SCREW THREADS

DEFINITIONS
 Screw threads : - Helical grooves of uniform cross-
section cut on a cylindrical surface are called screw
threads.
 External Threads: - Threads cut on a solid surface
 Internal Threads: - Threads cut on inside of a hollow
piece
 Bolts: - When threads are cut on cylindrical rods having
square or hexagonal heads at one end they are called
bolts.
 Studs: - When threads are cut on both the ends of a
plain cylindrical rod.
 The threads are cut into two main shapes i) V shapes
and ii) square shapes.
OBJECTIVE

 The three main objective of screw threads are

1. To fasten the parts temporarily.
2. To adjust the parts with reference to each
other.
3. To transmit power. Such screws are called
power screws.
SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY
SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY
 Axis of screw: The axis is the longitudinal centre line of
the screw thread
 Crest: The crest is the outermost part of the thread
where the two flanks of the thread join
 Root: The root is the innermost portion of the thread
where the two flanks of the thread join.
 Flank: The flank or side is the surface of the helix that
connects the crest with the root.
 Nominal Diameter: It is the diameter of the cylinder on
which the thread is cut.
 Major diameter (D): It is the maximum diameter of the
screw thread measured between crests to crests.
 Minor diameter (d): It is the minimum diameter of the
screw thread measured between roots to roots
CONTD…
 Depth of threads (H): It is the distance between the crest
and the root measured at right angles to the axis i.e.,
H=(D-d)/2.
 Thread angle (2θ): It is the included angle between the
flanks measured in an axial plane.
 Helix angle (α or β): It is the angle which the helix makes
at any point with a plane perpendicular to the axis.
 Pitch (p): It is the axial distance between crest to crest or
root to root i.e., from a point on one thread form to the
corresponding point on the adjacent thread form.
 Let ‘n’ be the number of thread forms per unit length.
Then pitch p=(1/n).
 Lead (L): It is the axial distance advanced by a screw
thread in one revolution.
CLASSIFICATION OF SCREW THREADS
BASIS TYPES
Based on shape of threads (i) V – threads (Triangular threads)
(ii) Square threads
(iii) Modified forms of square threads
(iv) Combination of square and V thread forms
Name of originator or (i) Sellers thread
country in use or (ii) Whitworth thread
standardization (iii) American standard thread,
(iv) Metric thread etc
Pitch or number of threads (i) Coarse pitch (series) thread
per unit length (Thread (ii) Normal pitch (series) thread
series) (iii) Fine pitch (series) thread
(iv) Extra fine pitch (series) thread
Slope of helices (i) Right hand threads
(ii) Left hand threads
Number of starts (i) Single start thread
(ii) Double start thread
(iii) Multi start thread
Purpose of use (i) Power screws
(ii) Ordinary screws
ISO METRIC (UNIFIED THREAD)
H=0.87P
BSW (BRITISH STANDARD WHITWORTH) THREAD
H=0.96P
SQUARE THREAD
H=P/2
ACME THREAD
SELLERS THREAD
H=0.86P
BUTTRESS THREAD
H=P
SCREWED FASTENERS
HEXAGONAL HEAD BOLT AND NUT
SQUARE HEAD AND NUT
APPROXIMATE PROPORTIONS
HEXAGONAL BOLTS AND SUQARE BOLTS
PARTICULARS PROPORTIONS, mm
Nut thickness (T) T=D
Bold head thickness (t) T=0.8D to D
Width across flats (Wf) Wf=1.5D + 3mm
Width across corners (Wc) Wc=2D
Thread length on Bolt (X) X=2D +10mm
Chamfer angle 30° to 45° to the base
Radius of chamfer arc ® R=1.5D
(i) For Hexagonal headed bolts and nuts R=2D
(ii) For square headed bolts and nuts
Root diameter 0.9D
Bolt end chamfer 0.1D x 45°
EMPERICAL RELATION
 WELDED JOINTS
 Welding is a process of fastening the metal parts together
permanently.
 In recent years, welding is fast replacing riveting in structural
fabrication and casting and forging processes.
 Both the ferrous and non-ferrous metals can be joined by
welding.
 Steel, cast iron and ferrous alloys are the materials of the former
type, and the latter type includes brass, copper and aluminium.
 All the technical details required for welding are conveyed by
indicating using the appropriate symbols and other specifications
on the drawing.
 The methods of indicating the standard symbols and
specifications for the welded joints will be discussed in following
slides.
 WELDED JOINTS

 The welded joints are classified according to

the relative positions of the parts being joined.
 The five basic types of welded joints are

 (i) Butt Joint

 (ii) Lap Joint

 (iii) Corner or Fillet Joint

 (iv) Tee Joint

 (v) Edge Joint

 WELDED JOINTS

Butt joint Corner joint Tee joint

Lap joint Edge joint

 WELDED JOINTS
 Symbolic Representation of Weld
 Welded joints are symbolically represented on the drawing as
shown in Figure:
 (a) an arrow line pointing to the joint where the weld is to be made;
 (b) a dual reference line consisting of two parallel lines; one
continuous and one dashed;
 (c) a basic symbol to specify the type of weld;
 (d) a supplementary symbol to characterize the shape of the
external surface of the weld and,
 (e) dimensions of the weld.