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Chapter 2 - Introduction To The Stiffness (Displacement) Method
Chapter 2 - Introduction To The Stiffness (Displacement) Method
Learning Objectives
• To define the stiffness matrix
• To derive the stiffness matrix for a spring element
• To demonstrate how to assemble stiffness matrices into
a global stiffness matrix
• To illustrate the concept of direct stiffness method to
obtain the global stiffness matrix and solve a spring
assemblage problem
• To describe and apply the different kinds of boundary
conditions relevant for spring assemblages
• To show how the potential energy approach can be used
to both derive the stiffness matrix for a spring and solve
a spring assemblage problem
f1x f2x
u a1 a2 x
a
u 1 x 1 x 2 1
a2 2 x 1
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 4/32
u( x 0) u1 a1
Boundary Conditions
u( x L ) u2 a2L a1
Solving for a2:
u2 u1
a2
L
Substituting a1 and a2 into u gives:
u u1 x x
u 2 x u1 1 u1 u2
L L L
In matrix form: x x u1
u 1
L L u2
Or in another form:
u
u N1 N2 1
u2
u a1 a2 x
x x u1
u 1
L L u2
u
u N1 N2 1
u2
x
N1 1
L
N1 N2 1
x
N2
L
T T
T k
T f1x k u2 u1 f1x k u1 u2
T f2 x k u2 u1 f2 x k u1 u2
f1x k k u1
f2 x k k u2
F K d F Kd
T k k u2 u1
u3(1) u3(2)
k1 0 0 0 u2 f2(1)x
1 0 1 u3 f3(1)x
For element 2:
0 0 0 u1 f1x
(1)
k 2 0 1 1 u2 f2(1)x
0 1 1 u3 f3(1)x
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 10/32
f1(1)
x
0 F1x
(2)
0 f2 x F2 x
f (1) f (2) F
3x 3x 3x
The above equations give:
k1 0 k1 u1 F1x
0
k2 k 2 u2 F2 x
k1 k 2 k1 k2 u3 F3 x
Boundary Conditions
F2 x k2u3 k2u2
Solve for u2 and u3
F3 x k 2u2 k1 k 2 u3
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 12/32
F1x k1u3
k2 k 2 u2 F2 x
k k k u F k
2 1 2 3 3x 1
1 1 1 1 1 3
k (1) 1000 k (2) 2000
1 1 3
1 1 4
4 2
1 1 4
k (3) 3000
1 1 2
1000 0 1000 0
0 3000 0 3000 Element 3
K
1000 0 3000 2000
0 3000 2000 5000
Element 2
10 15
u3 in u4 in
11 11
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 16/32
1 1
k (1) k (2) k (3) k ( 4) 200 kN / m
1 1
200 200 0 0 0
200 400 200 0 0
K 0 200 400 200 0
0 0 200 400 200
0 0 0 200 200
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 19/32
f2 x 1.0kN f3 x 1.0kN
f3 x 1.0kN f4 x 1.0kN
f4 x 1.0kN f5 x 1.0kN
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 21/32
k k1 1 k k 2 2 k k3 2
k (1) 1 k (2) 2 k (3) 3
k1 k1 2 k 2 k 2 3
k 3 k3 4
k1 k1 0 0 1
k k k 2 k 3 k k 3 2
K 1 1 2
0 k 2 k2 0 3
0 k3 0 k3 4
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 22/32
k1 k1 0 0 1
k k k 2 k 3 k 2 k 3 2
K 1 1
0 k 2 k2 0 3
0 k 3 0 k3 4
P k1 k 2 k3 u2
P
Solving the equation gives: u2
k1 k 2 k3
dG
0
dx
p p
0 i 1, 2,, n or 0
d i d
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 27/32
p U U
1 2
kx Fx
2
p
The variation of p with respect to x is: p x 0
x
p
Since x is arbitrary and might not be zero, then: 0
x
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 28/32
1
p
2
k u22 2u1u2 u12 f1x u1 f2 x u2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 29/32
Recall: p p
0 i 1, 2,, n or 0
d i d
Therefore:
p k
2u2 2u1 f1x 0
u1 2
p k
2u2 2u1 f2 x 0
u2 2
Therefore: k u1 u2 f1x
k u1 u2 f2x
f1x k k u1
f2 x k k u2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 30/32
1
k1 u3 u1 f1x u1 f3 x u3
2
p(1)
2
p
0 k3u2 k3u4 f2 x (3)
u2
p
0 k1u3 k1u1 k 2u4 k 2u3 f3 x (1) f3 x (2)
u3
p
0 k 2u4 k 2u3 k3u2 k3u4 f4 x (2) f4 x (3)
u4
f2 x (3) F2 x
f3 x (1) f3 x (2) F3 x
f4 x (2) f4 x (3) F4 x
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 2 - The Stiffness Method 32/32
Homework Problems
End of Chapter 2