymatic attack, for it could not be effectively removed

by steam explosion. After alkaline peroxide pretreatment,

the sample contained 73.2% cellulose and less than 7%

lignin.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is also affected by

the reaction conditions, the product inhibition, and

substrate-related factors (Balat, 2011). Even if the

efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis is high, the low

solids concentration in the reaction mixture leads to low

sugar production in the hydrolysates (Kuhad et al., 2010).

Raising the substrate concentration in batch hydrolysis

helps to increase sugar concentration, but it also changes

the rheological properties of the fibrous suspensions,

which difficult mixing and heat transfer (Rudolf et al.,

2005). These problems can be avoided if the hydrolysis is

carried out in fed-batch mode, i.e., by adding the

substrate gradually to maintain the viscosity at low level

(Chen et al., 2007).

In this study, the amount of sugarcane bagasse will

greatly affect the amount of ethanol that will be

harvested.

Furthermore, aside from sugar cane bagasse there

can be another source of ethanol that can produce out of

waste products.
 In the past few years, a significant attention has

been paid to the new sources of vegetable fibers,

alternative to wood raw materials, for the pulp and paper

applications and biocomposites. Banana (Musa acuminata), a

monocotyledonous annual herbaceous plant, can be a suitable

crop for these types of applications. In countries like

India, where 4.796 × 105ha of banana is cultivated, farmers

discard banana waste into rivers, lake and on roads,

causing serious environmental problems. An environmentally

friendly solution and alternative economic use for this

agricultural residue is needed. The main residuals of

banana crops are leaves and pseudo stem, both containing

high levels of lignocelluloses. Fermentation of banana

pseudo stem to ethanol is very encouraging and an

attractive alternative technology for the production of

biofuels using cellulolytic fungi and yeast. According to

Arapoglou D, Varzakas T, and Vlyssides A, Israilides C.,

Potato peel is a zero value waste produced by potato

processing plants. However, bio-ethanol produced from

potato wastes has a large potential market.

 CHAPTER 3

Materials and Method

Research Design

In this study, the research design was used is the

single group design. This study is suitable because only a

single treatment with two or more levels was used. For this

study the researcher was used two variables and they are:

Sugarcane Bagasse which is the independent variable and the

ethanol derived from sugarcane bagasse which is the

dependent variable. The said Sugarcane Bagasse was

gathered, after gathering it was chopped into pieces and

boiled. The Sugarcane Bagasse extract was fermented in five

days. After fermenting, the fermented Sugarcane Bagasse was

distilled to get the ethanol. Then, the ethanol will be

tested.
Materials

The materials that will be used in this study are:

Sugarcane Bagasse, 1 kilogram; water, 1 liter; yeast, 2

grams; cotton balls. These materials will be shown in Table

1.

Table 1.

MATERIALS QUANTITY
Sugarcane Bagasse 1 kilogram
Water 1 kilogram
Yeast 2 grams
Cotton Balls 1 pack

Equipment and Utensils

In this study, the equipment and utensils that will be

use are: 1 Casserole, 1 Bottle, 1 Chopping Board, and 1

Alcohol Hydrometer. Table 2 shows the equipment and

utensils to be use in the preparation of Sugarcane Bagasse

extract.
Table 2.

EQUIPMENTS AND UTENSILS QUANTITY

Casserole 1 unit

Bottle 1 unit

Chopping Board 1 unit

Knife 1 unit

Alcohol Hydrometer 1 unit

Experimental Procedure

A. Gathering of the Extracted Ethanol

The researchers will get the waste sugarcane bagasse

that will be used for the extraction of ethanol. To get the

extract, the researchers will first chop the sugarcane

bagasse then boil it in water. The extract will be placed

in a container.

B. Fermentation and Distillation of the Sugarcane Bagasse

Extract

First the researchers will sanitize the equipment and

apparatus that will be used for fermentation and distillation.

Then heat the extract from the sugarcane and place it in a

container. Then put yeast in the container for the extract

to ferment. Let the mixture ferment for one week.

 To distill the extract the researchers will assemble

the still and by adding cold water until the alcohol will

go through the tube. Here the researchers can collect the

ethanol and determine the significant difference of the

harvested ethanol in terms of physical and chemical

properties.

Data Gathering

In this study the researches, after they gather

ethanol from Sugarcane bagasse extract. Significant

difference of the gathered ethanol will be tested by means

of its Physical and Chemical properties. Physical

properties will have three trials each property. First is

the flammability, it is measured by testing the gathered

ethanol into a flame. The flammability will be measure if

the ethanol that is produced burn or if it produces fire.

Volatility is also measured in the study. It is by

comparing the volatility point of the pure ethanol against

the extracted ethanol.

The last property that was measured in the physical

property was flash point is the temperature at which a

particular organic compound gives off sufficient vapor to

ignite in air. The flash point is determined experimentally

by heating a vessel containing the tested ethanol.

 Next to measure is the chemical property of ethanol.

Like the physical properties it will also undergo 3

treatments. The first chemical property to test is the

reaction of ethanol with sodium. The produced ethanol will

undergo experiment by means of dropping sodium in the

produced ethanol. The significant difference between the

two will be measured if the produced ethanol will give off

bubbles of hydrogen gas and leaves a colourless solution of

sodium ethoxide, CH3CH2ONa.

In the chemical property oxidation will also be tested

in terms of acidified sodium dichromate in a test-tube

reaction, firstly to form ethanol and, with further

oxidation, ethanoic acid.

Lastly, in chemical properties is the dehydration. In

dehydration, ethanol can be dehydrated to give ethane by

heating it with an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at

about 170°C.
Experimental Flow Sheet

In this flowchart, you can see the process of this

study.

Gathering of Waste
Sugarcane Bagasse

Collection of the
Sugarcane Bagasse
Extract

Fermentation of the
Sugarcane Bagasse
Extract

Distillation of
fermented Sugarcane
Bagasse

Determining the
significant
difference of the
harvested ethanol
in terms of
physical and
chemical properties
Statistical Treatment

A t-test’s statistical significance indicates whether

or not the difference between two groups’ averages most

likely reflects a “real” difference in the population from

which the groups were sampled. The researcher will use t-

test to determine any significant difference between

ethanol derived from Sugarcane Bagasse and commercial

ethanol. By doing t-test the researcher will know which is

more effective.
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