Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digestive Trans 1
Digestive Trans 1
A. Hard Palate
➢ Forms the anterior roof of the
mouth.
B. Soft Palate
➢ Forms the posterior roof of the
mouth.
C. Uvula 3. Esophagus
➢ fleshy fingerlike projection of the ➢ Also called gullet, runs from the pharynx
soft palate, which extends through the diaphragm to the stomach;
downward from its posterior edge. about 25cm (10in) long.
➢ Is a continuation of the soft palate
Helps in: Peristalsis
o Swallowing ✓ Series of wave-like movement
o Snoring or muscle contractions which
o Speech moves the bolus/chyme
o Salivation throughout the digestive tract.
2. Pharynx
➢ Located posterior to the mouth and the
nasal cavity and superior to the Sphincters of the Esophagus:
esophagus and the trachea. i. Upper Esophageal Sphincter
➢ Serves as the passageway to the ➢ Striated muscle situated at
esophagus and the trachea. Passageway the junction between the
for the food through the esophagus, and pharynx and the esophagus.
for the air through the latter. ➢ Formed from
cricopharyngeal muscle.
4. Stomach
➢ A C-shaped organ on the left side of the
abdominal cavity, nearly hidden by the
liver and diaphragm.
➢ Further breaking down of the food
through churning
➢ Rugae of the stomach (folding) increases
the surface area of it.
5. Small Intestine
➢ The body’s major digestive organ.
➢ Longest section of the alimentary tube in C. Pancreatic Duct
anatomy. (22 ft.) ➢ port where enzymes produced by
➢ Is where absorption of nutrients the intestinal cells and pancreas
happens. travel to complete the chemical
breakdown of foods in the intestine
D. Bile Duct
Subdivisions of the Small Intestine ➢ duct where bile, produced by the
i. Duodenum liver, travels
➢ Where most of the
digestion happens.
➢ With HCl
➢ Emulsification of fat through
bile.
ii. Jejunum
➢ Where most of the
absorption of nutrients
happens.
Goblet Cells
➢ Produces mucus that acts to ease
the passage of the feces to the
anus.
Classification of Teeth
i. Deciduous Teeth
➢ baby or milk teeth; begin to
erupt around 6mos in a baby
and has a full set (20 teeth)
at the age of 2years.
ii. Permanent Teeth
➢ usually erupted by the end
of adolescence (28 teeth)
2. Metabolism
Nutrition & Metabolism
➢ A broad term referring to all chemical
reactions that are necessary to maintain
Most foods are used as metabolic fuels. That is, life.
they are oxidized and transformed into ATP, the
chemical energy form needed by body cells to A. Catabolism
drive their many activities. The energy value of ➢ Where the substance/ nutrients
foods is measured in units called kilocalories were broken down to simpler
(kcal) or “large calories” (C) substances.
➢ E.g. Maltose → 2 glucose, cellular
respiration, anaerobic cellular
respiration
B. Anabolism
➢ A metabolic pathway where large
molecules were constructed from
smaller molecules.
➢ E.g. Cellular Protein synthesis
1. Nutrition
Nutrients
✓ a substance in food that is used by
the body to promote normal growth,
maintenance, and repair. 3. Body Energy Balance
➢ “Energy cannot be created nor
Dietary sources of major nutrients destroyed – it can only be converted
i. Carbohydrates from one form to another”
ii. Lipids
iii. Proteins Energy Intake
iv. Vitamins ✓ The energy liberated during food
v. Minerals oxidation.
2. Dyspepsia
➢ An upper abdominal discomfort
associated with eating a.k.a. indigestion
10 | T r a n s c r i b e r : E r i c s o n C a n d e l a r i a | B S N 3 A
Knowledge | Skills | Attitude
MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING 2
Digestive System & Assessment
Lecturer: Mr. Laurence Santos, MAN, RN
March 23, 2021
11 | T r a n s c r i b e r : E r i c s o n C a n d e l a r i a | B S N 3 A
Knowledge | Skills | Attitude
MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING 2
Digestive System & Assessment
Lecturer: Mr. Laurence Santos, MAN, RN
March 23, 2021
12 | T r a n s c r i b e r : E r i c s o n C a n d e l a r i a | B S N 3 A
Knowledge | Skills | Attitude
MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING 2
Digestive System & Assessment
Lecturer: Mr. Laurence Santos, MAN, RN
March 23, 2021
oSteroids,
Diagnostic Evaluation Indomethacin,
Colchicine may
1. Hematologic Tests cause GI irritation
i. CBC, PT, PTT, Triglycerides panel leading to bleeding
ii. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) ✓ 3 stool specimens (3
➢ A protein that is not successive days)
normally detected in the
blood of a healthy person - ii. Stool for Ova and Parasites Screening
Presence indicates ➢ uses a microscope to
colorectal cancer. examine a stool sample and
➢ Can be used to determine look for parasites. A variety
the stage and the extent of of parasites can cause
the disease and its infections of the digestive
prognosis for those pt. with system (gastrointestinal (GI)
colorectal cancer. infections).
👐 Nursing Responsibility
2. Stool Test/ Fecal Analysis/ Fecalysis ➢ Send fresh, warm stool
➢ Is ordered for a patient to detect specimen (this may prevent
bleeding in the GI tract. further growth of microbes
which may cause a false
i. Guaiac Stool Examination positive result.
➢ This stool examination is
indicated for occult iii. Stool Culture
presence of blood in a stool ➢ a test that detects and
sample. identifies bacteria that
➢ Done by placing the fecal cause infections of the
sample at a guaiac paper lower digestive tract. The
and applying hydrogen test distinguishes between
peroxide. the types of bacteria that
👐 Nursing Responsibility cause disease (pathogenic)
✓ ↑ fiber diet 48-72 hours and the types that are
before the test normally found in the
✓ No red meats, poultry, fish, digestive tract (normal
turnips flora). The test helps to
✓ Withhold for 48hrs: Iron, determine if pathogenic
Steroids, Indomethacin, bacteria are the cause of a
Colchicine person's gastrointestinal
o Iron causes symptoms (gastroenteritis)
blacking/ greenish
discoloration of the
stool
13 | T r a n s c r i b e r : E r i c s o n C a n d e l a r i a | B S N 3 A
Knowledge | Skills | Attitude
MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING 2
Digestive System & Assessment
Lecturer: Mr. Laurence Santos, MAN, RN
March 23, 2021
14 | T r a n s c r i b e r : E r i c s o n C a n d e l a r i a | B S N 3 A
Knowledge | Skills | Attitude
MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING 2
Digestive System & Assessment
Lecturer: Mr. Laurence Santos, MAN, RN
March 23, 2021
15 | T r a n s c r i b e r : E r i c s o n C a n d e l a r i a | B S N 3 A
Knowledge | Skills | Attitude
MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING 2
Digestive System & Assessment
Lecturer: Mr. Laurence Santos, MAN, RN
March 23, 2021
16 | T r a n s c r i b e r : E r i c s o n C a n d e l a r i a | B S N 3 A
Knowledge | Skills | Attitude
MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING 2
Digestive System & Assessment
Lecturer: Mr. Laurence Santos, MAN, RN
March 23, 2021
Common Diseases HCl Analysis Anyway, here are the legends in this & the next
Pernicious Anemia ↓HCl (kung kakayanin ng time lol) transcription:
Atrophic/ Gastric Cancer ↓HCl Information was provided by the Lecturer
Peptic Ulcer (Gastric) None / ↓HCl Transer’s note
Peptic Ulcer (Duodenal) ↑HCl 👐 Nursing Responsibility
Zollinger-Ellison ↑HCl ℞ Medication
Syndrome
👨 Medical Management
8. Laparoscopy ☣ Diagnostics
➢ An invasive procedure, usually under 💉 Signs and Symptoms
general anesthesia, done by making a
small incision lateral to the umbilicus
allowing the insertion of the fiberoptic
laparoscope. Readings:
➢ This permits direct visualization of
abdominal organs for detecting Vanputte, C., Regan, J., and Russo, A. (2018).
abnormal growths, anomalies, and Seeley’s Essential of Anatomy and
inflammatory processes Physiology (10th ed) C&E Publishing Inc.
➢ One of the benefits of this procedure is
that after visualization of a problem, Smeltzer S.C., Bare B.G., Hinkle J.L., and Cheever
excision can then be performed at the K.H. (2010) Brunner and Suddarth’s
same time Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing
(12th ed) C&E Publishing Inc. Volume 2
Transcriber’s Message: pages 976-995
This transcription is based from the
handouts provided by Sir John Paul M. Mendoza,
additional information provided by our lecturer Mr.
Laurence Santos, and some information obtained in -End of Digestive Part 1-
the book Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-
Surgical Nursing (12th Edition)
17 | T r a n s c r i b e r : E r i c s o n C a n d e l a r i a | B S N 3 A
Knowledge | Skills | Attitude