MODULE 9:

DIGITAL/ CYBER LITERACY

Cross Sectional Dilemmatters Jury Trial: This activity is intended students to analyze
dilemmas. The points of view are supported by provisions. theories and frameworks. Then.
groups present their propositions and analysis subjected to critiquing and assessment by other
groups. It enhances critical thinking, analysis, objectivity, communication skills, collaboration
and unity.

Procedure:

1.The students form four groups in class.

2. The teacher prepares dilemmas on mal-use, misuse and abuse of technology to be examined
and analyzed by the Students as an advanced assignment.

3. Two groups be given a dilemma to be resolved Both groups will take their justifications and
counter propositions on the issue just like a debate.

4. Members of the groups will share ideas and opinions regarding issues being raised. The
members agree to common propositions and justifications based on their opinions supported by
legal. philosophical and moral bases that they have researched on in advance

5. The groups present their analysis and propositions and react to the opposing group's
justifications in class.

6. Meanwhile, the other (remaining) two groups will serve both as audience and adjusticators.
They will also analyze and assess the given propositions of the presenting groups.

7. Therefore, the groups of adjuticators will also choose the side that they will defend and justify
against the opposing side.

8. Just like the two presenting groups, the two groups of adjuticators will also debate on the issue
by examining the counter positions of the opposing group upon presenting their side. Therefore,
two different sets of debating teams are expected to perform.

9. The teacher clarifies and synthesizes the ideas and the propositions given by the presenting
groups, as well as the defense and critiquing made by the adjuticators.

10. The class will find time for a brief reflection on the activity.

Samples of dilemmas to be resolved in class

Dilemma No. 1:
1. The Bridgeton Academy conducted a United Nations activity by performing cultural
presentations done in different countries, including appropriate costumes and props. After the
show, students were fulfilled and they happily celebrated the success of their presentations
through picture taking. A student, who served as leader of one of the groups. posted their picture
online and a hashtag (which was the name of the country that they presented) on it. All the while,
the student became unaware of the impact of what he did that the Picture online even reached the
country mentioned in the given hashtag. This made the people in the said country react on the
posted vehemently, for them, that was an insult and discriminatory to their culture and race.
Many citizens put their negative impressions, comments and ill statements against the person
who posted it while the rest responded in the thread. They were searching for the school where
the picture came from demanded for an apology to their nation and the people.

How would you defend the sides of two involved in the issue -- the Student who
unintentionally posted the picture out of glee and the people who reacted to it?

Dilemma no. 2

2. After the swimming class, a student who was given consent by her classmate, took a video of
the tatter in the comfort room while changing her Swimsuit. Suddenly, the video came Out with
the student's nude body and was viewed by many, including her family and friends. Being
affected such malicious scandal, the said Student's family immediately confronted the school to
hear explanations from those concerned. Upon investigation, they found out that the one, who
took the video, had mistakenly pressed the button of the cellphone marked "video share" that
made it accessible to all accounts registered in the contacts right away, which caused its
immediate spreading.

Who do you think has the main liability on this issue - the girl who allowed someone to
take the video of her nude body or the ono who caused its widespread? Justify. How should this
matter be resolved?

CONCEPT EXPLORATION

Technology has been part of everyone's life, be it at home, in school, or anywhere with
every facet of our undertaking. However, in many instances, we may not be aware that we have
been misusing or abusing it or in another way around, we may find ourselves being used by other
people with their malicious motives using digital tools. Therefore, we may end up being liable or
a victim of such irresponsible kind of technological processing and utilization. It is in this case
that we must gain further understanding and application of digital/cyber literacy, be it on
personal or professional merit.

Digital Literacy
 According to Wikipedia, digital literacy is the set of competencies required for full
participation in society that includes knowledge, skills and behaviors involving the effective use
of digital devices for purposes of communication, expression, collaboration and advocacy.

Simply, it is the ability of an individual to engage with the digital environment and
operate technologies safely by knowing what to do and what not to do and how to avoid
unnecessary risks.

Digital literacy is an individual's ability to access both information and methods of

communication through technological tools, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops and desktop
PCs. While digital literacy is initially focused on digital skills and stand-alone computers, its
focus has shifted to network devices, including the Internet and the use of social media.

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks and programs from digital
attacks (CISCO, n.d). These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or
destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users; or interrupting normal business
processes.

Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is challenging because there are more

devices than people, and attackers are becoming more innovative. Here are some tips on how to
protect yourself against cyber threats.

1. Monitor behavior on social networks. Before posting or uploading something online, try to
realize: (a) Does this need to be public? ; and (b) Is it worth the risk? Remember, not only what
we share online is available to friends and family, but also to cybercriminals.

2. Keep devices safe. Protect your technology tools by installing Anti-virus software, a
configuration of settings on the devices and by completing software updates.

3. Understand how best to use passwords. Passwords need to be complex and hard to guess, but
can still be remembered. One strategy is "passphrase" or a password that comes from first letter
of each word in the phrase. There is also a password manager app to help keep track of all the
passwords "KeePass" which is free of charge. Importantly, do not use the same password for all
accounts.

4. Handle unsafe content. Know exactly how to respond or react to unsafe situations online, such
as (1) suspicious emails, (2) pop-ups claiming that your computer is infected; and (3} BitTorrent
sites.

5. Consider safety for the future. Take individual responsibility in using devices with an utmost
care and critical thinking when online (https%www.esentire.com).
Cyber Citizenship

Citizenship is an old value that is now applied to a new medium, the Internet. Cyber
citizenship refers to being responsible when using the Internet. Doing online when no one is
looking speaks about one's character and morals. The power of this digital world is associated
with responsibilities and consequences. Therefore, we can explore and navigate all information
available Online however, we should observe cyber citizenship or manners and etiquette on the
Web.

Ways on How to be a Good Cyber Citizen

The enlisted ways of becoming a good cyber citizen would guide everyone on his/her
digital operations and information processing would prevent anyone from further consequences,
distractions. moral damages and risks.

1. Be careful and critical for whatever you post online that could be visible to the public even if
on a "private" page through by a friend.

2. If you have a problem with someone., go to that person or an adult to help work it out, instead
of posting your expression online.

3. Use the Internet to help you with your schoolwork, but give credit to the sources you use and
critically analyze everything you search online.

4. Use the Internet purposefully to learn more about anything you are interested in, to help you
research relevant and needed data or information and to stay connected with friends throughout
the world.

5. Make sure you verify an information before you share it or use it in a project and check on
accuracy and truth in the information you search on the web.

6. Give out certain information only.

7. Don't answer questions that make you uncomfortable.

8. Always make sure you have told a reliable adult if you decide to meet someone you knew
through the Internet.

9. Always be aware of copyright laws and give credit to whom an article or a part of it is due.

10. Use only the computers that you are allowed to use. Avoid hacking.
Importance of Cyber Citizenship

1. It keeps the Internet free from hurtful statements.

2. It creates a culture of more reliable information.

3. It gives provisions for people to be given credit for what they have created.

4. More criminals or bullies can be caught when kids are honest and talk to adults.

5. It keeps information private.

Proper Netiquette

Follow these simple rules to ensure that you make wise choices when sending messages online.

1. Make sure you have the correct address (with proper spelling), Correct link and you are
sending the information to the right person when doing it online.

2. Check information before sending or posting any message and avoid false statements and
information on the web or forwarding junk mail or chain letters to family or friends.

3. Re-read what you wrote to make sure it is what you want to say and the other person would
Interpret it the same way.

4. Keep your comments clean and don't confront others Online or say anything that could be
hurtful to them.

5. Keep your personal and friends' information private and don’t forward information that was
just given to you Without his/her permission.

6. Watch out for spam and other fraud e-mails and never reply to them.

7. If you are going to write something personal or private, think twice because messages can get
misdelivered.

8. Adults should monitor kids messages, especially when they are sending e-mails to others
without permission.

The Ten Commandments of Teacher Cyber Citizenship

At some point. misuse and abuse of technology may also happen in schools involving teachers
with their students, colleagues, others. The following are reminders to teachers regarding the use
of media tools.
1. Thou shall not post any personal matter, confidential information and obscene pictures and
messages online that can be accessed by students and parents.

2. Thou shall not respond or thread to any personal message created by students online other than
those school-related.

3. Thou shall not lend or let students access your cellphone.

4. Thou shall not give your email password to students.

5. Thou shall not use concepts and information from texts and references without the author's
Citation.

6. Thou shall not post to any social media account. for whatever purposes. the pictures of
students without their or their parents' consent.

7. Thou shall not express sentiments, disappointments and disagreements against superiors,
colleagues, students and their parents using their social media accounts.

8. Thou shall not use data from Internet sources in any documents like lesson plans, researches
and requirements without the consent of the author.

9. Thou shall not give any personal data or other's information to anyone unless for specific
purposes and given the consent.

10. Thou shall not post any student data publicly online including academic rankings, school
records, Class Outputs and record of grades. De Leon (2019)

Internet Safety

Internet safety, online safety or cyber safety means trying to be safe on the Internet. It is
maximizing the user's personal safety and security risks to private information and property
associated with using the Internet, including self-protection from computer crime. As the number
of Internet users continues to grow worldwide, issues and concerns also continuously exist.

Information security. Sensitive information, such as personal information, identity and

passwords are often associated with personal property and privacy and may present security
concerns if leaked Unauthorized access and usage of private information may result in
consequences, such as identity and property theft.

Common Causes of information security breaches include:

1. Phishing. It is a Common type of scam, of which the scammers disguise as a trustworthy

source in an attempt to obtain private information, such as passwords, credit card information,
etc. through the use of fake websites that look identical and legitimate.
2. Internet scams. These are schemes that deceive the users in various ways in an attempt to
take advantage of them.

3 Malware. It is a malicious software (particularly spyware) disguised to collect and transmit

private information, such as password without the user's consent or knowledge, of which it is
impossible to determine whether a file is infected.

Personal safety and threats. The growth of the Internet gave rise to many important services
accessible to anyone with a connection, such as digital communication. While it allows
communication with others, it is also being grabbed by malicious users for bad intent. The
following are common threats to personal safety.

1. Cyberstalking. It is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an
individual, group or organization through false accusations, defamation, slander and libel,
intentional monitoring, identity theft, threats, vandalism, solicitation for sex, or gathering
information that may be used to threaten, embarrass or harass.

2. Cyberbullying. It is the use of electronic means, such as instant messaging, Social media, e-
mail and other forms of communication. With the intent to abuse, intimidate, or overpower an
individual or group.

3. Online predation. It is the act of engaging an underage minor into inappropriate sexual
relationships through the Internet. Online predators may attempt to initiate and seduce minors
into relationships through the use of chat rooms or Internet forums. The behavior characteristics
are categorized into three groups: A) Manipulative - typically a child molester; B) Opportunist -
typically a rapist; and C) Coercive - being a mixture of both rapists and child molesters.

4. Obscene/offensive content. Various websites on the Internet contain material that may deem
offensive, distasteful or explicit, which may often not be of the user's liking. Such websites may
include the Internet, shock sites, hate speech or otherwise, inflammatory content. Such content
may manifest in many ways, such as pop-up ads and unsuspecting links.

5. Sextortion. It is the use of webcams for flirting and cybersex. Often, this involves a
cybercriminal posing as someone else, such as an attractive person initiating communication of a
sexual nature with the victim. The video is recorded by the cybercriminal to demand money or
other services, threaten to publicly release the video and send to family members and friends of
the victim if they do not comply.

Computer Threats and Fixing Solutions

The realm of Information Technology (IT) security professionals and computer security has
become an issue and concern for many people (Honan, 2014).
A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to anything that has the potential to cause
serious harm to a computer system. It is something that may or may not happen, but has the
potential to cause serious damage and can lead to attacks on computer systems and networks.

Cybercrime is now becoming alarming in the life of every individual and the organization as
they intend to steal information that they can or trade, such as financial details, credit card
information, personal details, or any other information using computer networks.

Likewise, while email has been the main method of the spread computer viruses, it can also enter
a network by the USB device, Internet download, visiting an infected website, instant messaging
or messaging in social media platforms, file transfer and file-sharing programs, or by remote
users connecting directly to the corporate network with an infected PC. Once a computer virus
gets into a network, it can spread from computer to computer in multiple ways.

Given the numerous ways a computer virus can spread, the following are ways on how to ensure
that computer networks can be protected.

1. Install anti-virus software. Ensure that reputable anti-virus software is installed on all
computers, including all servers, PCs and laptops.

2. Ensure that the anti-virus software is up-to-date. New computer viruses are being released
daily and so it is essential that computers are protected by keeping the anti-virus software up-to-
date.

3. Employ a fire to protect networks. As computer viruses can spread by means other than email,
it is important that unwanted traffic is blocked from entering the network by using a firewall.

4. Filter all email traffic. Example of emails with certain file attachments commonly used by
computer viruses to spread themselves, such as .EXE, .COM and .SCR files. This should be
prevented from entering the network.

5. Educate all users to be careful of suspicious e-mails. Ensure that all users know to never open
an attachment or to click on a link in an email they are not expecting.

6. Scan Internet Downloads. Ensure that all files downloaded from the internet are scanned
against computer viruses from one central point on the network

7. Do not run programs of unknown origin. It is important to use a trusted source of software
requirements to be installed and ensure it can be accounted for.

8. lmplement a vulnerability management system. It is important to regularly review network and

the applications running on it for new vulnerabilities and a plan on how to manage them, either
by patching or upgrading them using tools, such as firewalls or Intrusion Detection Systems that
should be put in place.
9. Make regular backups of critical data. There is a need to keep important files on removable
media, such as portable drives or tape for back-up in the event that the network is infected with a
computer virus.

10. Develop an Information Security Policy. The creation and publication Of an Information
Security Policy is key to ensuring that information security receives the profile it requires in
order to secure the systems and data.

11. Monitor logs and systems. Regular monitoring of network and system logs can assist in the
early identification of a computer virus infecting the network or other attacks by criminals.

12. Develop an Incident Response Plan. The incident response plan outlines the roles and
responsibilities of people in the event of a computer virus infecting the network or any other type
of security breach.

13. Restrict end-user access to the systems. Where possible, end users are prohibited from access
to the system so that the virus will also be restricted.

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying, cyber harassment or online bullying is a form of bullying or harassment

using electronic means usually on minors in a school setting and has become increasingly
common, especially among teenagers.

It is an aggressive, intentional act or behavior that is carried out by a group or an individual

using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly against a victim who cannot easily defend him or
herself. The National Crime Prevention Council defines it as a process of using the internet,
cellphones or other devices to send or post texts or images that intend to hurt or embarrass
another person. It may also include public actions, such as repeated threats, sexual remarks,
pejorative labels or defamatory false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making the person
the subject of ridicule in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites about a person, and
posting false statements to discredit the targeted person.

Cyberbullying is similar to traditional bullying, It is just that victims may not know the
identity of their bully and the reason for bullying them. Cyberbullies may disclose victims
personal data on websites or forums --- called doxing, or may use impersonation, and create fake
accounts, comments or sites for purpose of publishing material in their names. This can leave the
cyberbully anonymous and difficult to be caught or apprehended for his/her behavior.

Cyberbullying types. There are various types of cyberbullying and research has revealed
serious profound consequences on victims.
 1. Internet trolling is a common form of bullying over the internet in an online community
to elicit a reaction, disruption or internationally provoke and offend others.

2. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic

communication to stalk a victim and pose a credible threat to harass him/her.

Implications of bullying in schools. Schools should initiate various anti-bullying programs

and campaigns to protect students from being threatened or victimized by such offense. More so,
teachers should be oriented and trained in handling bullying cases and executing teaching
strategies to address and reduce bullying cases in class. Also, schools should conduct student
empowerment activities that can be engaged in by students, including the bullies to divert their
attention and energy into something worthwhile and engagements that they can be busy about.

Cybercrime

Avast defines cybercrime as any criminal activity carried out using computers or the
internet. Cybercrime uses tools like phishing, viruses, spyware, ransomware and social
engineering to break the law (https://ww.avast.com/c-cybercrime).

On the other hand, cybercrime is defined by Technopedia as a crime with the computer as
the object of the crime (i.e. hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an
offense (i.e. child pornography, hate, crimes). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to
access personal and confidential information or use the internet to exploitative or malicious
purposes.

There is a wide variety of cybercrimes, which can broadly be placed into two categories:
one-off crimes, such as installing a virus that steals your personal data; and ongoing crimes, such
as cyberbullying, extortion, distributing child pornography or organizing terrorist attacks
(https://www.avast.com/c-cybercrime).

Cybercrimes may also be referred to as computer crime practiced by those who have
technological skills and use the Internet to achieve their bad motive. Cybercriminals employ their
diverse skill to access bank accounts, steal identities, blackmail, defraud, stalk, and harass or use
a compromised computer to attack their victims. Criminals can also use computers for
communication and document or data storage and those, who perform these illegal activities, are
often referred to as hackers.

On the other hand, malware downloaded from the computer may slow it down and prompt it
to give error messages, Likewise, phishing attacks usually involve receiving emails from
unknown sources while trying to trick someone into giving up his/her passwords or personal
data. Keyloggers leave their own telltale signs like strange icons, or duplicating the messages.

Technopedia cites common types of cybercrime that include online bank information theft,
identity theft, online predatory crimes, unauthorized computer access, and the most serious one
like cyberterrorism. Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of activities that can be categorized
as; (1) crimes that target computer networks or devices, including viruses and denial-of-service
(DoS) attacks; and (2) crimes that use computer networks to advance other criminal activities,
including cyberstalking, phishing and fraud or identity theft.
(https://www.technopedia.comdefinition/2387cybercrime).

Exploring the Internet: Researching and Evaluating the Web

The Internet is a global communication network that allows computers to exchange and
share information worldwide. It makes possible for people around the world to connect and share
ideas across time zones and geographic locations. However, because cyberspace is such a large
realm, sometimes it is difficult to find the needed information. So, the most effective way to
explore the internet is to have strategies in place for doing research on the Web and for
evaluating the websites.

Commonly, this important among schools in doing researches and other related works.
Therefore, this aspect needs to be explored by teachers and students in doing their works.

Surfing the web. the following are the three key factors in surfing the web.

1. Most surfing sessions start with the user-targeted keywords about the subject into a
search engine.

2. Good strategies for searching the Web include writing research questions; extracting
keywords from the questions and typing them into a search engine using synonyms if the
keywords do not bring up desired results; keeping track of keywords and synonyms used; and
recording the results of search.

3.Always be cautious about the information shared online and in visiting websites.

Assessing credibility. Different websites accessible on the Web can make the job of
researchers very challenging. Carefully evaluate the information searched online. Consider the
credibility, or trustworthiness and reliability of the content before taking it. There are two types
of websites: informational and commercial. Informational websites usually strive to offer
credible content to uses, while commercial websites present inaccurate information in order to
see something.

Checklist of credibility criteria. The first step in evaluating the credibility of websites is to
review several important aspects of the site.

1. Author. Check the credentials of the author, the company of the expert and determine the
qualifications to provide information on the subject being researched. Some websites do not list
specific authors, but credibility of a company can be explored by reviewing the sites "About"
page, if available.
 2. Date. Look for copyright information at the bottom of a websites homepage. If the site is
more a few years old and it has not been updated regularly, look for more up-to-date information.

3. Purpose. Analyze the goals of the website and determine if it is an informational or an

advertisement site.

4. Contact. Most credible websites list down contact information such as telephone
number, email address, or mailing address so that users may get in touch if they have questions.

5. Fact vs. Opinion. When doing research for a school paper go to sites that present factual
information provided by experts, rather than opinions. Be on the lookout for biases, too. If the
author is biased, so as the information on the site.

6. URL. The URL may look like ending in .edu (for education), .gov (for government), .org
(for organization), .com (for commercial sites), or .net (for network sites). Different websites
have different URLs. To help determine a sites credibility, determine if that is a personal
websites or blog, a government website, or other types of website.

Common credible URLS. One way of determining the credibility of a website is through
the URLS. Although a websites URL gives clues as to credibility, there is still a need to evaluate
it carefully.

1. When encountering a URL, look at the letters that appear after the "dot"
(i.e.www.whitehouse.gov.) and that is called top-level domain. Thus, the URLs top-level domain
helps in determining a sites credibility.

2. Websites ending in .gov are governmental-related websites which generally, can be

trusted to provide credible statistical information, articles on may different topics and
government news.

3. Websites ending in an .edu are websites of educational institutions, such as colleges and
universities that usually offer a variety of credible data, especially about the schools operations
and research. Since students may create websites with an .edu top-level domain, but they may
contain inaccute or biased information.

4. Websites ending in .org are the websites of organizations, While many organizations,
especially nonprofit ones, provide credible information, they may sometimes have advertising
intent .Since some organizations show bias in their provided information, so evaluate .org sites
carefully.

Recognition of information sources. Similar to the information in print sources, the use of
online sources must be given credit to the authors.This can be done by applying proper
referencing and citation procedures that would get rid of risks, consequences and legal
implications because of the copyright issue, which means that the ideas and words used belong to
the author.

Citation. Each entry in the biblography is called citation.Proper citation must be applied or
included for every source used, wether it is a website, a newspaper, or a book. Online sources are
cited differently because they are different from traditional print sources. There are different
formals used to cite the sources.

Author/Source Year Article Title

Transparency International (2014), corruption perceptions index 2014: Results.

Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results, July 17, 2019

Website
URL Retrieval Date

(to note: The easiest way to create citation of sources is to go to www.citationmachine.net. This
Website generates citations that can be copied and pasted into the works cited page.)

Data privacy implication. The implementation of data privacy in the country is becoming
stronger and powerful, especially in utilizing data for research and other forms of report and
paper works. This has also corresponding legal implications once not processed immediately and
properly. It involves uploading of pictures, designs, graphics, concepts/ideas, frameworks,
artwork, data, and other information that are copyright without the consent of the author or the
source. These are commonly observed in schools.

The following are practical techniques in responding to data privacy issues:

1. When getting the data, put proper citation and source acknowledgement (e.g. Source:
National Statistics Office, 2019).

2. When using needed pictures downloaded from the Internet, put acknowledgement (e.g.
Photo credits to PhilPost, 2019). But if possible to have personal pictures taken with your
original concept. Although, there is still a need to seek the consent of those in the pictures.

3. If data, concepts and information are copyrighted, ask for the consent of the author, and
wait for his/her response.

4. However, if the data and information are for public domain, just acknowledging/citing
the author or the source will do.

5. If the author doesn’t rely want anyone to utilize his/her data file or article, learn the value
of respect, anyway that is his/her property. The authors disapproval usually manifests through
difficulty in downloading the file, some tricky signs that appear on screen, or direct statement or
notice of disapproval contained in the file.

Research and data collection protocols. When researching and collecting data from the
Web, avoid plagiarism, which is the act of taking someone else’s work and presenting it as your
own (Turnitin.com).

Plagiarism is unethical, and it can bring you in trouble. Sometimes, students don’t mean to
plagiarize, but they end up doing it accidentally because they are unaware or unclear about it.

The following are 10 types of plagiarism that teachers, researchers and students should
know.

1. Clone Plagiarism. It is also called identical copying or copying another work(word-for-

word) without any change and claim as his/her own work.

2. Remix Plagiarism. It refers to collecting information from various sources and mixing
all together as a single document then, claiming the work as their own.

3. Ctrl+C Plagiarism. This is when a significant portion of text copied from any single
source without any alteration in a written document.

4. Hybrid Plagiarism. Here, perfectly cited source docents are copied and arranged as a
new document without citation.

5. Find-Replace Plagiarism. This is changing the most common keywords and phrases in
the copied content but not making any changes in the essential document.

6. Recycle Plagiarism. Also called self-plagiarism, it refers to the act of borrowing from
one’s own previous document without proper citation.

7. Mashup Plagiarism. It is when the written document is copied from more than one
source and all mixed together without proper citation.

8. 404 Error Plagiarism. Here a person creates a document by copying from various
sources prepared as a single document with the citation but inaccurate or leads to non-existing
resources.

9. Aggregator Plagiarism. Here the written document includes proper citation but it does
not contain original work.

10. Re-Tweet Plagiarism. Here, all written documents took perfect with properly cited
mark but still, the document resembles somewhere the original texts structure of wordings.

Tips to Avoid Plagiarism

 Turnitin.com suggests some techniques to avoid Plagiarism that teachers, researchers and
students should know.

1. Read and understand the original document several times before start explaining about it.

2. Do not copy any word or sentence from the original document.

3. Give proper citation to all sources (book, journal, website, video, etc.).

4. In case of citing online sources, include the retrieval date and appropriate URL in the
sentence.

5. Common phrases and definitions need to be quoted and cited without any modification.

6. Make a practice to include the "references" section whenever you write an academic
document.

7. Cross verify all your citations before submitting your document.

8. Resort to available plagiarism software to ensure the originality of the written document.

How to Evaluate a Website

Morris (2018) siggests ways on evaluating a website as a reference in research.

1. Open the site. when looking through Google search results, open sites in new tabs, leave
search results in a tab for easy access later (e.g. right-click on the tittle and click "Open link in
mew tab").

2. Skim read. Determine whether you can read and understand the text.If it is too
complicated or difficult to understand, find another website that may provide the information you
need.

3. Look for the answer to your question. Find out if the information on the site actually
answers your question,You can use a search box, navigation menu, or pull up your own search
box by pressing Control/Command F and type in the keywords you are searching for.

4. Consider the credibility of the author or website. You need to consider to credibility
of the author or website by considering the following: (1) Domain -- domains that include .gov
or .edu are trustworthy sources; (2) Authors information -- look at the authors bio or About page
regarding the qualification of the author; (3) Design -- avoid sites that are cluttered and difficult
to navigate; and (4) Sources -- trustworthy articles usually link to other sources of cite where
their facts came from.
 5. Consider the purpose of the site. Think about the purpose of the site and whether it
meets your needs.

6. Look for the date. Consider whether the information is current enough for your topic.
You can look for the date when the article was written or last updated. Sometimes, URLs also
include dates. (http://www.kathleenamorris.com/)

Integrating Digital/Cyber Literacy into the Curriculum

The following are suggested activities to integrate digital literacy, higher-order thinking and
construction of meaning in the classroom.

1. Use an interactive whiteboard to design and deliver lessons. Use Promethean and Smart
Notebook with teacher-created lessons if you are not yet capable of designing your own.

2. Allow students to maintain blogs, wikis, web, pages related to their learning.

3. Engage in email/video chat exchanges with students.

4. Utilize storytelling media to allow students to create and publish stories.

5. Set-up a blog site, Facebook page, Yahoo or Google group and post weekly discussion
questions for students to respond.

6. Use video cameras to dramatize stories, record scientific experiments and expose students
to video editing software to create video production of learning.

7. Engage students in discussions about how and why various media work well showcase
learning and why others do not.

8. Thinking critically about the medium use to present a message is as important as the
message itself.

9. Require E-Portfolio that would compile their outputs, projects, messages and photo-
documents of group activities and investigations online.

10. Allow students to use digital tools, such as mobile phones, Ipad and netbooks for
Google search, dictionary Apps, Youtube, Podcast and Spotify applications in class to
complement their learning, especially during the group works and concept reporting.

Impact of Integrating digital Literacy in the classroom on Teachers, families and

friends. Integrating digital literacy in the classroom can bring a positive impact on students
learning as evidenced by the following:

1. It motivates students in their learning due to their enjoyment and ease of use with the
various technological mediums.
 2. It reaches students various learning styles and multiple intelligence.

3. It allows students to create and design their own unique products reflective of their
personalities and learning needs/styles.

4. It encourages students to manipulate media in constructing their own meaning.

5. It enables students to share their learning with teachers, families and friends.

6. It gives students the chance to explore technological media that inevitably increase the
job skills needed in the workforce.