INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR

SOIL MECHANICS AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of

the International Society for Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is
available here:

https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library

This is an open-access database that archives thousands

of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and
maintained by the Innovation and Development
Committee of ISSMGE.
 8 /8 /1 8

Application of stress path method to a large excavation

Application de la méthode du chemin des contraintes pour une grande excavation

M. TOM INAGA, General Manager, Civil Engineering & Construction Dept., Chiba Works, Kawasaki Steel Corporation,
Chiba, Japan
T. HASHIMOTO, Chief Researcher, Osaka Soil Test, Geo-Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
M. FUKUW AKA, Staff Engineer, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Division, Kawasaki Steel Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

S YNOP S I S For de e p e xc a va t i on i n s of t gr ound, d e f o r ma t i o n i n t h e g r o u n d s u r r oundi ng t he s i t e,

t aki ng i nt o c ons i d e r a t i o n o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t we e n t h e g r o u n d a n d t h e e a r t h r e t a i n i n g wa l l , mu s t
be c ons i der ed as we l l a s t h e s t r e s s a n d d e f o r ma t i o n o f t h e wa l l . I t i s e x t r e me l y di f f i cul t , h o w­
ever , t o pr edi ct t h e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e g r o u n d a n d t h e r e f o r i t i s n o r ma l pr act i ce t o de s i gn f or f or ces
agai ns t t he ear t h r e t a i n i n g wa l l onl y. I t i s es s ent i al , t her ef or , t o ma k e a mo del f or f i ni t e e l e ­
me n t a n a l ys i s of t he br a c e d e xc a va t i on i nc l udi ng e va l ua t i on of t he s ur r oundi ng gr ound condi t i on.
I n t hi s paper , i t i s s h o wn t h a t t h e d e t e r mi n a t i o n o f s o i l p a r a me t e r s b a s e d o n t h e s t r e s s p a t h me t h o d
pr opos ed b y L a mb e ( 1967) i s r e a s o n a b l e a n d s i mp l e . A c as e s t udy a ppl yi ng t hi s pr oc e dur e t o a l ar ge
deep exc avat i on i n s of t gr ound i s di s cus s ed.

I NT R ODUC T I ON o f a b r a c e d e x c a v a t i o n a n d a r e t a i n i n g wa l l
s t r u c t u r e e v a l u a t i n g a n d mo d i f y i n g s o i l p a r a ­
Pr e vi ous s t udi e s on t he be ha vi our of e a r t h r e ­ me t e r s b y me a n s o f b a c k a n a l y s i s . Th e s e a p ­
t a i n i n g wa l l s c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o ­ pr oaches , h o we v e r , we r e b a s e d u p o n t h e s p r i n g
r i es; 1) St a bi l i t y of e xc a va t e d gr ound as d i s ­ b e a m mo d e l a n d t h e y a r e r e s t r i c t e d wh e r e u s e d
c u s s e d b y Te r z a g h i & Pe c k ( 1967) et al . , 2) D i s ­ a s a p r e d i c t i o n p r o c e d u r e t o t h e wa l l def l ec­
t r i but i on of l at er al e a r t h pr e s s ur e a c t i ng on t i o n a n d s t r e s s a c t i n g u p o n i t wi t h o u t a n y c o n ­
wa l l b y Te r z a g h i ( 1967) a nd Ts c h e b o t a r i o f f ( 1962) s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e d e f o r ma t i o n s b e h i n d t h e wa l l .
et al . , a n d 3) B e h a v i o u r o f a n e a r t h r e t a i n i n g F . E. a n a l y s i s c o n s i d e r i n g t h e S t r e s s P a t h Me t h o d
wa l l d e v e l o p e d f r o m a n e l a s t i c s p r i n g mo d e l as wh e r e i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r mi n e Yo u n g ' s mo d u ­
d e r i v e d b y Ch a n g ( 1937) . For p r e d i c t i n g t he l us de pe ndi ng on t he s he a r s t r e s s as a va r i ous
p e r f o r ma n c e o f a b r a c e d e x c a v a t i o n , t he e l a s t o- p a r a me t e r i s t h e r e f o r p r e f e r r e d a s a mo r e a c c u ­
p l a s t i c s p r i n g b e a m mo d e l c ons i de r i ng t he e xc a ­ r at e anal ys i s .
vat i on s equence, wh i c h wa s e x t e n d e d f r o m C h a n g ' s
s p r i n g mo d e l b y Ya ma g a t a ( 1969) et al . , has been P R OC E DUR E
u t i l i z e d w i d e l y b e c a u s e o f t h e s i mp l i c i t y o f
a na l ys i s and t he a c c ur a c y of t he pr e di c t i ons Fi g . 1 s h o ws t h e s t r e s s p a t h s f o r t wo s o i l e l e­
c o mp a r e d wi t h a c t u a l c a s e h i s t o r y p e r f o r ma n c e . me n t s a r o u n d t h e wa l l dur i ng excavat i on. Th e
For a n a l y z i n g t he b e h a v i o u r b e h i n d t he r e t a i n i n g t ot al hor i zont al s t r e s s a h b e h i n d t h e wa l l
wa l l , h o we v e r , f i n i t e e l e me n t a n a l y s i s i s c o n ­ ( E l e me n t A) t ends t o d e c r e a s e d u e t o r e mo v a l o f
s i d e r e d s u f f i c i e n t w i t h o u t u s i n g P e c k ' s wo r k t he e xc a va t e d s oi l f r o m t h e c o n s t r i c t e d Kq
( 1969) r e l a t i ng t o t he s t at i s t i cal r el at i ons hi p st at e, and t ot al ver t i cal s t r e s s a v r e ma i n s
b e t we e n s e t t l e me n t a t g r o u n d s u r f a c e a n d e x c a v a ­ near l y cons t ant . I n s i d e t h e wa l l ( E l e me n t B)
t i on de pt h f or va r i ous s oi l t ypes . Ap p l i c a t i o n t he c ha nge of t ot al hor i zont al s t r es s i s
o f f i n i t e e l e me n t a n a l y s i s t o b r a c e d e x c a v a t i o n s ma l l b e c a u s e o f bot h e f f e c t s of de c r e a s i ng t he
p r o b l e ms , wh i c h we r e p e r f o r me d b y L a mb e ( 1970) , over bur den pr es s u r e and i nc r e a s i ng t he l at er al
Cl o u g h ( 1971) , a r e c ons i de r e d va l i d f or a n a l y z ­ pr es s ur e due t o t he a c t i on of t he r e t a i ni ng
i n g t h e i n t e r a c t i o n wi t h a d j a c e n t g r o u n d , be­ wa l l , and an acco mp a n y i n g t o t a l v e r t i c a l s t r es s
c a u s e F. E. a na l ys i s i s abl e t o e va l uat e t he r e ­ decr eas e. Th e r e i s a de f i ni t e t e nde nc y f or e f ­
t a i n i n g wa l l a s a b e a m e l e me n t a n d t h e s t r u t a s f ect i ve s t r es s t o de c r e a s e r e s ul t i ng f r om t he
a b a r e l e me n t . E s t a b l i s h me n t o f t h e g r o u n d
mo d e l f or a br a c e d e xc a va t i on a f f e c t s t he r e ­
s u l t s c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e e x e c u t i o n o f F . E. anal y­
Re t a i n i n g wa l l
si s cons i der abl y. Pr e vi ous l y, var i ous cons t i t u­
t i v e l a ws p r o p o s e d b y R o s c o e e t a l . ( 1968) and J \ St r u t / -S- - -
ot her r es ear cher s have s t i l l l e f t uns ol ve d t he ! 1
p r o b l e ms o f n o n - h o mo g e n e i t y a n d a n i s o t r o p y o f -------- H
O E l e me n t B
s oi l s a nd i na de qua t e c r i t e r i a a nd e qua t i ons f or 1 ; -■ <
Pa r t i a l l y
t he unl oa di ng c ondi t i on s uc h as e xc a va t i on. -M
1______ _[_
Wi t h t h e a d o p t i o n o f t h e " S t r e s s P a t h Me t h o d " Dr a i n e d ES P
, ' 1 0)
p r o p o s e d b y L a mb e ( 1967) , t he s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e ­ £
l at i ons hi p cons i der i ng s t r es s i nduced ani s ot r opy i 0 \ <D
1—1 U( T
a n d d r a i n a g e e f f e c t s u n d e r a s t r e s s p a t h s i mi l a r i f e l e me n t -I
t o act ual c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e d e t e r mi n e d . A s i m­
p l e p r o c e d u r e c a n b e u s e d t o e s t a b l i s h a mo d e l
a t p r e s e n t t i me . T o mi n a g a e t a l . ( 1977) de ve l ­ Fi g. l St r e s s Pa t h f or No r ma l l y Co n s o l i d a t e d
o p e d a c o mp u t e r s y s t e m t o p r e d i c t t he be ha vi our Soi l

2137
8 /B /1 8

Aa o c t and Ao o c t C h a n g e o f n o r ma l and
s hear s t r es s i n an
oct ahedr al pl ane

In an act ual gr ound, E a , Er a r e e q u i v a l e n t t o

t h e Yo u n g ' s mo d u l u s E v , E h i n v e r t i c a l and
hor i zont al r es pect i vel y.
T h e p r o c e d u r e t o b e f o l l o we d f o r p r e d i c t i o n
a n a l y s i s o f t h e wa l l behavi our dur i ng excava­
t i o n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s t r e s s p a t h c o n c e p t me n ­
t i oned above, i s s h o wn i n t h e f l o w c h a r t F i g . 2.
" B R AC E I I I " p r o g r a m e mp l o y e d i n F . E . anal ys i s ,
wh i c h h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e b r a c e d e x c a v a ­
t i o n p r o b l e m, i s adopt ed. Th i s p r o g r a m u t i l i z e s
Fi g. 2 Fl ow Ch a r t of Pr e di c t i ona l An a l y s i s t h e e l a s t o - p l a s t i c mo d e l and c ons i der s t he i ni ­
t i al s t r es s st at e, t he a ni s ot r opy of s t r e ngt h
and el as t i ci t y, t he c ons ol i da t i on pr oc e s s , and
t he e f f e c t i ve s t r e s s c ha nge dur i ng e xc a va t i on.
o c c u r r e n c e o f d i l a t a n c y i n a n o r ma l l y c o n s o l i ­ T h e p r o g r a m c a n b e u s e d f o r b o t h b e a m e l e me n t s
da t e d cl ay. Du r i n g t h e a c t u a l excavat i on, h o w­ a n d b a r e l e me n t s .
ever , t h e s o i l ma s s i s i n a s t a t e o f p a r t i a l
d r a i n a g e b e c a u s e t h e e x c a v a t i o n i s n o t ma d e C AS E S T UDY
r a p i d l y a n d t h e r e f o r t h e s t r e s s p a t h wi l l exi s t
b e t we e n E f f e c t i v e S t r e s s P a t h ( ES P ) a n d To t a l Si t e Co n d i t i o n s
St r e s s Pa t h ( TSP) . I f t h e wa t e r p r e s s u r e i n
A l a r g e a n d d e e p b r a c e d e x c a v a t i o n wa s ma d e i n
t he s ubs oi l i s r e d u c e d b y l o we r i n g t h e wa t e r
or der t o cons t r uct t h e s e wa g e t r e a t me n t f aci l i ­
l evel f r om t he i ni t i a l s t at i c s t at e due t o s ee­
t i e s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t d i s t r i c t o f To k y o . Fi g.
p a g e f l o w, t h e n v o l u me c o n t r a c t i o n wi l l occur
3 s h o ws t h e p l a n a n d t y p i c a l c r os s s e c t i on of
ba s e d on t he i nc r e a s e i n e f f e c t i ve s t r es s .
t h e s t r u c t u r e wi t h d i me n s i o n s 5 4 . 0 m wi d e x 8 0 . 5 m
T h e s t r e s s p a t h s me n t i o n e d a b o v e c a n b e s i mu ­
l ong x 26. 0m deep. St e e l s heet pi pe pi l es 50. 0m
l a t e d f o r a n u n l o a d i n g c o mp r e s s i o n t e s t b e h i n d
l o n g b r a c e d wi t h s t e e l s t r u t s we r e u s e d f o r t h e
t h e wa l l a nd f or an unl oa di ng e xt e ns i on t e s t i n
t e mp o r a r y r e t a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e .
t he excavat i on. Fr om t he s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a ­
I n s i d e t h e e a r t h r e t a i n i n g wa l l r ei nf or ced c on­
t i ons hi p and t he por e pr e s s ur e c ha nge obt a i ne d
c r e t e b e a r i n g p i l e s w i t h d i a me t e r 0 2 . 0 m we r e
f r om s uch l abor at or y t es t s , t h e s o i l p a r a me t e r s
i ns t al l ed at 8. 0m s paci ng t o a dept h r angi ng
r e q u i r e d i n F . E. a n a l y s i s c a n b e d e t e r mi n e d i n
t h e f o l l o wi n g ma n n e r , wh e r e t h e p a r a me t e r s i n ­ f r om - 22m t o - 55m pr i or t o t he e xc a va t i on.
S i mi l a r l y , s oi l i mp r o v e me n t wi t h l i me p i l e s wa s
c l u d e Yo u n g ' s mo d u l u s E, Poi s s on' s r at i o, t he
p e r f o r me d i n s i d e t h e wa l l f r om a de pt h of - 6m
p o r e p r e s s u r e p a r a me t e r a n d t h e u n d r a i n e d s h e a r
t o - 22m pr i or t o t he excavat i on.
S t r e n g t h Su .
Th e s o i l c o n d i t i o n s f r o m t h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e t o
F o r u n l o a d i n g c o mp r e s s i o n t e s t ; Ad a * 0 ,
a de pt h of - 30. 0m c ons i s t of a l l uvi a l depos i t s
Aa v decr eas e
wi t h l o o s e s a n d ( As ) oc c ur r i ng i n t he upper
- 2¿ar Ea par t up t o - 6. 0m and s of t s i l t y cl ay ( Ac ) i n
Er =
Ea 2 £r Ea - 2 ei t h e l o we r p a r t . Fr om - 30. 0m t o - 45. 0m a d i l u ­
vi al s andy s i l t ( Dc ) l a y e r e x i s t s wi t h t h e l o w­
a — ( Au - Aa 0 c t ) / AT o c t er por t i on c ons i s t i ng of ve r y de ns e s a ndy s oi l
( Ds ) . T h e Ac l a y e r i s a n o r ma l l y c o n s o l i d a t e d
For unl oadi ng ext ens i on t est Ao a ■* d e c r e a s e cl ay, w h i c h h a s a wa t e r c o n t e n t Wn = 5 5 t o 6 0 %,
Aa r * 0 u n d r a i n e d s h e a r s t r e n g t h Su = 2. 9 x d e p t h k Pa
Aa a a n d p r e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r e s s u r e P c a p p r o x i ma t e l y
£r
Ea Vr a =

Wh e r e , Aa a and Aa r axi al and r adi al s t r es s

c ha nge .

Ea and £r ; s t r ai n

Ea and Er ; Yo u n g ' s mo d u l u s

va r and vr a ; Poi s s on' s r at i o

80. 5m G. L .
1st nt r ut T g J “ Ex c a .
_ 2 f - r nt -
te _¿ a d Ex e a .
l - r nt D
r—1 = A 4A Ex e a .
ol 4 ■h <
£ s ■h < 1- r nt - n Ex e a .
tr Ex e a .
friif
C Pl a ne Ex e a .
•H
G 0m k— I
■H h- i
01 J L^ I m.
4->

«
( oner ■te I i l e

F i g . 3 Ty p i c a l Cr o s s Se c t i o n of A- A L i n e Fi g. 4 Soi l Pr of i l e

2138
 8 /B /1 8

equal t o t h e e f f e c t i v e o v e r b u r d e n p r e s s u r e av .
T h e e a r t h p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t r e s t K0 o b t a i n e d
f r o m me a s u r e me n t s o f p o r e wa t e r p r e s s u r e a n d
hor i zont al e a r t h p r e s s u r e wa s d e t e r mi n e d t o b e
1 . 4 i n t h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e Ac l a y e r a n d 0 . 5
i n t h e l o we r p a r t . T h e s t r e n g t h p a r a me t e r s
obt a i ne d f r om t he c onve nt i ona l t r i axi al c o mp r e s ­
s i o n t e s t s a r e c 1 = 0 a n d 0' = 3 4 t o 37° i n Ac
l ayer , a n d c 1 = 5 0 k P a a n d 0' = 23° i n Dc l a y e r .

St r e s s Pa t h Te s t

T h e s t r e s s p a t h t e s t u s e d t o d e t e r mi n e t h e s o i l
p a r a me t e r s wa s p e r f o r me d o n s o i l s a mp l e s o b t a i n ­
ed f r om bot h be hi nd and i ns i de t he e a r t h r e t a i n­
i n g wa l l . T h e s t r e s s p a t h s we r e o b t a i n e d f r o m Fi g. 5 Ty p i c a l To t a l St r e s s Pa t h f r om
t h e p r e l i mi n a r y F . E . a n a l y s i s a n d Fi g. 5 s h o ws P r e l i mi n a r y F . E . An a l y s i s
t he s t r e s s pa t h c a l c ul a t e d f or r e pr e s e nt a t i ve
e l e me n t s a t d e p t h - 1 0 , - 20, a n d - 3 0 m. Ca l c u l a ­
t i o n s b a s e d o n t h e i n p u t o f u n i t w e i g h t y^. , Ko
val ue, i ni t i al por e pr e s s ur e di s t r i but i on and
Yo u n g ' s mo d u l u s e v a l u a t e d f r o m t h e f u n d a me n t a l 100
l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s f o r t h e s o i l p r o f i l e s h o wn i n
Fi g. 4 we r e ma d e . T h e P o i s s o n ' s r a t i o wa s a s ­
50
s u me d t o b e 0 . 5 f o r e a c h l a y e r . St r e s s pa t hs
o b t a i n e d s h o w t h e u n l o a d i n g c o mp r e s s i o n s t a t e
b e h i n d t h e wa l l a nd t he unl oa di ng e xt e ns i on
s t a t e i n t h e g r o u n d i n s i d e t h e wa l l as pr evi ous ­
l y me n t i o n e d . Tr i a x i a l c o mp r e s s i o n a n d e x t e n ­
s i on t es t s under bot h dr a i ne d and undr a i ne d c on­
d i t i o n s we r e p e r f o r me d . Fi g. 6 s h o ws t h e s t r e s s -
s t r a i n r e l a t i ons hi p obt a i ne d f r om t he unl oa di ng - 100
ext ens i on t es t under undr ai ned condi t i on as a ( a) To t a l s t r e s s p a t h ( TS P ) a n d Ef f e c t i v e
t ypi cal r es ul t . s t r e s s p a t h ( Çg

De t e r mi n a t i o n of Soi l P a r a me t e r s

S o i l p a r a me t e r s r e q u i r e d i n t h e s e c o n d a r y F . E. Er = 5 0 0 0 k P a
a n a l y s i s we r e d e t e r mi n e d ma i n l y b a s e d o n t h e E y i e l d =5 0 V
s t r es s pat h t est , wh e r e p a r a me t e r s i ncl ude
Yo u n g ' s mo d ul us i n bot h ver t i cal and hor i zont al
di r ect i ons , t he Poi s s on' s r at i o, t h e He n k e l ' s
por e pr es s u r e p a r a me t e r . F o r e x a mp l e , Fi g . 7
pl ot val ues o f Ea , E r a n d Va r . Vr a a g a i n s t r a t i o
of s he a r s t r e s s a n d p r i n c i p a l me a n s t r e s s f o r a n
( Ex t e n s i o n )
e l e me n t a t d e p t h - 2 0 m. Yo u n g ' s mo d u l u s E i n ( Co mp r e s s i o n )
( c) Ex t e n s i o n u n l o a d i n g t e s t
di l uvi al cl a y l a y e r wi t h o u t t h e p e r f o r ma n c e o f ( b) Co mp r e s s i o n u n l o a d i n g t e s t ( d e p t h 28m)
t he s t r e s s pat h t est , i s e va l ua t e d f r om t he c on­ ( d e p t h 10m)
vent i onal t r i axi al c o mp r e s s i o n t e s t a s f o l l o ws :

Fi g. 6 Re s u l t s of St r e s s Pa t h T e s t ( C KQU)
E = 3000 + 850 Oq ( k Pa )

wh e r e , oq equal s t he i ni t i al me a n cons ol i da­

t i on pr es s ur e.
Poi s s on' s r at i o ------

D e f o r ma t i o n Be h a v i o u r i n t he Ex c a v a t i o n

T h e d e f o r ma t i o n b e h a v i o u r o f t h e e a r t h r e t a i n i n g
wa l l a nd t he a r e a be hi nd i t dur i ng e xc a va t i on
s e q u e n c e wa s me a s u r e d u s i n g a n i n c l i n o me t e r a n d
s e t t l e me n t g a u g e s wi t h mu l t i p l e p o i n t s . As
s h o wn i n F i g . 8, t h e d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e wa l l i s
a ma x i mu m o f 5 0 mm a t t h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e d u r i n g
t he i ni t i a l excavat i on. Th i s b e h a v i o u r i s e x­
p r e s s e d i n t h e c a n t i l e v e r mo d e a n d a s t h e e x c a ­
vat i on pr oceeds , i t i s not ed t hat t h e ma x i mu m
d e f l e c t i o n o c c u r s a t a l o we r l e v e l t ha n t he
l evel of e xc a va t i on and t he de f l e c t i on i s r e ­
s t r i c t e d due t o t he e f f e c t of t he br a c i ng s t r ut s
o n t h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e wa l l . Th e d e f l e c t i o n
o f t h e wa l l i s t h e ma x i mu m 7 0 mm a t a d e p t h o f
- 16. 5m at t he f i f t h e xc a va t i on. Th e a r e a i n ­
f l u e n c e d b y e x c a v a t i o n e x t e n d s mo r e t h a n t wi c e
t h e e x c a v a t i o n d e p t h b a s e d o n t h e d e f o r ma t i o n
de ve l ope d i n t he a dj a c e nt a r e a as t he de pt h Fi g. 7 Ob t a i n e d E l a s t i c Mo d u l i and Poi s s on' s
i ncr eas es . Ra t i o ( CK0 D, De p t h = - 2 0 m)

2139
8 /B /1 8

C o mp a r i s o n o f t h e P r e d i c t i o n An a l y s i s wi t h La t e r a l D i s p l a c e me n t ( 1 0 “ 2m )
F i e l d Me a s u r e me n t s
Gr o u n d Gr o u n d Re t a i n i n g Wa l l
Th e s e c o n d a r y F . E. anal ys i s has been execut ed
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 8
u s i n g t h e p a r a me t e r s s h o wn i n F i g . 6 f or f i ve . . I— «— «— I I— •— >— «— *
e xc a va t i on s t ages . Th e c a l c u l a t e d d e f l e c t i o n
o f wa l l i s n e a r l y 1 5 0 mm ma x i mu m a t t h e 1 s t e x ­
c a va t i on l evel a t d e p t h - 3 . 0 m, h o we v e r , a c on­
s i d e r a b l y l o we r v a l u e 5 0 mm i s o b s e r v e d b y a c t u a l
me a s u r e me n t . An a t t e mp t h a s b e e n ma d e , t her e­
f or , t o mo d i f y t h e p a r a me t e r s b a s e d o n t h e f o l ­
l o wi n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I n t he e xc a va t e d gr ound,
t he s oi l i mp r o v e me n t d u e t o t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f
t h e c o n c r e t e b e a r i n g p i l e a n d t h e l i me p i l e we r e
c a r r i e d o u t p r i o r t o e x c a v a t i o n wo r k a s p r e v i o u s ­
l y me n t i o n e d . Th e r e f o r i n or der t o cons i der
s uch ef f ect s , t h e e q u i v a l e n t Yo u n g ' s mo d u l u s i s
i nt r oduc e d and t he s oi l p a r a me t e r s f or t he e x ­
c a v a t i n g g r o u n d we r e mo d i f i e d .
- F o r a r e a i n s t a l l e d wi t h c o n c r e t e p i l e
( a t d e p t h o f - 2 2 m t o - 5 5 m)

„ ( EA) s oi l + ( EA) pi l e
Ee q = “ 1------------- ^-------- -----

- For a r e a t r e a t e d wi t h l i me pi l e
( at d e p t h o f - 6 m t o - 2 2 m)

Ee q = “ 2 E s oi l
wh e r e , A i s t he c r os s s ect i onal a r e a of pi l e and
s oi l , , a .2 ar e t he mo d i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r s . Fr om
t he r e s ul t s c a l c ul a t e d a g a i n wi t h E e q d e f i n e d
above, we c a n o b t a i n t h e mo d i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r s
a i = 6 . 0 a n d a. 2 = 2 . 0 b y s i mu l a t i o n .
Fr om t he r e s ul t s c a l c ul a t e d f or a ddi t i ona l ex­
Fi g. 8 C o mp a r i s o n b e t we e n Pr e di c t e d and
cavat i on us i ng t hes e n e wl y e v a l u a t e d p a r a me t e r s
Ee q, t he gr ound a nd wa l l be havi our can be pr e ­ Ac t u a l Fi e l d Me a s u r e me n t s
d i c t e d wi t h h i g h a c c u r a c y a s s h o wn i n F i g . 8.
I n or der t o pr edi ct t he be ha vi our accur at el y,
i n f ut ur e, a capabi l i t y f or t he pr e di c t i ons S e wa g e T r e a t me n t O f f i c e a n d S h i mi z u C o n s t r u c ­
a n a l y s i s mu s t be de v e l o p e d wi t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n t i o n Co . , Lt d . , To k y o , J a pa n f or t hei r c oope r a ­
of t he c ons ol i da t i on pr oces s and s eepage f l ow t i on .
i nvol vi ng t he par t i a l l y dr ai na ge condi t i on.
R E F E R E NC E S
C ONC L US I ON
Ch a n g , Y. L . ( 1931) . Di s c u s s i o n o n " L a t e r a l P i l e
A mo r e r e a s o n a b l e p r e d i c t i v e p r o c e d u r e u s i n g Lo a d i n g Te s t s " b y F e a g i n , Tr a n s . AS C E ,
f i n i t e e l e me n t me t h o d f o r p r e d i c t i n g b e h a v i o u r Pa pe r , 1595.
of a br a c e d e xc a va t i on has be e n pr opos e d and Cl o u g h , G. W. a n d Du n c a n , J . M. ( 1971) . Fi n i t e
appl i ed t o an act ual l ar ge deep excavat i on. E l e me n t An a l y s i s o f R e t a i n i n g Wa l l Be h a v i o r ,
An a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n p e r f o r me d wi t h mo d i f i e d AS C E , Vo l . 97, S M.
s o i l p a r a me t e r s b a s e d o n t h e f i e l d me a s u r e me n t s L a mb e , T . W. ( 1971) . T h e S t r e s s P a t h Me t h o d ,
dur i ng f i r s t e xc a va t i on s t age, and s ubs equent l y AS C E , Vo l . 97, S M.
a p r e d i c t i o n a n a l y s i s u s i n g t h e p a r a me t e r s o b ­ L a mb e , T . W. ( 1970) . La t e r a l St r e s s i n t he
t a i n e d h a s b e e n ma d e . C o mp a r e d w i t h t h e f i e l d Gr o u n d a n d D e s i g n o f E a r t h R e t a i n i n g S t r u c ­
me a s u r e me n t , i t i s cl e a r t hat t he a na l ys i s i s t ur es . Ex c a v a t i o n s , S p e c i a l t y Co n f . ,
de f i ni t e l y a ppl i c a bl e t o t he pr e di c t i on of b e ­ Co r n e l l .
h a v i o u r d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n wi t h h i g h e r a c c u r a c y . Pe c k, R. B. ( 1969) . Ex c a v a t i o n a n d Tu n n e l i n g i n
Al t h o u g h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l el as t i c s pr i ng beam S o f t Gr o u n d . Pr oc . 7 t h I C S MF E , St a t e of t he
a n a l y s i s w i t h p r e d i c t i o n a n d mo d i f i c a t i o n o f Ar t .
p a r a me t e r s i s c o n v e n i e n t a n d s i mp l e , t he pr e d i c ­ Ro s c o e , K. G. a n d Bu r l a n d , J . B. ( 1968) . On t h e
t i on and r e l i a bi l i t y of t he pr e di c t i on r es ul t s Ge n e r a l i z e d S t r e s s - S t r a i n B e h a v i o u r o f " We t
wo u l d n o t b e a c c u r a t e , i f t h e d e f l e c t i o n mo d e o f Cl a y " . En g . Pl a s t i c i t y, C a mb r i d g e Un i v .
wa l l wh e n mo d i f i c a t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d d i f f e r s Pr e s s .
f r o m t h e p r e d i c t e d mo d e f o r a d d i t i o n a l excava­ Te r z a g h i , K. a nd Pe c k, R. B. ( 1967) . S o i l Me c h a ­
t i on s t ages . I n t hi s r egar d, t he pr e di c t i on n i c s i n En g i n e e r i n g Pr a c t i c e . Se c ond
p r o c e d u r e d e v e l o p e d wi t h mo d i f y i n g p a r a me t e r s Ed i t i o n , J o h n Wi l e y & S o n s , I nc.
i s c a p a b l e of , es s ent i al l y, e va l ua t i ng t he T o mi n a g a , M. e t al . ( 1977) . R e a l T i me C o n s t r u c ­
gr ound be ha vi our s dur i ng e xc a vat i on and i nc r e a s ­ t i o n C o n t r o l C o mp u t e r S i mu l a t i o n S y s t e m.
i ng t he pr e c i s i on of t he a na l ys i s . Pr oc . 9 t h I C S MF E , J a p a n
T s c h e b o t a r i o f f , G. P . ( 1962) . Re t a i n i n g S t r u c ­
AC K N O WL E D G E ME N T t ur es , a c h a p t e r o f F o u n d a t i o n En g i n e e r i n g ,
Mc G r a w - H i l l .
T h e a u t h o r s wo u l d l i k e t o a c k n o wl e d g e t he c on­ Ya ma g a t a , K. et al . ( 1969) . Th e Th e o r e t i c a l
t i nui ng gui dance a n d e n c o u r a g e me n t o f Dr . T . W. C o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r B r a c e d E x c a v a t i o n Me c h a ­
L a mb e , Dr . W. E . J a wo r s k i a n d Dr . W. A. Ma r r , n i s m ( i n J a p a n e s e ) , Soi l & Founda t i on,
U. S . A. and gr at i t u d e t o t h e T o k y o S e we r and Vo l . 17, No . 4.

2140