Operational Planning of Inverter Control in a grid

connected Microgrid with hybrid PV and BESS

Javad Behkesh Noshahr, Babak Mohamadi
Ardabil Province Electricity Distribution
Company (APED Co.)
Ardabil, Iran
{jj3307, Babak.mohamadik}@gmail.com
Morteza Kermani
Department of Electrical Engineering
IAU University of Neyshaboor,
Neyshaboor, Iran.
morteza.kermani.eng@gmail.com
Mostafa Kermani
Department of Astronautical, Electrical and
Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza
University of Rome, Rome, Italy
mostafa.kermani@uniroma1.it

Abstract— Today, with the increase in electrical energy costs
and the necessity to observe environmental issues, the
development of solar energy can be observed. Currently, some
urban and rural residential buildings use on-grid or off-grid
Photovoltaic (PV) systems to supply electrical energy. The
development of electrical industry technologies also leads to the
capability of using Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) in
on-grid hybrid homes. One of the major advantages of the hybrid
homes with a BESS system is the capability of hybrid inverter
planning for equilibrium control of power exchange between
generation, consumption, and storage, and preventing the return
of surplus energy to the distribution and load shift network.
However, the load and energy management in hybrid homes is so
difficult and depends on many parameters. The demand profile,
duration of the PV system, and BESS are among the most
important factors affecting the inverter behavior of hybrid
homes. The main strategy of hybrid homes with BESS is an
uninterruptible power supply with minimum power exchange
from the distribution network. Therefore, the control and
equilibrium of power between load, PV system, and BESS
require accurate planning, for having a stable system load
supply, in addition to providing the BESS restrictions. In this
paper, using Matlab/Simulink software, a model of on-grid
hybrid buildings with the BESS is simulated.
Keywords— battery depth of discharge; load shift; PV system;
on-grid hybrid homes; demand profile.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, the network Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been
established in many small and big towns and villages in small
capacities from 1 to 5 kilowatts on the roof of residential and
commercial houses [1]. The energy exchange in these systems
is bilateral. A large part of the production of network PV
systems enters the distribution network because of imbalance
between consumption and production loads. During the night
and certain climatic conditions, in case of lack of PV system
power generation, the requirement for load is supplied through
the distribution network [2]. The BESS in the PV systems is
an appropriate solution to solve this problem [3]. The network
PV systems equipped with a Battery Energy Storage Systems
(BESSs) are appropriate, especially for residential houses and
small commercial premises. In this method, there is a
possibility to supply the residential and commercial units
when the general network is disconnected. In the normal
conditions of such systems, the power generated by PV system
is used to supply loads and battery charging, and in case of
excess generation, the surplus is injected into the network [4].
During the night, the supply of electrical loads is carried out
through a BESS, in case of the shortage, the power is provided
through the network. However, with attention to size of the
PV system and BESS, the hybrid system will have the
minimum energy exchange with the network. One of the basic
problems of such systems is the necessity of disconnecting the
PV system and loads, when the distribution network is
disconnected. This will cause an interruption in the stable
energy supply of the system [5]. In hybrid systems, the
bilateral hybrid inverters are often used. In addition to the
balance of power excess and power shortage, these inverters
should disconnect the interface key between inverters and PV
system and connect the key between inverters and loads when
the distribution network is disconnected [6]. The hybrid
systems based on distributed generation (DG) units is an
option to implement some real microgrids such as homes or
buildings [7-8]. The DGs integration [9-10], sizing design [11-
12], protection [13-14], security [15], operation modes [16],
and energy management [17] are the main areas in MGs.
In this paper, the purpose was to simulate a model of
hybrid building complex with a BESS connected to the
distribution network. The consuming demand for residential
buildings is considered during a time variable seven-day
period. The lowest energy consumption of each residential
unit is 1.04kW and the peak energy consumption is 1.9kW, the
average consumption of each residential unit per day is
1.49kW. The energy generation of the installed PV system is
dependent on the amount of sunlight. The nominal power of a
PV system is 5kW, and are centrally connected to the hybrid
inverter. The maximum generation of a PV system during the
study is 4.2kW. The depth of discharge of the BESS is
considered 60%. The control system for power balance is
designed in such a way that the energy exchange between AC
network and hybrid system is minimum. The simulation
results for a seven-day period show that from the total
generation of 725kWh of the PV system, 388kWh is
consumed to provide energy for residential loads, and the
remaining 337kWh is stored in the BESS. The BESS is also
delivered at 370kWh for supply of residential loads. In this
period, the control system allowed 33kWh energy deficit from
the network. This is approximately 4% of the total system
energy. The results also show that during battery charging, the
load voltage is not changed significantly.
II. BACKUP ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM BATTERY
Batteries play a very important role in the household
hybrid systems. Different parameters are involved in choosing
the energy storage batteries, such as life span and type of
battery, depth of discharge (DOD%), and number of charging

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and discharging. The number of charge and discharge in
backup BESS depends on PV system generation and demand
throughout the day, on the other hand, the battery DOD one of
the limitations of hybrid systems. The sufficient information
on the load profile and changes in consumption during 24
hours is essential to calculate the capacity of the batteries [18].
Figure 1 shows an example of the load profile and household
energy consumption over 24 hours.
III. CONTROL SYSTEM PROGRAMMING OF HYBRID INVERTER
Figure (2) shows a hybrid PV system with BESS. This
system includes a set of household loads, PV system, energy
storage system (battery) and hybrid inverter.
Solar System House

Meter

Charge Controller
Hybrid Inverter
Meter Transformer

Battery Bank Utility Grid

Fig. 2. PV-BESS hybrid system.

For power exchange monitoring and measuring between

Fig. 1. Load profile sample and household energy over 24 hours. network and microarray, the bilateral measuring tools are
used. The energy consumption is also measured and recorded
by the meter. The distribution network is connected to a
The surface below the curve shows the amount of energy hybrid inverter through a coupling transformer device. The
consumed over 24 hours [19].
output voltage of the inverters is nearly sinusoidal. The PV
24 System generation voltage, and BESS charging and
Total Daily Demand = P
1
Load .dt (1) discharging are DC. A hybrid inverter is an interface between
loads, network, PV system, and BESS [23]. The overall
performance of the hybrid inverter is as follows:
Therefore, in order to determine the battery capacity [20]:
24
A: If the PV system alone can provide loads, therefore:

C Batt =
P
1
Load .dt
(2) PPV (0 < t < 24) PPV ≥ 0 − PLoad _ tot = 0 (5)
LFBatt × DOD% × VBatt
B: In addition to supply of battery, the power of the PV
LFBatt : Internal battery losses coefficient system can also charge the batteries:
DOD% : Battery depth of discharge (%) PPV (0 < t < 24) PPV ≥ 0 − PLoad _ tot − PBatt = 0 (6)
VBatt : Battery voltage (V) C: In addition to supply of load and battery, the PV system
has excess energy, and this power surplus is injected into the
Total Energy (kW.Hr/Day): Total energy consumption per day network:
CBatt : Battery capacity (A_h)
PPV (0 < t < 24) PPV ≥ 0 − PLoad _ tot − PBatt − PInjecttogrid = 0 (7)
The length of time the battery lasts [21]: D: The PV system cannot supply the power, and power
DoD% × C Batt shortage is provided through the battery:
T= (3)
I Batt PPV (0 < t < 24) PPV ≥0 − PLoad _ tot + PBatt SOCmin ≤ SOC ≤ SOCmax =0 (8)
The current that is drawn from the battery is defined as E: The PV and battery systems cannot supply the loads. In
follows [22]: this case, the power shortage is provided through the network.
I Batt = 0.1 × C Batt (4) Therefore:
The average flow rate of PV systems in Iran was not above PPV (0 < t < 24) PPV ≥0 − PLoad _ tot + PBatt SOCmin > SOC + PreciveGrid = 0 (9)
6 hours and depth of charge in the dried batteries in PV
systems is DOD=60%. F: The PV system was out of the generation, which is
provided through the batteries:

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 − PLoad _ tot + PBatt =0 (10) The consuming demand of the residential buildings is
SOCmin ≤ SOC ≤ SOCmax
considered over a time variable seven-day period. The lowest
G: The PV system was out of the generation, and battery energy consumption of each residential unit is 1.04kW, and
cannot provide the loads: peak of energy consumption is 1.9kW, the average
consumption of each residential unit is 1.49kW per day. The
− PLoad _ tot + PBatt SOCmin > SOC + PreciveGrid =0 (11)
overall load profile of buildings is shown in Figure 5. In
Figure (3) shows the chart of power supply of a hybrid Figure 6, the total PV power generation of PV systems over a
system in different conditions. week is shown. In Figure 7, the three-dimensional graph of
power consumption-power generation in the hybrid system is
shown. This figure indicates non-overlapping of power
consumption and power generation.
As shown in Figures (5), (6) and (7), the total demand over
a week is 758kWh, in this period, the power generation of PV
system is 725kWh. However, due to lack of overlapping in the
PV system generation and demand, a major part of the PV
system generation become useless as power inflation.

Fig. 3. Load supply chart in the hybrid system over 24 hours.

As shown in Figure 3, the loads are supplied through the

BESS system between ) 1 < t < 7 ( hours. The loads are
supplied through the PV system and storage battery between
) 7 ≤ t < 9 ( hours. During the hours ) 9 ≤ t < 15 (, the system
loads are only supplied through the PV system generation, and
excess power is discharged to the BESS. Between hours Fig. 5. Load profile and total energy of the hybrid system in a week.
) 15 ≤ t < 17 (, the loads were supplied through the PV system
and BESS. Finally, the loads are supplied through battery and
network at other times.
IV. RESULTS OF SIMULATION
The diagram of the studied on-grid hybrid system is shown
in Figure (4). This system consisted of a 20KV distribution
network, which is connected to three hybrid buildings and
microarrays through a 10KVA transformer device. Each of the
residential buildings has a PV system with nominal power of 5
kW, which is connected to a hybrid inverter intensively.

Fig. 6. Power generation of the PV system in a week.

Fig. 4. System under study.

Fig. 7. Power supply by PV system-battery.

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 As shown in Figure (7), the generation power of PV
system is managed using the hybrid inverter control system
functioning over a week. A 337kWh of energy inflation of the
PV power system has been transmitted to the BESS to be used
at other required periods.
Fig. 8. Charging mode and flowrate capacity of battery.
Fig. 9. Three-dimensional graph of load voltage, battery charging
mode.
In Figure (8), it is shown that state of charging (SOC%) is
75 > SOC % < 85 . According to Figure (9), the load voltage
has a constant value at state of charging, and the load voltage
changes at state of charging is 0.01%, approximately.
Table I provides a comparison for the energy exchange
between the different DG units in the MG and the main grid.
As can be see most part of the required power for the load
demand has been supported by the PV and the BESS systems.
TABLE I. ENERGY EXCHANGE BETWEEN MICROARRAYS AND
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
To\From PV Battery Grid Sum
Battery 337 0 33 370
Grid 0 -33 0 -33
Load 388 370 0 758
Sum 725 377 33
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the programming function of a network
hybrid inverter of a PV-BESS was evaluated. The system
under study was simulated in the Matlab/Simulink software
environment. The simulation results for a seven-day period
showed that from total generation of 725kWh of the PV
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system, 388kWh is consumed to provide energy for residential
loads, and the remaining 337kWh is stored in the BESS. The
backup BESS also delivered 370kWh for supply of residential
loads. In this period, the control system allowed the supply of
33kWh energy deficit from the network. This is approximately
4% of the total system energy, however, the control system
has not allowed the return of power surplus to the network. It
is also shown that the load voltage is not significantly changed
in the charging mode.
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