Science, Technology and Nation Building factors (Evolution Theory)

Precolonial Period: Stone Age

• 50,000 years ago, based on archeological
findings
• From Asian mainland, settled in Palawan
and Batangas
• Made simple tools or weapons from stones
• Inhabitants later settled in other parts of
the country like Sulu, Mindanao
(Zamboanga and Davao), Negros, Samar,
Luzon
• Recall: waves of migration theory by social
scientist and anthropologist Henry Otley
Beyer versus the Evolution theory (a.k.a. Sahul – present-day mainlands
Jocano’s theory) Sunda – mainland extensions by lower sea levels
• Recall: theories on origin of people in the during the ice ages.
Philippines:
o Wave Migration Theory Diffusion of Austronesian Groups
o Core Population Theory • People from Souther China (Yunnan
o Diffusion of Austronesian Groups province) migrated to Taiwan, then
migrated south to the Philippines,
Wave Migration Theory Indonesia and Micronesia.
• Henry Otley Beyer – founded the Dept. of • Austronesian languages.
Anthropology in UP Diliman (American
colonization period)

• According to Beyer, ancestors of Filipinos

came in waves of migration
o Negritos (Aetas) – land bridges
o Indonesians – by sea
o Malays – by sea

Core Population Theory

• Felipe Landa Jocano, a Filipino
anthropologist said:
o Filipinos evolved in the Philippines,
based on fossils discovered from The homeland of the Austronesian family
the Tabon Caves in Palawan • Coastal & China – putative homeland
• Early inhabitants of SE Asia were once of • Taiwan – the highest-order split
the same ethnic group and culture, but (Formosan languages)
evolved differently due to environmental
Taiwan’s ‘rock star’ tribal folk share same
ancestry with Filipinos
TAIPEI—In communities of the indigenous Amis
tribe across Taiwan, locals say lima for five, pito
for seven and mata for eye, just like Filipinos. In
southern Taiwan’s Alishan mountain, the Tsou
tribe calls the community’s meeting hut a kuba,
strikingly similar in design to the Philippines’ kubo.
Whether in language, architecture or way of life,
links among indigenous peoples of the Philippines
and Taiwan are undeniable, with both sides
tracing their ancestry to the Austronesian
migrations across the Pacific Islands thousands
of years ago.
The ties are ever apparent as Taiwan’s indigenous
groups continued to reemerge, a revival seen over
the last three decades. Once neglected and kept
to themselves, Taiwan’s tribal peoples have now
become rock stars.
Today, Taiwan’s 540,000 indigenous peoples—a
two percent segment of the total 23 million—are
prominent in Taiwanese daily life, from billboards
and stage shows to their own television stations,
newspapers and even rap albums.
With this rise came the urge to reach out to their
Austronesian brothers and sisters, eager to have
not just their history and ancestry as a common
ground, but also a shared future.
Taiwan officials and scholars believe prehistoric
ties between Philippine and Taiwanese indigenous
groups provide a window where the two sides may
pursue stronger relations, despite occasional
irritants.
“As of our understanding, there is a close bond
between Taiwan’s Lanyu Island and the Philippines’
Batanes Islands. There is much similarity in
language, culture, geography and climate, for
example, frequent typhoons,” said Jouan Pan of
Taiwan’s Council of Indigenous Peoples (CIP).
Pan, an international affairs official at CIP’s
Department of General Planning, was referring to
the Tao people of Lanyu (Orchid) Island off
Kaohsiung in southern Taiwan and the Ivatans of
Batanes in northern Philippines.
“Many factors and situations still cause
obstruction between our Austronesian links,
however, like the Guang Da Xing No. 28 incident,”
Pan said, in reference to the May 9, 2013,
shooting of a Taiwanesefishermen at the
Balintang Channel off Batanes.
Philippine language relations in a map
“The number of individual languages listed for *They claim they are the original first wave
Philippines is 185. Of these, 181 are living and 4 migrants out of Africa, hence other Austronesian
are extinct. Of the living languages, 43 are numbers are contractions of their version
institutional, 70 are developing, 45 are vigorous,
13 are in trouble, and 10 are dying.” Ilocano
1 Maysa 6 Ennem
Indonesian 2 Duwa 7 Pito
1 Satu 6 Enam 3 Tallo 8 Walu
2 Dua 7 Tujuh 4 Uppat 9 Syam
3 Tiga 8 Delapan 5 Lima 10 Sangapulo
4 Empat 9 Sembilan
5 Lima 10 Sepuluh Aceh (North Sumatra, Id)
1 Sa 6 Anam
Island = Pulau (pulo) 2 Dua 7 Tujoh
Eyes = mata 3 Leh 8 Lapan
4 Peut 9 Sikeurung
Cebuano/Visayan 5 Limong 10 Siploh
1 Usa 6 Unom
2 Duha 7 Pito Maori New Zealand
3 Tuloh 8 Walo 1 Tahi 6 Ono
4 Upat 9 Siyam 2 Rua 7 Whitu (Fitu)
5 Lima 10 Sapuloh 3 Toru 8 Waru
4 Wha/Fa
Tagalog: (wh pronounced as F)
1 = isa, 2 = dalawa, 3 = tatlo, 4 = apat,
5 = lima, 6 = anim, 7 = pito, 8 = walo, 9 Iwa
9 = siyam, 10 = sampu 5 Rima 10 Tekau

Surigaonon Java, Indonesia

(Surigao, Ph) 1 Siji 6 Nem
1 Isa/Usa 6 Unom 2 Luru 7 Pitu
2 Duha 7 Pito 3 Telu 8 Walu
3 Tuyo 8 Walo 4 Papat 9 Sanga
4 Upat 9 Siyam 5 Limo 10 Sejoso
5 Lima 10 Napuyo
Samoan
Mamanwas* 1 Tasi 6 Ono
(aboriginal group in Mindanao) 2 Lua 7 Fitu
1 Isarat 6 Agum-um 3 Tolu 8 Valu
2 Duharat 7 Pitugom 4 Fa 9 Iva
3 Turotut 8 Walugum 5 Lima 10 Sefulu
4 Pagatpat 9 Siyamag
5 Limatok 10 Napungag
Siraya People (Taiwan) Pre-colonial Period: Stone Age
1 sasat 6 anim • 3,000 BCE
2 ruha 7 pitu • Use of medicinal plants
3 turu 8 kipa • Use of ornaments made from seashells,
4 apat 9 matuta pottery
5 rima 10 kitian

Malay (Bahasa Malaysia)

1 satu 6 enam
2 dua 7 tujuh
3 tiga 8 lapan
4 empat 9 sembilan
5 lia 10 sepuluh

Palembang (South Sumatra, Indonesia) 10 Medicinal Plants and their uses

1 Satu 6 Enam
2 Duo 7 Tojoh
3 Tigo 8 Lapan
4 Empat 9 Sembilan
5 Limo 10 Sepoloh

Kadazans of Sabah, Malaysia (North Borneo)

1 Iso 6 Onom
2 Duvo 7 Tuu
3 Tohu 8 Vahu
4 Apat 9 Sizam
5 Himo 10 Opod

Tolakinese, Southeast Sulawesi, Id

1 O aso 6 O ono 1. Adhatoda
2 O ruo 7 O pitu Botanical name: Justicia adhatoda (Adhatoda
3 O tolu 8 O alu vasica)
4 O omba 9 O sio Family: Acanthaceae
5 O Limo 10 Hopulo Morphology of the useful plants: Leaves and
roots
Hawaiian (note: “e” is pronounced as “ay”) Uses:
1 ‘ekahi 6 ‘eono The plant is the source of the drug Vasaka,
2 ‘elua 7 ‘ehitu particularly in the treatment of
3 ‘ekolu 8 ‘ewalu Bronchitis. Several alkaloid are present in
4 ‘eha 9 ‘eiwa the drug of which the important ones are
5 ‘elima 10 ‘umi Vasicine and Vasicinone.
 Adhatoda are extensively used for 5. Eclipta (False Daisy)
treating cold, cough, asthma and chronic Botanical name: Eclipta alba
bronchitis. Family: Asteraceae
2. Aloe Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant
Botanical name: Aloe vera Uses:
Family: Liliaceae The leaf extract of Eclipta found to be a
Morphology of the useful plants: Leaf powerful liver tonic. It is good for hair
Uses: growth.
The pulp of leaves is given in fever, A black dye is obtained from Eclipta, is
enlargement of liver, spleen, skin diseases, used as a dye.
piles, jaundice, rheumatism. The plant essence is extracted as a
The pulp of roasted leaves, mixed with rasayan for longevity and rejuvenation.
honey, is given in cold and cough. It is used against dysentery, anemia, eye
diseases, asthma and liver cirrhosis.
3. Bacopa
Botanical name: Bacopa monnieri 6. Neem
Family: Scrophulariaceae Botanical name: Azadirachta indica
Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plants Family: Meliaceae
Uses: Morphology of the useful plants: Leaf and
Triterpene glycosides, bacopasaponins, seeds
luteolin, apigenin and bacoside. It is a Uses:
classic and nerve tonic. Its different parts are used in Ayurvedic
Brahmi juice, prepared in ghee, is given treatment. Neem oil, extracted from the
orally to the infants in small doses for seeds, has insecticidal and medicinal
goodmemory. properties.
5-10 ml leaf juice is given to children in Neem seed cake is rich in organic contents
case of constipation. and it enhances soil fertility. It is also an
effective nematicide.
4. Catharanthus Neem has anti-bacterial properties and it
Botanical name: Cantharanthus roseus is used again skin infections.
(Vincarosea) Neem leaf capsules are used as an insect
Family: Apocyanceae repellent.
Morphology of the useful plants: Roots and Neem oil and leaf extract are used to
leaves manufacture beauty care products.
Uses:
Root bark contain three alkaloids 7. Ocimum (Sacred basil or Holy basil)
ajmalicine, serpentine, reserpine. These Botanical name: Ocimum sanctum
alkaloids possess hypotensive, sedative Family: Lamiaceae
and transquilling properties. Morphology of the useful plants: Leave and
Anti-cancer drugs: Vinblastine, Vincristine flowers
and leucocrostine. Uses:
leaf juice is given against chronic fever,
haemorrhage, dysentery.
 It is also used to check vomiting and as an
antihelmintic.
8. Phyllanthus amarus
Botanical name: Phyllanthus amarus
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant
Uses:
This plant has a reputed position in
Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine.
It is used against bronchitis, anaemia,
urinary problems, asthma and also as a
diuretic.
In Unani system, it is stomachic and useful
against chronic dysentery.
Fresh roots serve as an excellent remedy
for jaundice.
Bark yieldsa Vitter principle, called
phyllanthin.
9. Rauvolfia (Sarpagandha)
Botanical name: Rauwolfia serpentina
Family: Apocyanaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Root
Uses:
It lowers blood pressure and controls
schizophrenia like symptoms or mental
illness.
Reserpine obtained from Rauvolfia, it is an
effective remedy for hypertension.
Root decotion is given for uterine
contraction.
10. Sida (Flannel weed)
Botanical name: Sida cordifolia
Family: Malvaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant
Uses:
The plant is used in Ayurvedic medicine.
Used for the treatment of inflammation of
the oral mucosa, nasal congestion.
Precolonial Period: Iron Age
• 3,000 to 2,000 BCE until 10,000 CE
• Use of metal tools and weapons
• 100 CE, Filipinos were weaving cotton,
smelting iron, making pottery and glass
ornaments, and engaged in agriculture
• Lowland rice cultivated in diked fields,
upland rice cultivated in terraces
(Cordillera region)
Mayor Dapilog: Banaue Rice Terraces now being
rehabilitated
Mayor Jerry Dapilog said the walking trails at the
famous Banaue Rice Terraces are now being
rehabilitated.
The Ifugao politiko said the rehabilitation will
make visiting the world-famous rice terraces
more safe for both the locals and the tourists.
The Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH), the Tourism Infrastructure and
Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA), and private
companies and individuals have spearheaded the
restoration of the Banaue Rice Terraces.
Dapilog also assured residents that there will be
no flooding issue in Banaue.
He made the statement after the municipal
government announced the plan to build potable
water lines for Banaue.

Some expressed concern that water drainage
might become a problem for the municipality.
“We have no drainage problem here. There is no
flooding issue in Banaue,” Dapilog said.
Humans were in Philippines 700,000 years ago
About 709,000 years ago, someone butchered a
rhinoceros using stone tools on the Philippine
island of Luzon. That may not seem remarkable --
except that humans weren't supposed to be in the
Philippines so long ago.
Before this discovery, the earliest indicator that
early humans, or hominins, were even on those
islands had been a single foot bone from 67,000
years ago, uncovered in the Callao Cave on Luzon.
That's quite a time jump.
Homo luzonensis: New human species found in
Philippines
It's known as Homo luzonensis, after the site of
its discovery on the country's largest island
Luzon.
Its physical features are a mixture of those
found in very ancient human ancestors and in more
recent people.
That could mean primitive human relatives left
Africa and made it all the way to South-East Asia,
something not previously thought possible.
The find shows that human evolution in the region
may have been a highly complicated affair, with
three or more human species in the region at
around the time our ancestors arrive.
One of these species was the diminutive "Hobbit"
- Homo floresiensis - which survived on the
Indonesian island of Flores until 50,000 years
ago.
Prof Chris Stringer, from London's Natural
History Museum, commented: "After the
remarkable finds of the diminutive Homo
floresiensis were published in 2004, I said that
the experiment in human evolution conducted on
Flores could have been repeated on many of the
other islands in the region.
"That speculation has seemingly been confirmed
on the island of Luzon... nearly 3,000km away."
‘Callao Man’ makes PH rock star in human From an obscure find devoid of any definitive
history identity, Callao Man suddenly attained rock star
status wordwide overnight, thanks to the
scientists’ recent discovery of a prehistoric
human species previously unknown to mankind.

Its new name is derived from Luzon, the main

island in northern Philippines on which the species
is believed to have lived.

According to Dizon, Mijares and his team

considered Philippinensis as a name for the
PEÑABLANCA, Cagayan — Barely a day after
species, but this had already been assigned to a
announcing the breakthrough discovery of the
parasitic nematode that was first discovered in
remains of a prehistoric human species found at a
northern Luzon in 1964.
cave in Cagayan province, University of the
Philippines (UP) scientist Armand Salvador
Before the recent discovery, the entrance to
Mijares took off for another excavation project
Callao Cave in Barangay Quibal barely caught
last Friday, this time at a cave in Bulacan province.
visitors’ attention. A small sign, hung on a steel
fence, guarded the dig sites where prehistoric
Mijares, according to friends and acquaintances,
human remains had previously been found as
is all “pumped up” in his continuing quest to
well—the earliest human remains found on earth.
explore the country’s wealth of resources in the
history of human evolution.
Elephants, rhinos and tigers once lived in the
Philippines.
“He’s naturally excited. One discovery as
significant as this would really get one well
pumped up,” said Eusebio Dizon, Mijares’
professor and mentor at UP and a member of the
Callao archaeological team.

Mijares, along with a team of Filipino, French and

Australian archeologists, took the world of
anthropology by storm last week after he
announced the discovery of Homo luzonensis, a
prehistoric human species previously unknown to Pre-colonial Period
science. • Building of boats for coastal trade and migration
– “balangay”
Before its declaration as a distinct species, the
fossil find in Cagayan had been referred to by • Filipinos in Mindanao and Sulu traded with
scientists as “Callao Man,” after the cave system Borneo, Malacca (Melaka) and parts of the Malay
that spans five villages in Peñablanca town on the peninsula
foothills of the Sierra Madre mountain range.
Massive balangay 'mother boat' unearthed in
Butuan
The largest sailing vessel of its kind yet
discovered is being unearthed in Butuan City in
Mindanao, and it promises to rewrite Philippine
maritime history as we know it.
advertisement
Estimated to be around 800 years old, the plank
vessel may be centuries older than the ships used
by European explorers in the 16th century when
they first came upon the archipelago later named
after a Spanish king, Las Islas Felipenas.
The find also underscores theories that the
Philippines, and Butuan in particular, was a major
center for cultural, religious, and commercial
relations in Southeast Asia.
House panel approves use of Baybayin as
country's national writing system
Filipinos may have to learn to write in and read
Baybayin, a pre-Spanish script of the Philippines,
after a House committee approved a bill
designating it as the country’s official national
writing system.
The House Committee on Basic Education and
Culture has approved House Bill 1022, or the
proposed “National Writing System Act," which
seeks to declare Baybayin as the Philippines’
national writing system, generate a greater
awareness on its plight and develop wider
appreciation for its importance and beauty.
The bill, filed by Rep. Leopoldo Bataoil
(Pangasinan), was supported by the Department
of Education, the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts and Buhayin, a Baybayin advocacy
group.
“The importance of writing in general and of the
alphabet in particular for the preservation and
progress of civilization is incalculable,” Bataoil
said in a press release from the House Press and
Public Affairs Bureau.
The proposed law will also mandate local
government units to included Baybayin signs for
street names, public facilities, public buildings
and other necessary signage for public offices
like hospitals, fire and police stations, community
centers and government halls.
Newspapers and other print publications will also
be required to provide a Baybayin translation of
their names, according to the bill.
Government agencies will also be directed to
disseminate knowledge and information about
Baybayin by distributing reading materials on all
levels of education and in government and private
agencies and offices.

How the Taiwanese Aborigines Shaped Modern
Asia
Eighty-five percent of Hoklo and Hakka people
have Aboriginal ancestry, according to a study on
the DNA of non-Aboriginal ethnic Taiwanese
conducted by Mackay Memorial Hospital's
transfusion medical research director Mari Lin (
林媽利).
Those 85 percent have strains from both plains
and mountain Aboriginal tribes, as well as from
Fujian and Guangdong and minor traces of
ancestry from the Philippines, Indonesia and
other Southeast Asian islands, the study found.
Only 1.5 percent of Taiwan's population have full
Aboriginal ancestry, the study found.
Spanish Colonial Period
• Spaniards established schools, hospitals
and started scientific research
• Direction and pace of S&T were shaped by
the role of religious orders in the conquest
and colonization of the archipelago, and by
economics and trade adopted by the
colonial government
Photo of Intramuros, Manila, circa 1800s
• Spaniards converted early Filipinos into
Christianity with the use of religious and
military force;
• Pre-colonial ruling class (datus and their
hereditary successors) were adopted by
the Spanish colonial government to serve
as the heads of the lowest level of local
government; i.e. cabezas de barangay
old Manila Cathedral in Intramuros
• Filipinos migrated from their barangays to
serve in the convents and thus avoid
compulsory labor services in the shipyards
and forests
• Education: deeply religious in nature,
primary instruction was done by
missionaries and parish priests
• Higher education was provided by religious
orders such as the Jesuits (Ateneo de
Manila) and the Dominicans (University of
 Santo Tomas, Colegio de San Juan de Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs
Letran)
• Access to higher education was limited to Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516)
the elite: European born and local Isabelle I of Castile (1451-1504)
Spaniards, mestizos and few native
Filipinos - started the Catholic inquisition
• Higher education was pursued for the - Provided funding for the journey of Christopher
priesthood or for clerical positions in the Columbus, an Italian explorer -> journey to the
colonial administration; it was only during Americas -> colonization of the Americas
part of the 19th century that - Their marriage signified the unification of Spain
technical/vocational schools were - They were second cousins
established by the Spaniards - They reduced the power of the noble families
and of the Church, created bureaucracies to
UST main building govern

Spanish Colonial Period

•University of Santo Tomas remained as the
highest institute of learning
•Initially granted degrees in theology, philosophy
and humanities, then jurisprudence and canonical
law
•Opened schools of pharmacy and medicine in the
18th century
• For the doctorate degree in medicine, at least
an additional year of study was needed at the
Why we use “Kastila”
Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain
• Kingdom of Castile (later Kingdom of
No engineering schools at the time
Castile and Leon, Castilla y Leon)
•Science and math courses were considered as
• Ruled by John II of Castile, then by his
practical, materialistic and impious courses, so
daughter, Isabella 1 of Castile
few Filipinos ventured to study those disciplines
•Laboratory equipment was limited and displayed
Iberian Peninsula: refers to Spain and Portugal
only for visitors; little or no training in scientific
research
Opening of the Suez canal in 1869 and consequent
ease of travel and communications brought the
liberal ideas of the West to the Philippines
•Wealthy Filipinos were able to study in Europe,
among them Jose Rizal (medicine), Graciano
Apacible (medicine), Antonio Luna (Ph.D.
Pharmacy in Madrid), Jose Alejandrino,
engineering
• Those who studied in Europe started the
Propaganda Movement against Spain
American Colonial Period
• S&T advanced rapidly during the American
regime
• Encouragement and support for public education
system, granting of scholarships for higher
education in science and engineering, organization
of science research agencies, establishment of
science-based public services
• Bureau of Science -> which later became the
Department of Science and Technology
•Introduction of secular public school education
• Free primary education, with English as the
medium of instruction
• Establishment of Philippine Normal School to
train teachers (1901)
• Establishment of the University of the
Philippines (1908) -> most of the early instructors
and professors in the sciences were Americans
and other foreigners
Philippine Normal School
University of the Philippines
College of Agriculture in Los
Baños, Laguna
•Philippine Commission passed an Act to finance
the sending of 135 students of
high school age to the USA to be educated as
teachers, engineers, physicians and lawyers
•Later called “pensionados”
•Pensionados had to serve 5 years in public
service after their return from their studies
•In 1921, Rockefeller Foundation provided for six
fellowships for universities in the US and Europe
to study in the fields of public health
(preventative medicine), public health laboratory
work and teacher training in nursing education
•Over the years, they provided for > 30
scholarships
•Initial lack of Filipino engineers in the Bureau of
Public Works -> scholarships in engineering
•Upon receiving their professional qualifications,
Filipino engineers were employed as junior
engineers in the Bureau of Public Works
Post-colonial Period
• Each government/administration had its own S
& T agenda
•Increase in number of state colleges and
universities
•Increase in number of private schools and
colleges
•Rise of professional organizations of scientists
and engineers
•Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) – for
professional licenses
•Establishment of various agencies in S & T,
among them:
• Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
•National Academy of Science and Technology
• Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (Phivolcs)
• Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and
Natural Resources Research and Development
(PCARRD)
Questions
•What do you think are the major
contributions of S & T to Philippine
nation building?
•What specific government policy
would you like the most in terms of
contributing to the development of S
& T in the Philippines?
SMARTER PHILIPPINES DOST DEPARTMENT
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
As the world continues to be plagued by trials and
worsened living conditions there remains hope the
smart solution towards progress a smarter
Philippines it aims to establish and sustain an
exemplary society using science technology and
solidarity so that every Filipinos hardship is
addressed and resolved added efficiencies
lowered costs and overall development towards a
smarter country or smarter Philippines is a
program crafted by the Department of Science
and Technology it saw its birth last November 22
2012 at Santa Rosa Laguna after a comprehensive
consultation with science secretary Mario Gee
Montejo the vision to create a vibrant domestic
knowledge economy in which Filipino technology
companies and Filipino techno printers deliver
endogenous technologies to solve the problems
that beset ordinary Filipinos the impressive
modern and progressive system brought about by
smarter Philippines has six components each one
builds the foundation for a better society under
each program our projects for smarter
governance people economies environments and
living the Department of Science and Technology
focuses on four priority areas of SNT
interventions these are climate change
adaptation poverty alleviation social services and
Industry competitiveness through linkages
consultation and resource sharing do st knows
that it must go the smarter way where the
standard is to have better ways of doing things
find effective solutions to problems and improve
the lives of people government economy and the
environment systematic stronger and efficient
smarter Philippines.
Department of Science and Technology focuses
on four priority areas of SNT interventions
1. Climate Change Adaptation
2. Poverty Alleviation
3. Social Services
4. Industry Competitiveness
Social Darwinism (1865-1900) (VID)
During 1865 to the 1900s Social Darwinism was
used significantly to encourage human
competition to oppose intervention in the natural
human order and was the idea that humans
compete for the struggle of existence Charles
Darwin an English naturalist and geologist
contributed much of his research to the theory
of natural selection also known as survival of the
fittest while many social Darwinists the saw
competition among different individuals and
groups as an ordinary component of human
evolution it was also used politically to advocate and into the robber barons as a successful owner
laissez-faire capitalism political conservatism, of the Carnegie steel company JP Morgan an
imperialism, racism and to discourage reform and American financier and banker was another man
intervention the main idea of social Darwinism is who greatly believed in the idea of social
that the status an privileges enjoyed by the Darwinism john d rockefeller the richest man in
wealthy and powerful members of society are the American history as well as a founder of the
results of their personal characteristics and Standard Oil Company believed that the growth
traits evolving through natural selection those of a large business is merely a survival of the
who did not possess these traits were found to be fittest Cornelius Vanderbilt created a ferry
powerless and poor members of society and it was service at a young age which would make him into
widely believed that it would be best for the one of the richest men in America furthermore
human race to let these individuals and groups social Darwinists believed that the weaker
struggle for survival and later fall out of members of a species in nature would die and the
existence the belief that the small percentage of overtime only the stronger genes would survive
the wealthy at the top with a more evolved class and be passed on social Darwinists believed the
of people was significantly advocated by Herbert same evolution should happen with humans this led
Spencer, William Graham Sumner, and Andrew them to oppose government handouts safety
Carnegie Herbert Spencer argued that social regulations and laws restricting titled labor such
programs designed to aid poor people worked actions would help the weak to survive which
against nature in support of Herbert Spencer's would be unfit to natural selection in short
believe William Graham Sumner a Liberal Herbert Spencer William Graham Sumner and
American social scientist believed that the Andrew Carnegie along with most if not all
humans who were the most fit became the most Darwinists believed that they were rich and
successful whoever had the necessary skills to empowered because they were superior human
prosper would be the ones who would rise to the beings in the evolution process
top this included brains talent and hard work an
agreement with both Herbert Spencer and
William Graham Sumner Andrew Carnegie applied
Darwin's survival of the fittest to society by
arguing that a free market economy and non
interference by the government would allow for
the fittest to evolve the richest men in the
country at the time also known as the robber
barons were perfect examples of this idea men
like Carnegie JP Morgan Rockefeller and
Vanderbilt to power through their wise
investments in the economy and later controlled a
large part of it through hard work and
perseverance Andrew Carnegie embodies a true
rags to riches story and is the true definition of
social Darwinism he came to the United States as
a poor immigrant who used his connections and
investments to work his way up the social ladder
 Human Flourishing

What is a good life?

Philosophers

• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Alexander the Great

Aristotle

• Aristotelian view: human flourishing arises as Asian vs Western - Values

a result of “phronesis”, friendship, wealth and
power ASIAN WESTERN
• In Ancient Greek society, these qualities will
bring happiness to seekers Group Individualistic
• Phronesis – type of wisdom relevant to
practical action, implying both good Trust Stick to rules
judgement and excellence of character and
habits, or practical virtue. Compromise Confront

Significance? Flexible Reasoning

• Humans live to be happy (EUDAIMONIA = is
Asian vs Western – Management Style
a Greek word commonly translated as
'happiness' or 'welfare’)
ASIAN WESTERN
• The Golden Mean (METOSIS) holds that
virtue lies between the extremes. If you can
Relationship Rational
travel the middle path of moderation and
temperance, goodness and beauty will
Flexible Structured
accompany you.
• The basic principle of the metosis, laid down Adaptive Directive
by Aristotle 2,500 years ago is moderation, or
striving for a balance between extremes. Understanding Doing
Greek Aristotelian view

- Aim for eudaimonia as the ultimate good. Asian Values

- “All human activities aim at some good.
Every art and human inquiry, and
similarly every action and pursuit, is
thought to aim at some good; and for this
reason, the good has been rightly
declared as that which all things aim.”
- Aristotle, Niicomachean Ethics 2:2
• Chinese Confucian system and Japanese
Bushido – view the whole as greater than their
components
• Study of literature, sciences and art -> not
entirely for oneself but in service of a greater
cause
• Bushido: code of conduct of Samurai warriors

Confucius

- “If I am walking with two other men, each

of them will serve as my teacher. I will
pick out the good points of the one and
 imitate them and the bad points of other
and correct them in myself.”
- “It does not matter how slowly you go as
long as you do not stop.”
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
- German philosopher and existentialist.
- Main interest was ontology of the study of
being.
- Book: Being and Time (Sein und Zeit)-
attempted to access being (Sein) by
means of phenomenological analysis of
human existence (Dasein) in respect to
its temporal and historical character;
- “Dasein”: being there.

“Life is now. You only have now. Live like it

matters.”

Eckhart Tolle – “The only thing you ever have is

now.”
The Seven Virtues of Bushido Martin Heidegger
1. Gi (Integrity) - Made the bold claim that Western
2. Rei (Respect) thought from Plato onward had forgotten
3. Yu (Heroic Courage) or ignored the fundamental question of
4. Meiyo (Honor) what it means for something to be.
5. Jin (Compassion) - Believed that Western civilization had
6. Makoto (Honesty and Sincerity) been on a trajectory toward nihilism (the
7. Chu (Duty and Loyalty) rejection of all religious and moral
principles, often in the belief that life is
meaningless)
Science, Technology and Human Flourishing
- He believed that the contemporary
• Every discovery, innovation and success cultural and intellectual crisis was
contribute to our pool of human knowledge ultimately linked to this forgetting of
• In the person’s pursuit of the good life, he/she being.
may unconsciously acquire, consume or - In his later essays, he drew attention to
destroy what the world has to offer technology’s place in bringing about our
• S & T must be taken as part of human life that decline by constricting our experience of
merits reflective and meditative thinking. things as they are;
• Gadgets, machines, appliances and vehicles - He argued that we now view nature and
are all tools that make human lives easier human beings only technologically, we
o •serve as means to an end see nature and people only as raw
o •provide people with good, material for technical operations, e.g.
convenience or knowledge mining, logging, agriculture.
• Medical research – scientific and
CNN’s Anthony Bourdain dead at 61
technological principles to come up with
cures for diseases and ways to prevent - The table that former U.S. President
illnesses to ensure a good quality of life Barack Obama and chef Anthony
Bourdain shared at Bun Cha Huong Lien
Vaccination has been preserved for posterity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - The Hanoi restaurant is now commonly
referred to as Bun Cha Obama.
 The radical concept (Bali, 2017)

Scientific Method

Fashion Designer Kate Spade, 55, Dies in Apparent

Suicide

Science and Technology

Science and Technology challenges nature and

demands of it resources that are forcibly extracted
for human consumption and storage;
Kurt Cobain (Nirvana)
E.g., mining – extracts minerals from the earth and
forcefully assigns the land as a means to fulfill the
never-ending demands of people;
These elements could disappear from the world
Gallium, Indium, Hafnium, and Selenium
The Fourth Industrial Revolution risks running out of
steam because of a shortage of the essential
elements needed to run it.
Gallium, indium, hafnium and selenium
A periodic table, produced for a report by the
American Chemical Society (ACS) in 2015, ranked
62 different elements based on their supply risk,
environmental implications and vulnerability to
shortages.
The names of some of the metals in the research
may leave non-specialists scratching their heads.
They include gallium, indium, hafnium and selenium,
all of which are created as the byproducts of other
mining and extraction processes.
Although their names may be unfamiliar to many,
their uses are not.
Gallium, a byproduct of zinc and bauxite
ores, is used in semiconductors – which
provide 98% of commercial demand for the
element – as well lasers in Blu-Ray players.
Indium, also found in zinc, is used in solar
cells, LCD screens, computer chips, LEDs
and solar panels.
Hafnium, a byproduct of zirconium, is found
in nuclear reactor control rods, integrated
microprocessor circuits and the liquid
thruster nozzles of Apollo lunar spacecraft.
Selenium, an extract from ores such as
copper, nickel and lead, is used in
photocopiers, x-ray detecting machines and
developing battery technologies.
But answers as to how we may cope without them
were outlined almost a decade ago by a famous
creator of wondrous, if occasionally dystopian,
futures.
The Bad News? The World will begin running out of
water by 2050. The Good News? It’s not 2050 yet.
On June 6th, US Secretary General Antonio
Guterres addressed the UN Security Council
meeting on Maintenance of International Peace and
Security. He warned the group that by 2050, we
won’t have enough fresh water for the people who
need it. Demand for water will have grown by 40%
by 2050, and 25% of people will live in countries
without enough access to clean water.
This warning does not come as a surprise. The UN,
and other global organizations, have been warning
us of water shortages by 2050 for years — if not
decades.
Among other statements, then-UN Secretary
General Ban Ki-Moon warned of water shortages in
2050 and the risk of conflict in November 2016. The
OECD called for action on water scarcity in its 2012
document, Environmental Outlook to 2050. In 2010,
the UN Environmental Program (UNEP) called for
lowering consumption of meat and dairy to protect
future water reserves, stating that the population of
nine billion people expected in 2050 cannot eat the
way we do now and have enough water for
everyone. A full 16 years ago, in 2001, the UN
Population Fund warned that the world will begin to
run out of fresh water by 2050, and UNFPA’s World
Population Report from 1992 also warns of water
shortages by 2050.
Secretary General Guterres focused on the security
implications of water shortages last week. He
focused on the need to look at water sharing issues
as a catalyst for cooperation, not a cause for conflict.
This is a serious risk, but it is not the only one. Water
shortages bring health risks beyond the danger of
violent conflict over water resources. First of all, as
UNEP reminded us, you can’t grow food without
water. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) released a report in 2015 on water in 2050,
which focused on water and food security. That
report states that “Agriculture is already the most
water-intensive industry, accounting in many
countries for around two-thirds or more of supplies
drawn from rivers, lakes and aquifers.” Without
enough fresh water, people go hungry.
In addition to conflict and hunger, water shortages
bring disease. Diarrhea, in particular, results from
being forced to drink or wash with contaminated
water. It may seem like an annoyance, but in poor
countries, diarrhea kills more children than AIDS,
malaria, and measles combined. As many as
842,000 people every year die of diarrhea, 525,000
of them children. Lack of clean water also
contributes to the spread of diseases like typhoid
and cholera. That’s why they are common in
humanitarian emergencies such as Yemen.
Water shortages also make hospital care
substantially more dangerous. 15% of all patients
develop a hospital-borne infections during inpatient
care. Most of those infections are in poor countries,
because wealthy countries have access to plenty of
clean water to maintain equipment and infrastructure
to sanitary standards.
Drone captures sorry state of Zambales mountains
mined for China’s artificial islands
A statement by Zambales governor, Amor Deloso
became hot topic when he revealed that the Chinese
government is allegedly using Philippine soil
extracted from the mountains of Sta. Cruz, Zambales
to build their artificial islands on Scarborough Shoal.
UNTV News & Rescue travelled to Zambales to
personally confirm the claims of Gov. Deloso
regarding the widespread destruction on its
mountains.
Together with local officials, the team visited LNL
Archipelago Minerals Incorporated in Barangay
Guinabon.
From the entrance, one can clearly see that the foot
of the mountain had been hewn out to create roads
for heavy equipment.
LNL ‘s Sta.Cruz Nickel Mining Project resident
manager, Deody Solee confirmed that the soils
extracted from their mines are being transported to
China. However, Solee strongly denies they are
being used on Scarborough Shoal.
“There’s no truth to that. Can you imagine yung lupa
ang itatabon nila dun, na madaling anurin ng dagat
yun. So supposed to be, dapat ang nilalagay dun
bato, para hindi mabubuwag yung kung itatambak
nila dun sa dagat,” explained Solee.
(There’s no truth to that. Can you imagine if they use
the soil as landfill; the sea will sweep it away. So
supposed to be, rocks should be used to stabilize the
landfill so as not to be easily eroded by the sea.)
On the other hand, Governor Deloso said, the
company should refute allegations on the issue.
“Kapag sinasabi nila ngayon na hindi totoo itinambak
doon sa Scarborough (Shoal) then there must be a
trace of the documents. Meron ba silang Bureau of
Customs permit? Meron ba silang Coastguard
permit? Because to bring out the minerals from
Zambales for purpose of mining exportation,
kailangan may trace of documents. Can they really
prove that?”
(If they are now denying that the soil is being
deposited on Scarborough (Shoal) then there must
be a trace of the documents. Do they have Bureau of
Customs permit? Do they have Coast Guard permit?
Because to bring out the minerals from Zambales for
purpose of mining exportation, there should be a
trace of documents. Can they really prove that?)
Santa Cruz, Zambales nickel mining impacts
sustainable agriculture and fisheries, Philippines.
Verification Theory (a.k.a. Verificationism)
Doctrine that a proposition is only cognitively
meaningful if it can be definitively and conclusively
determined to be either true or false (i.e., verifiable
or falsifiable)
A verification of a hypothesis implies that an
observation, or another verified hypothesis, is in
accordance with the hypothesis;
Akira Kurosawa’s Dreams: Village of the Water Mills
Art as a way out of Enframing
- Enframing, as the mode of revealing in
modern technology, tends to block “poiesis”
or the activity in which a person brings
something into being that did not exist before
(from Greek “poieo”, to make)
- With art, we are better able to see the poetic
in nature in reality
- Art leads us away from calculative thinking
and towards meditative thinking => nature is
the most poetic
Why The Future Does Need Us
In April 2000, Bill Joy (co-founder of Sun
Microsystems) published an article in Wired
magazine entitled “Why the Future Doesn’t Need
Us.” In it, he argues that "Our most powerful 21st-
century technologies—robotics, genetic
engineering, and nanotech—are threatening to
make humans an endangered species." At the time,
his thesis and accompanying forecast were
alarming, coming from such a credible source.
The underlying message in his article was clear: the
rate and direction of technological innovation over
time will lead to a world where humans are
unnecessary and machines will be able to do without
us. Instead of interacting with them in the way we
historically have—programming them to execute the
tasks we instruct them to perform—we will cross a
threshold where we unwittingly relinquish the
responsibility of making important decisions that we
as a society need to make. They will do our thinking
for us.
We are now twenty years since the publication of his
article, and we have indeed experienced
tremendous technological advancement. It is well-
deserved that we marvel, celebrate, and appreciate
how these advancements are adding or contributing
to our experience of life as human beings. With
artificial intelligence and machine learning in
particular, however, one could argue it is vital that we
take a moment to pause and look at what is
happening through the lenses of Joy’s article.
Can We Prevent a Future with Machines as Masters?
The overthrow of the human species by machines is
by no means inevitable. It will not happen overnight.
There would necessarily be stages that we as a
species would be witness to.
Initially, there would be a state of reasonable reliance
on machines to augment our thinking, in advance of
relegating it excessively and detrimentally to them.
Conceivably upon encountering a situation which
goes too far, potentially threatening our existence or
relevance, we could intervene.
Among the most salient considerations:
What is the current understanding of our stage?
How will we know if we are at the point where
intervention is necessary?
What will the indicators be?
If we are to have a hand in ensuring continued
relevance, what form will our intervention take?
There is no doubt that innovation is part of our nature
as human beings. Invariably we should, must, and
will continue to build and ascend into the acquisition
of new capabilities. For our society and the well-
being of our species, this has shown that it can be a
very good thing. We have reached a challenging
point, however, and it is vital that we start thinking
considerately, and perhaps differently, about our
approach to innovation.
What Dimensions Should We Examine?
Economic return to investors and shareholders is, of
course, a significant priority when launching into a
new entrepreneurial endeavor or corporate
innovation initiative. The need to take other factors
into account when selecting where to focus our
innovative capacities is increasingly urgent.
Some of the most critical dimensions include:
- Societal benefit
- Potential job displacement and
commensurate strategies for buoyancy
- Degree of collaboration among humans
being fostered
- Global climate impact
The intent here is not to delve into each of these
dimensions and propose a means for analyzing
investment opportunities against each. The
measurement of the above factors is complex and
not straightforward.
New Yorker Magazine Cartoon by Tom Toro from
November 26, 2012 issue. Four people sitting
around a fire outside post-apocalypse.
The aim, rather, is to look more broadly than at each
dimension and to look at them collectively. It is
arguably now more important than ever that we
approach innovation such that we are clear and
intentional about what we are actually advancing. We
do this so that we can craft and escort ourselves into
a future that we desire; presumably, one where
human beings will remain relevant.
New Categories of Jobs Arise
To take an isolated example, when it comes to
security and industrial surveillance relative to job
displacement impact, we know that the advent of
drones is going to lead to a reduction in the number
of humans needed to perform these functions. At the
same time, it is also giving rise to the need for drone
operators, mechanics, and interpreters. Some jobs
will be eliminated, and others representing new
opportunities are emerging.
Construction worker piloting drone at a building site.
Drones provide video surveillance or industrial
inspection.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics lists and outlines
jobs across a myriad of categories. Over time, more
job categories are typically added to this list than fall
off of it. In other words, we can plausibly conclude
that the future of work, and the relevance of human
beings within the workforce, is something over which
we can and could potentially still retain a degree of
influence and control.
To Succeed, We Need to Change How We Innovate
Young woman interfaces with virtual screens with
the earth as a focal point.
What is paramount at this point as a species is to
recognize to a far greater extent our
interconnectedness with one another, and with the
technology and machines we are advancing. We
have a great (but narrowing) opportunity to be more
deliberate in our approach to innovation, along with
an imperative to take additional human and
environmental impact factors into account in
evaluating the entrepreneurial endeavors we choose
to support and pursue. From this vantage point, the
future does need us, perhaps in ways we have not
yet considered.
Why the Future Doesn't Need Us
Why the future doesn’t need us. Our most powerful
21st-century technologies – robotics, genetic
engineering, and nanotech – are threatening to make
humans an endangered species.
I became involved in the creation of new
technologies, their ethical dimensions have
concerned me, but it was only in the autumn of 1998
that I became anxiously aware of how great are the
dangers facing us in the 21st century. I can date the
onset of my unease to the day I met Ray Kurzweil,
the deservedly famous inventor of the first reading
machine for the blind and many other amazing
things.
Ray and I were both speakers at George Gilder's
Telecosm conference, and I encountered him by
chance in the bar of the hotel after both our sessions
were over. I was sitting with John Searle, a Berkeley
philosopher who studies consciousness. While we
were talking, Ray approached and a conversation
began, the subject of which haunts me to this day.
I had missed Ray's talk and the subsequent panel
that Ray and John had been on, and they now picked
right up where they'd left off, with Ray saying that the
rate of improvement of technology was going to
accelerate and that we were going to become robots
or fuse with robots or something like that, and John
countering that this couldn't happen, because the
robots couldn't be conscious.
While I had heard such talk before, I had always felt
sentient robots were in the realm of science fiction.
But now, from someone I respected, I was hearing a
strong argument that they were a near-term
possibility. I was taken aback, especially given Ray's
proven ability to imagine and create the future. I
already knew that new technologies like genetic
engineering and nanotechnology were giving us the
power to remake the world, but a realistic and
imminent scenario for intelligent robots surprised
me.
It's easy to get jaded about such breakthroughs. We
hear in the news almost every day of some kind of
technological or scientific advance. Yet this was no
ordinary prediction. In the hotel bar, Ray gave me a
partial preprint of his then-forthcoming book The
Age of Spiritual Machines, which outlined a utopia he
foresaw—one in which humans gained near
immortality by becoming one with robotic
technology. On reading it, my sense of unease only
intensified; I felt sure he had to be understating the
dangers, understating the probability of a bad
outcome along this path.
I found myself most troubled by a passage detailing
a dystopian scenario:
THE NEW LUDDITE CHALLENGE
First let us postulate that the computer scientists
succeed in developing intelligent machines that can
do all things better than human beings can do them.
In that case presumably all work will be done by vast,
highly organized systems of machines and no human
effort will be necessary. Either of two cases might
occur. The machines might be permitted to make all
of their own decisions without human oversight, or
else human control over the machines might be
retained.
If the machines are permitted to make all their own
decisions, we can't make any conjectures as to the
results, because it is impossible to guess how such
machines might behave. We only point out that the
fate of the human race would be at the mercy of the
machines. It might be argued that the human race
would never be foolish enough to hand over all the
power to the machines. But we are suggesting
neither that the human race would voluntarily turn
power over to the machines nor that the machines
would willfully seize power. What we do suggest is
that the human race might easily permit itself to drift
into a position of such dependence on the machines
that it would have no practical choice but to accept
all of the machines' decisions. As society and the
problems that face it become more and more
complex and machines become more and more
intelligent, people will let machines make more of
their decisions for them, simply because machine-
made decisions will bring better results than man-
made ones. Eventually a stage may be reached at
which the decisions necessary to keep the system
running will be so complex that human beings will be
incapable of making them intelligently. At that stage
the machines will be in effective control. People
won't be able to just turn the machines off, because
they will be so dependent on them that turning them
off would amount to suicide.
On the other hand it is possible that human control
over the machines may be retained. In that case the
average man may have control over certain private
machines of his own, such as his car or his personal
computer, but control over large systems of
machines will be in the hands of a tiny elite—just as
it is today, but with two differences. Due to improved
techniques the elite will have greater control over the
masses; and because human work will no longer be
necessary the masses will be superfluous, a useless
burden on the system. If the elite is ruthless they may
simply decide to exterminate the mass of humanity.
If they are humane they may use propaganda or
other psychological or biological techniques to
reduce the birth rate until the mass of humanity
becomes extinct, leaving the world to the elite. Or, if
the elite consists of soft-hearted liberals, they may
decide to play the role of good shepherds to the rest
of the human race. They will see to it that everyone's
physical needs are satisfied, that all children are
raised under psychologically hygienic conditions,
that everyone has a wholesome hobby to keep him
busy, and that anyone who may become dissatisfied
undergoes "treatment" to cure his "problem." Of
course, life will be so purposeless that people will
have to be biologically or psychologically engineered
either to remove their need for the power process or
make them "sublimate" their drive for power into
some harmless hobby. These engineered human
beings may be happy in such a society, but they will
most certainly not be free. They will have been
reduced to the status of domestic animals.1
Kaczynski's dystopian vision describes unintended
consequences, a well-known problem with the
design and use of technology, and one that is clearly
related to Murphy's law—"Anything that can go
wrong, will." (Actually, this is Finagle's law, which in
itself shows that Finagle was right.) Our overuse of
antibiotics has led to what may be the biggest such
problem so far: the emergence of antibiotic-resistant
and much more dangerous bacteria. Similar things
happened when attempts to eliminate malarial
mosquitoes using DDT caused them to acquire DDT
resistance; malarial parasites likewise acquired
multi-drug-resistant genes.2
The cause of many such surprises seems clear: The
systems involved are complex, involving interaction
among and feedback between many parts. Any
changes to such a system will cascade in ways that
are difficult to predict; this is especially true when
human actions are involved.
I started showing friends the Kaczynski quote from
The Age of Spiritual Machines; I would hand them
Kurzweil's book, let them read the quote, and then
watch their reaction as they discovered who had
written it. At around the same time, I found Hans
Moravec's book Robot: Mere Machine to
Transcendent Mind. Moravec is one of the leaders in
robotics research, and was a founder of the world's
largest robotics research program, at Carnegie
Mellon University. Robot gave me more material to
try out on my friends—material

In the book, you don't discover until you turn the

page that the author of this passage is Theodore
Kaczynski—the Unabomber. I am no apologist for
Kaczynski. His bombs killed three people during a
17-year terror campaign and wounded many others.
One of his bombs gravely injured my friend David
Gelernter, one of the most brilliant and visionary
computer scientists of our time. Like many of my
colleagues, I felt that I could easily have been the
Unabomber's next target.

Kaczynski's actions were murderous and, in my view,

criminally insane. He is clearly a Luddite, but simply
saying this does not dismiss his argument; as difficult
as it is for me to acknowledge, I saw some merit in
the reasoning in this single passage. I felt compelled
to confront it.