تقنيات الميكروويف والأقمار الصناعية 1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣-٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫א‬
Beginning Address Control STDM FCS Encoding
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٦١
 ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
300GHz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬300MHz
K30GHz1GHz
30 3 300 30 3 30 3 3
km km m m m cm cm mm
| | | | | | | |
‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬
VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬
| | | | | | | |
10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100
kHz kHz MHz MHz MHz GHz GHz GHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c

f =
λ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 EGHZF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
0.5 to 1 UHF* C
1 to2 L D
2 to 3 S E
3 to 4 S F
4 to 6 C G
6 to 8 C H
8 to 10 X I
10 to 12.4 X J
12.4 to 18 Ku J
18 to 20 K J
20 to 26.5 K K
26.5 to 40 Ka K
 (‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬) UHF - Ultra High Frequency *
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1‫א‬‫א‬

-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬KL ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KD
30cm 1cm  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEMicrowavesF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬
~ cm
    
 ٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   {‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGHzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
EMMIC-Microwave Monolithyc Integrated CircuitF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EGSMF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KELOS-Line Of SightF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EBroadband communicationSystem)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬EIonosphereF
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ٤
ISM-IndustrialScientific and Medical
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

d

D


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KESkin effectF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 f = 100 MHz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢

D
 d
‫א‬

‫א‬
 ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ERigidF J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬EFlexibleF J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEfoilF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEZo=50Ω F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
٢
 Edb/100mF‫א‬
900 500 400 200 ‫א‬   Zo’  ‫א‬

MHz MHz MHz MHz D‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ Ω
 21 16.2  12.5  10  6.9  0.95 Foam 75 RG-6

 PE
39.5 27.5  24  18  6.15  0.58  PE 75 RG-59BU
17.1 12.1  10.5  7.2  10.3  1.63 Foam 75  RG-11
 PE
 24  16  14  10  10.3  0.40  PE 75 RG-11 A/U
 24  16  14  10  14.1  0.4  PE 75 RG-12 A/U
28.5  20  33  23  4.95  0.18  PE 50 RG-58 C/U
 -  -  14  9  10.3  0.75  Pe 50 RG-213 U
 -  -  17  13  6.15  0.64  PE 93 RG-62 A/U
EMicrostripF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kεr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ‬
εr b
‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬
a ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﺔ‬
٤

  εr ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E TEM-Transverse Electro-Magnetic
 ‫א‬ 
 5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 εr   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬εe ‫א‬
εr +1 εr −1 1
εe = +
2 2 12b
1+
w

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬
c
 vp =
εe
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MMIC - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Micowave Monolitlyc Integrated Circuit

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3GHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ESkin effectF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .٢٢٠GHz
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 TWTJ Traveling Wave Tube  ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCFA-Cross Field Amplifier
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
GHz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K٥
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

 ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EHF‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢



 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢
       
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Focusing electrode Buncher cavity Catcher Cavity
A ‫اﻟﺜﻐﺮة‬ B ‫اﻟﺜﻐﺮة‬
Collector
Anode
Drift Space
 ‫א‬W3 
 E‫א‬F،‫א‬ 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
FF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 EE‫א‬
 ٤‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬W٤

EZ‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬
YEX‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFA ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K١
KK٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

     

 ‫א‬W٥

 


 Reflex Klystron‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬W٦
      
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
⎡ 3⎤
τ = ⎢n + ⎥T
⎣ 4⎦
 K‫א‬WT
 Wn
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬K١
K‫א‬K٢
 T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 Kn ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬T  6 3 T  1 3 T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n = 3 / n = 2‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K200 GHz‫א‬4GHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K100 mW‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10%‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 WMagnetron‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 W٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 W‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Knnπ/4


 ‫א‬‫א‬W٩

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬A‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬K٢
‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
‫א‬2A
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬
 K2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬J
 A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬ B‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D ‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬J
 K
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
       K‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٠
     
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬2π‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬K١
K‫א‬K٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١‫א‬‫א‬K١

‫א‬‫א‬W١١ ‫א‬‫א‬W١١
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬–K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 2 kg‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬EF١١‫א‬‫א‬
 KK
K‫א‬‫א‬K
60kg2m‫א‬K
 ١٢‫א‬‫א‬K٢
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٢
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
KTE01‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K5MW10kW‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬10KWK
 K50%‫א‬K

 K‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 W‫א‬
 K1000 W
K75% 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 W‫א‬
 K2,5 GHz 900MHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K١٠ kW300W ‫א‬K
 K70%
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬50%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 W١٤
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬EVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬–‫א‬EF  ‫א‬–‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬.13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬.13
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E100 GHzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–269 CF‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1000GHz ‫א‬‫א‬ fc ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬fc/10 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬Q‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1000ps100ps‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬8 GHz
 T = 1/8*109 = 1.25*10-10 s → T = 125ps Z‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10GHz‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١

 100 GHz‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 100 GHz25 mW‫א‬2 GHz10W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬10 GHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 20 GHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 10GHz1W , 2GHz10 W , 300 MHz50 W‫א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬V = q/c‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K١ K‫א‬‫א‬K١
 Pc‫א‬‫א‬K٢  Ac‫א‬‫א‬K٢
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  fi = fp + fs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  fo = fs ‫א‬K١
 fo = fp + fs ‫א‬K٢
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬K١
 KK٢
 KK٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬W 15
       
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kp-nK
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
0.01µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬: ١٦
      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬FA‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
B‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–‫א‬
 ‫א‬ BA‫א‬‫א‬K

 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ -‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kp‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF١٧
EnFp‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬p n‫א‬‫א‬EF١٧
 Kn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 p‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF١٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

‫א‬K0v‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬EnF‫א‬
3.3kV/cm
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ n‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬3.3kv/cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



Gunn‫א‬–‫א‬K GUNN  K
 ١٨

 W
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬10 cm/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eα,β) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 3dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fα ‫א‬
3dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fβ ‫א‬‫א‬
 fα  = fβ .β W‫א‬‫א‬
 Kft E‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ K‫א‬β‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ft
 K
‫א‬Wfmax ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 Kft 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K
‫א‬K
 E٣J ٢‫א‬F‫א‬K
 300 - 2400 µm‫א‬‫א‬K
 100 GHz‫א‬fmaxK

 ‫א‬W١٩ 
–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 KE
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬: ٢٠
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K١
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
5 mm1 mm K
 30 GHz‫א‬‫א‬K
 TO - 72 K٢
 W‫א‬
 2GHz‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 8GHz‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
2GHz1.8 db4GHz2.4 dbK
4GHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1WK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬150mw‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
 14db‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
40GHz‫א‬K
 20GHz 2dB‫א‬4GHz1dB‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K40%
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(SMITH CHART) 
 SMITHFE CHART
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 SMITHFE CHART  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 (CHART SMITH)W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEMicrowave LinkF
‫א‬EMismatchingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ECHART SMITHF‫א‬
-٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬γ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(١)   γ=α+jβ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J α
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–β
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
λ
2π
 β =
λ W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KZo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EIncident WaveFEi‫א‬‫א‬ErEReflection waveF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Γ‫א‬
Er
 (٢)  Γ =
Ei
 ZL ‫א‬Zo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
ZL − Zo
 (٣)   Γ=
ZL + Zo
 |Γ| ≤ 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL= ZoK

 Γ = 0 ← ZL= Zo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EZL = ∞FEOpen-ended LineF‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .Γ = ١←‫א‬
‫א‬ZL=0EShort CircuitF‫א‬K
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬Γ = -1
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ( ‫א‬‫א‬) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 λ/2‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬ Vmax = Ei + Er
Vmin = Ei - Er
λ/2
 W١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kλ/2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 β( x2 - x1 ) = π
-٤١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
π
 x2 − x1 = β
λ 2π
x
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 − x = β =
2  λ 
1
EResonant Transmission LineF‫א‬

Emax‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(SWR-Standing Wave Ratio) ‫א‬‫א‬Emin‫א‬‫א‬
E max
(٤)  S = E min
 |Er|‫א‬‫א‬|Ei|‫א‬‫א‬Emax
(٥) Emax = |Ei | + |Er|
 |Er|‫א‬‫א‬ |Ei | ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Emin 
(٦) Emin = |Ei | - |Er|

 W
VE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(4) (2)‫א‬I H
1+ ρ
(7) S=
1− ρ
 Γ‫א‬‫ א‬ρ=|Γ| 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
S −1
 (٨)  ρ=
S +1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 S = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EZL = ZoFK
 S=∞E٨FEZL = ∞FK
 S=∞ EZL = 0F‫א‬K
 1 < S > ∞∞١Z‫א‬‫א‬K

-٤٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 EFW
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
Flat F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELine
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 ( ZL ≠Zo ) ZoZL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EMismatched)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I2 R
 K‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGhost SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EISOLATORF‫א‬
 K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EZL = RLF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Zo
S =
 RL < ZO‫א‬‫א‬ RL W‫א‬
 
RL
RL > ZO‫א‬‫א‬ S =
Zo
 W
 ZL = RL = 300 Ω EZo = 75 ΩF‫א‬
 K‫א‬SZL = RL = 50 Ω
-٤٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬
‫א‬RL = 300 Ω  ‫א‬‫א‬
RL 300
 S = = =4
Zo 75
 ‫א‬RL = 50 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬
Z o 75
S= = = 1 .5
RL 50
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EMismatchingF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
RG-11 A/UPi = 1wGHz 2,4
 ZA = 300 Ω‫א‬
Γ‫א‬K
S‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬
ZL − Zo
 Γ = K
ZL + Zo
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Γ Zo = 75 Ω 
300 − 75 225
 Γ = 300 + 75 = 375 = 0.6
-٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ZL = RL ZL > Zo ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
RL 300
S= = =4
Zo 75
1 + ρ 1 + 0 .6
 S = = = 4 E٧F
1 − ρ 1 − 0.6
‫א‬Pi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pa = Pi - P r
‫א‬Pr‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Pr = ρ2 Pi
 EFE٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 Pa = Pi ( 1 – ρ2 )
 ρ = 0.6 , Pi = 1 w  ‫א‬
Pa = 1 ( 1 – 0.62 ) 
  Pa = 0.64 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
( λ/4 TranformerF‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  

Z 'o2
 (9) Z in =
RL
λ/4
Zin
Zo’ RL

 ٢
Zin Zo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eλ/4F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E9F‫א‬Z’o = Zo
Z 'o = Z o .RL Wλ/4
λ
4
Z’o
Z0 R

 ٣

 W2
 E1‫א‬‫א‬FZo = 50 Ω ‫א‬R = 300 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ/4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Z 'o = 50.300 = 122 Ω
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ/4 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٤٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬K
 (Complex impedance ZL = R + jX F ‫א‬
ZoR،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KX ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬W٤

d‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 l‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ l‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WK4
‫א‬‫א‬EF ١٩٣٩
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫( א‬X+JY) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Philip H.Smith) :F
"‫א‬ ‫א‬،
-٤٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬ESmith ChartF‫א‬
Normalized Impedance –z‫א‬‫ א‬K
Z R + jX R X
E٩F z = = = + j = r + jx
Zo Zo Zo Zo
R
Normalized ResistanceJ ‫א‬‫א‬ r = -
Zo
X
 Normalized Reactance –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K x = -
Zo
  Normalized Reactance Capacitive–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J x<0
Normalized Reactance Inductive –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J x>0
y‫א‬‫ א‬K

Y G + jB G B
E١٠F y= = = + j = g + jb
Yo Yo Yo Yo
Normalized ConductanceJ ‫א‬‫א‬ g = G.Z o -
Normalized SusceptanceJ ‫א‬‫א‬ b = B.Z o -
 Normalized SusceptancecapacitiveJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  b>0
Normalized SusceptanceInductiveJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J b<0
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K٥‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  


 ‫א‬‫א‬K
1+ Γ
E١١F  Z = Zo
1− Γ
‫א‬‫א‬
Z 1+ Γ
E١٢F z= =
Zo 1− Γ
 Γ=p+jq ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬z = r + j x ‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬‫א‬
1 + p + jq
 E١٣F r + jx =
1 − p − jq
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
(1 + p)(1 − p) − q 2 1− p2 − q2
 E١٤F r= =
(1 − p) 2 + q 2 (1 − p) 2 + q 2
(1 + p)q − (1 − p)q 2q
 E١٥F x = =
(1 − p) 2 + q 2 (1 − p) 2 + q 2

-٤٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
E١٥FE١٤F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ( r = const )  r ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F‫א‬
r ⎞ (r − 1)(r + 1) − r 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 2
⎛
 q +⎜ p− ⎟ + =⎜
2
⎟
⎝ r +1⎠ (r + 1)2 ⎝ r +1⎠
1 ⎡ r ⎤
 ⎢ p = ; q = 0⎥ ‫א‬‫א‬
1+ r ⎣ 1+ r ⎦
 r=const‫א‬–٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ep = 1,q = 0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1
 ETangent F‫א‬
 KEp = 1,q = 0F‫א‬‫א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬Ep = 0,q = 0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬x = 0 r = const‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4

-٥٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 Ex = constFx‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞
 ( p − 1) + ⎜ q − ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
2
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
1 ⎡ 1⎤
  ⎢ p = 1; q = ‫א‬‫א‬
x ⎣ x ⎥⎦
 x=const‫א‬–٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ep = 1,q = 0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1
 ETangent F‫א‬
 KEp = 1,q = 0F‫א‬‫א‬K2
 Kp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬Zo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFEF‫א‬‫א‬K٥
‫א‬x > 0x < 0 x > 0 x ‫א‬
 K7‫א‬‫א‬x < 0 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬
-٥١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  


،‫א‬‫ א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ zL=1+2j - 
 –‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ rL=1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
A ‫א‬9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬xL=1
Γ = 0.707/45°  : Γ = 0.5 + J0.5‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬، A ‫א‬E‫א‬F٠‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬، rL=0‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ rL=0 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠
B ‫א‬،٩ ‫א‬ B 1-1j‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Γ= 0.45/-63°  Γ = 0.2 – J0.4‫א‬
ZA=50+j100  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K B‫א‬ ZB=10-J20 

-٥٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 z1 = 2 + j  z2 = 1.5 -j2  z3 = j4  z4 = 3
 z5 = 8  z6 = 0  z7 = 1  z8 = 3.68 -j18

WES.W.R)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬





-٥٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  

 ١٠

 KE١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١١
-٥٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(WAVE GUIDE) ‫א‬‫א‬
 EWAVE GUIDEF‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 EWAVE GUIDEF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 EWAVE GUIDEF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEMicrowave LinkF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 WW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3GHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100GHz3GHz ‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
-٥٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 E325 GHzF‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
‫א‬(Tube) ‫א‬
 E١‫א‬FW‫א‬٣‫א‬

µ,∈  KWJ ١
W‫א‬J ٢
a 
x
εr
 z
 WJ ٣
a x
ε
 z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1

-٥٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 W ( Rectangular Wave guideF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬TEM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H ‫א‬
KE٢‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬

W2


  W‫א‬‫א‬K١
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣
 
-٥٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬W٣

 WTEM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢

θ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫ א‬E١F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Hz‫א‬
J Transverse Electric  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTE
-٥٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  

TEW4

،‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ez‫א‬
 TM- Transverse Magnetic  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 TMW5

TEMZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TMTE‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λC‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λP‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
λ λ
E١F λ p = c  λn = c 
sin θ cos θ
-٥٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KλC
 W‫א‬
 Kvg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 Kvp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 W‫א‬c‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C=ƒ.λc
 vg = c .Sin θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


λc
 v p = f .λ p = f . W‫א‬‫א‬
sin θ
c
f c
 E٢F vp = f . =
sin θ sin θ
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F vg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEPhase VelocityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬،c‫א‬vp‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣F   vg vp = c2
-٦٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3λ n 2λ n λn
 a=  a =  a =
2 2 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λn
 ECut-off wavelength F‫א‬‫א‬K4
 Wkc ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
⎛ m.π ⎞ ⎛ n.π ⎞
(٤) kc =2π / λc= ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
 n m ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 (TMm,n ) (TEm,n ) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬. 5
‫א‬TEm,n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n‫א‬mTMm,n‫א‬‫א‬
Fa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m Ey‫א‬Fb ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TE1.0‫א‬‫א‬ 7،Ex‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Em = 1Fx‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 7 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
-٦١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
a λg/2

    
K‫א‬‫א‬TE1.0‫א‬W7
 WTE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Zo
E٥F   Z TE = 2
⎛λ ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟
⎝ λo ⎠
 ZoZ377 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zo
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TEm,0‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬TEm,0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WTEm,n‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
1
λc =
 (٦) 2
⎛m⎞ ⎛ n ⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎝ 2b ⎠
-٦٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 WTMm,n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TMm,n‫א‬TEm,n‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ETM3,7 ،TM9,5F‫א‬‫א‬K2
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،TE1,0‫א‬‫א‬K3
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬TE1,0‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬EF٢W١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTE1,0{TE2,0،TM1,1،TE1,1 W
 W‫א‬
2a
λc = = 2a * TE1,0
m
2a
λc = = a * TE2,0
m
1 1 2a
λc = = =
2
⎛ m. ⎞ ⎛ n. ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 5 * TE1,0 TM11
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ⎜
2 ⎟
⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎝ 2b ⎠ ⎛ 1. ⎞ ⎜ .1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ +
⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎜ 2 a ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
-٦٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
Zo
Z TE =
2
 ⎛λ ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟
⎝ λo ⎠
‫א‬TE1,0،TE2,0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬TE1,1TM1,1‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 WField Patterns‫א‬K٦K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
vg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
-٦٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 λp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،TE2.0 ‫א‬
Ky،x‫א‬‫א‬
WTE1.1‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
Kx،y‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
KTEm,0‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
 KTM1.1‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WCircular waveguides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥FE٣FE٢FE١F‫ א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٦)‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πr
λ
 c δ =
mn
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J r W
 ‫א‬J δmn
-٦٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EδmnF١
TE
mode‫א‬  EδmnF mode‫א‬  EδmnF
TE0.1 3.83 TE0.2 7.02
TE1.1 1.84 TE1.2 5.33
TE2.1 3.05 TE2.2 6.71
TM
TM0.1 2.40 TM0.2 5.52
TM1.1 3.83 TM1.2 7.02
TM2.1 5.14 TM2.2 8.42
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EδmnF١

W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬TE1,110GHz4 cm‫א‬

 W‫א‬
c 3.108
 λo = f = 10.109 = 0.03m = 3cm
(δmn ) = 1.84 TE1.1E1F‫א‬


4
2.π .
2.π .r 2 = 6.83 cm
λc = =
δ mn 1.84
λo 3
λp = = = 3.34 cm
2 2
⎛λ ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟ 1− ⎜ ⎟
⎝ λc ⎠ ⎝ 6.83 ⎠
-٦٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
Zo 120π
Z TM = = = 420Ω
2 2
  ⎛λ ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ o ⎟ 1− ⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ λc ⎠ ⎝ 6.83 ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،1,84 EδmnF K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FTE1,1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KETE1,0
‫א‬‫א‬m‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬
 WTE1,1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2.π .r 2.πr λ
λc = = = 3.415.r [cm] ⇒ r = c
δ mn 1.84 3.415
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ac = π . r2 = π λc2 /3.4152 = 0.256 λc2
WTE1,0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE2 : 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a a2
Ar = a.b = a. =
2 2
Ac 0.317.λc
2
=
Ar o.125.λo 2
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬TE01‫א‬TM11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬10 GHz‫א‬‫א‬TE01‫א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMicrowave LinkF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ELOS – Line Of Sight F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4πAe
 (1) G=
λ2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–Ae
 ‫א‬J λ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
70λ
 (2) θ 3db =
D
‫א‬‫א‬W٢
-٧٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EReciprocity Principle F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ELine of Sight F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K٢


ETxF‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pr‫א‬،Pt
 Kf 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEIsotropic
PT
 E٣F  S=
4πR 2

‫א‬Gt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
PT
 E٤F  S= GT
4πR 2
‫א‬Pr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ae‫א‬
 Pr = S. Ae
-٧١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬Gr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WPr 
SG r λ2
 Pr =
4π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pr [W ] =
PT GT G r
 2
⎛ 4πR ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
 FRIIS‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FRIIS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFSLP – Free Space Loss PropopationF
2
⎛ 4πR ⎞
 L=⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
10 Log dB‫א‬dbwW
 K‫א‬
 Pr [dBw] = Pt [dBW] + Gt [dB] + Gr [dB] – L [dB]
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L[db] = 92,4 + 20 log f [GHz] + 20 log d [km]
 W١
 f=5.8 GHzR=2km
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬

L = 92.4 + 20 log 5.8 + 20 log2
 L = 113.6 dB
-٧٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W٢
‫א‬ 12 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G = 40 dB‫א‬R = 40 km
 f =12GHz‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 dBm ‫א‬‫א‬P = 1 mw‫א‬‫א‬
 Pr [ dbm ] ‫א‬‫א‬
Pr [dbm] = 10 log( Pr [mw] / 1mW)
 W‫א‬
 Pr [dbm] = Pt [dbm] + G[db] + Gr [db] – L [db]
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L[dB] = 92.4 + 20 Log 12 + 20 Log 40
= 146 db
Pr = 12 + 40 + 40 – 146 = - 54 dbm
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Friis ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Friis
Multipath F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEReflection
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Friis 
 WFresnelW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Radio Line F‫א‬‫א‬EFresnel ZoneFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EOptical Line of Sight F‫א‬‫א‬Eof Sight
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Emicrowave LinkF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFresnel ZoneF‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫ א‬K

 K‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬E،F‫א‬E،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Si
To

RECEIVER 
F, Te
Transmission 
line

Si. Ni 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N = k ( Te + To ) B
 Kk = 1.38.10– 23 W/Hz/K ( Bolzman Const )–k
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–Te
 K[Hz]‫א‬–B
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –To
 F ‫א‬E To = 30٠°KF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Te = To ( F – 1 )
 ‫א‬
 N = k ( TO (F – 1 ) + To ) B
 = k ( To F – To + To ) B
N = k To . F . B
-٧٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ S ⎞ Pr P Pr
⎜ ⎟= = =
⎝ N ⎠ N kTe .B kTo F .B
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
⎛E ⎞ PT Pr Tb .B
 ⎜⎜ N ⎟⎟ = N =
b r b
⎝ o⎠ N.
B
Tb=1/R ‫א‬‫א‬J Tb
 EBit RateF‫א‬J R
⎛ Eb ⎞ Pr .B
 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = =
⎝ No ⎠ N .R
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬ f =12GHz
 Kα= 80 db‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KL=3 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
GT =Gr= 20 db .3
F=5 dB ‫א‬K4
Pt=1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5
R=10 Mbps‫א‬K6
B=500kHz‫א‬K7

-٧٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pt .Gt .Gr 1 . 100 . 100 −6
Pr = = = 5 . 10 W
αL 10 8 . 10 0 . 3
 N = kTo.F.B =1.38.10−23.300.100.5.500.103 =1.3.10−17W

⎛ Eb ⎞ Pr .B 5.10 −6 .500 .10 3
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = −17 6
= 1.9.10 11
⎝ No ⎠ N . R 1 . 3 . 10 . 10
⎛ Eb ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 112 .8dB
⎝ No ⎠ dB
-٧٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٧٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L1
‫א‬1963١٩٥٩K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬19574
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1962‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬KKKKK،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬K
Up Link - down Link F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١‫א‬E–FE

 –J ‫א‬W١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٦٥‫א‬ EARLY BIRD‫א‬‫א‬EINTELSAT F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30‫א‬‫א‬
E2‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬1500‫א‬INTELSAT V
‫א‬VSAT - Very Small Seperture Terminal‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬EGATE WAYF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬INMARSAT‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ENetworkingF‫א‬EChannel SwitchingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDigitalSignal Processing-DSPF‫א‬‫א‬
 KALTHOURAY

-٨٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 INTELSAT
‫א‬‫א‬ INMARSAT–INTELSAT
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2
‫א‬EITUF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2،E،F1W3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F3EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢١‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
(FSS- Fixed Satellite Service F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L1

EBSS - Broadcasting Satellite ServiceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L2
EMSS - Mobile Satellite ServicesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L3
(NSS –Navigation Satellite Services) ‫א‬‫א‬L4
 (Meterological Satellite Services - Meteo SS) ‫א‬‫א‬L5

 ١
GHz‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
0,3D1 UHF
1D2 L
2D4 S
4D8 C
8D12 X
12D18 Ku
18D24 K
24D40 Ka
40D100 mm

-٨٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢
GHz‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
0,5D1 C
1D2 D
2D3 E
3D4 F
4D5,5 G
5,5D8 H
8D10 I
10D20 J
20D40 K
40D60 L
60D100 M

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.3
 K‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

-٨٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WEKepler LawFL4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F2F1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F2‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 
GMS ME 4π 2 M S D
 F1 =
 F2 =
D2 T2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J Ms
EME =6.1024 KgF‫א‬–ME
 ED=((6378000 + R ) [m]F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬D
-٨٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬–T
(G=6.67.10-11 Nm2/KgF‫א‬–G
‫א‬D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬R  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

GMS ME 4π2MS D 
F1 = 2
= F2 = 
D T2


2
T .G.M E 
D=3
4.π 2 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF‫א‬
17  84,5 0
16 90 300
15 96 557
12  2 1730
8  3 4200
6  4 6430
3,8  11,3 11000
1  24 35900

-٨٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3590٠‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDRIFTF‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMNIDIRECTIIONALF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٨٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 5.3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 e = arccos [ ( (re + h ) / d ) sinθ ]
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h‫א‬‫א‬EreF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
 e
rcov = ⎢arccos⎜⎜ re cos min − emin ⎟⎟⎥
re + h
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎦⎥
dmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Acov = 2πre2 (1 − cos ϕ )
-٨٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
850‫א‬‫א‬780‫א‬IRIDIUM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K75‫א‬‫א‬L
-٨٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECARRIERF‫א‬
 Uc ‫א‬K
 ωc ‫א‬K
 φc ‫א‬
‫א‬Uc = Umax Sin ( ωct + φcF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UM ( t ) = Umax Sin ( ωMt + φM ) 
 ASKE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J
 UAM (t) = KUmax (t) sin ( ωct + φc )
 FSKE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J
 UFM (t) = U max sin ( KUM (t) ± φc )
 PSKE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J
 UPM (t) = U max Sin ( ωct + KUm (t)
 J K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬K2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 FDMA  ‫א‬‫א‬ K
TDMA  ‫א‬‫א‬ K

 CDMA  ‫א‬‫א‬K
 SDMA  ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬FDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( FDM – Frequency Division Multiplexing )‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ TDMA–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬EGuard Time F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ESPOT BFAM)
 W
CDMATDMAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ETransmitterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( ReceiverF‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬W
 E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W

:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EOn Boarding Processing F‫א‬‫א‬
ERepeaterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LEO- Low Earth Orbit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 MEO – Medium Earth Orbit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 HEO – Heliptical Earth Orbit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 GEO – Geostationatry Earth Orbit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 GEOW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،35786‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L3.06‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٤٥٦23‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 K
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4
 ERouting ProblemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬K6

- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬72‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
60‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ELEO – MEO F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1500‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Van Allen‫א‬200‫א‬LEO
130005000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Van Allen‫א‬MEO
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HEO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 GEOMEOLEO‫א‬
 KGEO‫א‬‫א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬K5

- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1
 KK2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3

 EHEOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬GEO‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Van Allen‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HEO LEO GEO 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬500 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 720
40500 535786‫א‬
‫א‬
4 6 1
 ‫א‬
 12  ٤٠١ ٤٥٦23  ‫א‬
 80  8  5 ‫א‬‫א‬
 1000  700  1500  ‫א‬‫א‬
 12  60 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬3F  E‫א‬‫א‬١٠F 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 8  10  24  ‫א‬
MOLNYA
GLO BALSTAR INMARSAT  
SVNCOM
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

• David M. Pozar, 1998. “ Microwave Engineering “, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Second
Edition.
• Denis, Roddy , 1996 . “ Satellite Communications”, McGraw-Hill . Second Edition.
• Joseph Helszajn, 1992. “MICROWAVE ENGINEERING : Passive, Active and non-

Reciprocal Circuits. McGraw-Hill.
• Kajfez, D. , May 1983. “ Modal field patterns in dielectric rod Waveguide”, Microwave
J., p.181
• Smith, P.H., 1969. Electronic Application of the Smith Chart, McGraw-Hill.
• http://www.nawatt.com/Smith/Smith.htm
• http://we.home.agilent.com/USeng/nav/-11882.0/pc.html
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
 ٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
 ١٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Reflex Klystron‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (CHART SMITH)W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٤١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٤٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EFW
 ٥٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EWAVE GUIDEF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
 ٥٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WERectangular Wave guideF‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WCircular waveguides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
 ٧٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٧٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WFresnelW
-٩٩-
 ‫א‬  ٣٦١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ٧٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W
 ٧٨K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٨K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
 ٧٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L1
 ٨١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.2
 ٨٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.3
 ٨٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WEKepler LawFL4
 ٨٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 ٨٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
 ٩٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬K1
 ٩١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬K2
 ٩٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3
 ٩٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4
 ٩٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬K5
 ٩٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  
-١٠٠-






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

تقنيات الميكروويف والأقمار الصناعية 1

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تقنيات الميكروويف والأقمار الصناعية 1

Uploaded by

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

900 500 400 200 ‫א‬   Zo’  ‫א‬

 21 16.2  12.5  10  6.9  0.95 Foam 75 RG-6

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Micowave Monolitlyc Integrated Circuit

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬: ٢٠

EResonant Transmission LineF‫א‬

‫א‬ZL = RL ZL > Zo ‫א‬

 W ( Rectangular Wave guideF‫א‬‫א‬

 n m ‫א‬

(δmn ) = 1.84 TE1.1E1F‫א‬

 N = kTo.F.B =1.38.10−23.300.100.5.500.103 =1.3.10−17W

(FSS- Fixed Satellite Service F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L1

• Denis, Roddy , 1996 . “ Satellite Communications”, McGraw-Hill . Second Edition.

• Joseph Helszajn, 1992. “MICROWAVE ENGINEERING : Passive, Active and non-

• Smith, P.H., 1969. Electronic Application of the Smith Chart, McGraw-Hill.

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