Aquaculture Training Manual For Extension: Agents in Uganda

Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’
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Aquaculture
Training Manual
for Extension
Agents in Uganda
,PSURYHGOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJKSURࢆWDEOH
FRPSHWLWLYHDQGVXVWDLQDEOHDTXDFXOWXUH
January, 2020
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [i]
Partners
Ministry of Agriculture Animal Ministry of Water and Environment

Industry and Fisheries
0,1,675<2)$*5,&8/785($1,0$/,1'8675<$1'),6+(5,(6
Aquaculture
Training Manual
for Extension
Agents in Uganda
,PSURYHGOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJKSURࢆWDEOH
FRPSHWLWLYHDQGVXVWDLQDEOHDTXDFXOWXUH
FOREWORD
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Hon. Vincent Bamulangaki Sempijja (MP)
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES.
[iv] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................ iv
CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... v
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x
List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii
Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... xv
/LVWRI'HࢉQLWLRQV .......................................................................................................... xvii
MODULE ONE: AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA .................................. 1
1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Key Stakeholders .................................................................................................3
1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture ............................................................................4
1.4 Challenges ...........................................................................................................4
%HQHࢉWVRIIDUPLQJࢉVK .....................................................................................4
3XUSRVHDQG2YHUYLHZRIWKH0DQXDO ..............................................................5
MODULE TWO: BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH

FARMING IN UGANDA .............................................................................. 7
2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment? ...................................................7
2.2 Background Research .........................................................................................8
2.3 Market ..................................................................................................................8
'HFLGLQJZKHUHEHVWWRORFDWHWKHIDUP ...........................................................9
*XLGHOLQHVDQG5HJXODWLRQVIRU&RPPHUFLDO$TXDFXOWXUH .............................9
MODULE THREE: AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA ...................13

&ODVVLࢉFDWLRQRIDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV .......................................13
3.1.1 Water quality characteristics .................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 Fish cultured ................................................................................................................ 14
,QWHQVLW\RISURGXFWLRQ .............................................................................................. 14
6FDOHRI3URGXFWLRQ ..................................................................................................... 15
/HYHORIFRQWURORYHUZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDQGZDVWH............. 16
3.2 Fish Species Farmed .........................................................................................18
&RPPRQO\IDUPHGFRPPHUFLDOࢉVKVSHFLHV........................................................... 18
&RPPRQO\IDUPHGRUQDPHQWDOࢉVKVSHFLHV .......................................................... 19
3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under development
IRUDTXDFXOWXUH............................................................................................................ 20
3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between major commercial
aquaculture species and their close relatives ..................................................21
3.3.1 The Tilapia’s ................................................................................................................. 21
7KH&DWࢉVKHV ............................................................................................................... 22
MODULE FOUR: ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM ..............................................................23

6XLWDEOH6LWHVIRU)LVK)DUPLQJ ........................................................................23
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [v]

4.2 Fish Ponds ..........................................................................................................27

4.2.1 Site Selection ............................................................................................................... 27
4.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct .......................................................... 27
4.2.1.2 Assessing Suitability of Soils for Pond Construction ............................................................... 28
4.2.2 Constructing Ponds .................................................................................................... 30
4.2.2.1 Recommended Pond Standards ................................................................................................ 30
4.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond Construction ........................................................................... 33
4.2.2.3 Steps in Pond Construction ....................................................................................................... 34
0DLQWHQDQFHDQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQRI3RQGDQG&KDQQHOV ....................................... 41
4.3 Fish Tanks ...........................................................................................................42
%DVLF)HDWXUHVRID)LVK7DQN..................................................................................... 43
)DFWRUV$ࢆHFWLQJ&KRLFHRI7DQN .............................................................................. 45
4.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks ............................................................................................. 46
0DLQWHQDQFHRI)LVK7DQNV ........................................................................................ 47
4.4 Fish Cages ...........................................................................................................47
4.4.1 Cage types ................................................................................................................... 47
6LWH6HOHFWLRQIRU&DJH)DUPV .................................................................................... 48
4.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment ............................................... 52
2WKHUIDFWRUVLQࢇXHQFLQJIDUPHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQV ............................................. 54
4.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm ..................................................................... 56
4.4.4 Cage Construction ...................................................................................................... 57
4.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm ..................................................................................... 63
0DLQWHQDQFHRI&DJHV ................................................................................................ 66
2WKHU5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU&DJH)DUPV ....................................................................... 66
4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems ................................................................66
4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems ................................................68
4.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems................................................. 68
4.6.2 Aquaponics .................................................................................................................. 69
)DUP(࢈XHQW ....................................................................................................70
MODULE FIVE: WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT ............................................................71

7KH,PSRUWDQFHRI:DWHU4XDOLW\LQ$TXDFXOWXUH ........................................71
5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production. ..............................................................72
'LVVROYHGR[\JHQ'2................................................................................................ 75
5.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................................................ 77
5.2.3 Organic Matter ............................................................................................................ 77
5. 2.4 Ammonia ..................................................................................................................... 78
7XUELGLW\DQGFRORXUDWLRQRIZDWHU .......................................................................... 78
5.2.6 Dissolved Gases ........................................................................................................... 78
:DWHUYROXPHDQGH[FKDQJHUDWHV ........................................................................... 78
5.2.8 Fish Density ................................................................................................................. 78
5.3 Carrying Capacity ..............................................................................................79
0DQDJLQJ:DWHU4XDOLW\LQWKHGLࢆHUHQW3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPV ...................80
5.4.1 Water Source ............................................................................................................... 80
5.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds ....................................................... 80
[vi] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds ............................................................................................................................... 81

5.4.2.2 Fertilisation .................................................................................................................................. 82
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Production Systems .................................................................................................... 89
0HWKRGVIRU0RQLWRULQJ:DWHU4XDOLW\3DUDPHWHU ......................................93
5.6 Water Treatment ...............................................................................................94
MODULE SIX: FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION ............................................................97

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1XWULWLRQDORI5HTXLUHPHQWVRI)LVK ...............................................................98
7\SHRI)LVK)HHGV .............................................................................................99
1DWXUDOIRRG ................................................................................................................ 99
6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV ................................................................................................. 99
6.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets ..................................................................................... 99
6HOHFWLQJWKHULJKWIHHG........................................................................................... 101
)HHGLQJࢉVK ......................................................................................................101
(VWDEOLVKLQJWKHFRUUHFWIHHGLQJUHJLPH ............................................................... 102
:KHQVKRXOG,IHHG" ................................................................................................. 103
6.4.3 Determining the ration ............................................................................................ 103
6.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed ......................................................... 103
6.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration .................................................................................................................. 104
+RZVKRXOG,DGPLQLVWHUIHHGWRࢉVK" ................................................................... 105
6.3.4.2 Feeding by Response ................................................................................................................ 106
(YDOXDWLQJWKH)HHG3HUIRUPDQFH .......................................................................... 108
7UDQVSRUWDQGVWRUDJHRIIHHGVWXࢆV ............................................................110
6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm ..................................................................................111
6.6.1 Formulated Feeds ..................................................................................................... 111
6.6.1.1 Ingredients................................................................................................................................. 111
6.6.1.2 Preparing the feed .................................................................................................................... 112
6.6.2.3 Other important things to note ............................................................................................... 113
/LYHIHHGV .................................................................................................................. 113
6.6.2.1 Artemia (Brine Shrimp) ............................................................................................................. 113
6.6.2.2 Cladocerans. .............................................................................................................................. 115
6.6.2.3 Rotifers ....................................................................................................................................... 116
MODULE SEVEN: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................117

7.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................117
7.2 Hatchery Management...................................................................................118
7.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management ............................................................................... 120
7.2.1.1 Broodstock Management ......................................................................................................... 122
7.2.1.2 Spawning, Fertilisation, Egg Incubation and Hatching ........................................................ 123
7.2.1.3 Production of Single Sex Tilapia .............................................................................................. 125
&DWࢉVK+DWFKHU\0DQDJHPHQW ............................................................................... 128
7.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management ....................................................................... 131
+DUYHVWLQJ+DQGOLQJ*UDGLQJDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI)LVK ..........................131
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [vii]

7.3.1 Handling Fish ............................................................................................................ 132

7.3.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................... 133
7.3.3 Harvesting ................................................................................................................. 134
7.3.4 Sorting and Grading ................................................................................................. 135
7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation .......................................................136
7.4.1 Conditioning Fish ...................................................................................................... 137
0HWKRGVIRU/LYH)LVK7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ .................................................................... 137
/LYH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQIURP+DWFKHU\WRWKH)DUP .................................................. 141
7.5 Grow-Out Management ..................................................................................141
7.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units ..................................................................... 141
7.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production .................................................................................. 142
7.5.1.1 Ponds .......................................................................................................................................... 142
MODULE EIGHT: FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY....................................................143

8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................143
)LVK:HOIDUH......................................................................................................144
8.3 Stress ................................................................................................................145
0DMRU&DXVHVRI6WUHVV ............................................................................................. 145
6LJQVRI6WUHVVLQ)LVK ............................................................................................... 145
:K\DUHVWUHVVHGࢉVKPRUHOLNHO\WRIDOOVLFN" ...................................................... 147
8.4.3 Preventing Stress ...................................................................................................... 147
8.4. Fish Disease ......................................................................................................148
&ODVVLࢉFDWLRQRIࢉVKGLVHDVHV .................................................................................. 148
+RZWRLGHQWLI\VLFNࢉVK .......................................................................................... 148
:KDWVKRXOG,GRLI,QRWLFHVLFNࢉVK" ..................................................................... 151
8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory .............................................. 151
8.4.4.1 Samples to Send ........................................................................................................................ 151
8.4.4.2 Basic Information to Send with Samples to the Lab ............................................................. 152
&RQWUROOLQJࢉVKGLVHDVHVRQIDUP ........................................................................... 152
8.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines........................................................................................... 154
8.4.5.2 Sanitation and Disinfection...................................................................................................... 155
8.4.5.3 Treatments ................................................................................................................................. 155
8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture and their Control.................160
1RQ,QIHFWLRXV'LVHDVHV .......................................................................................... 160
8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases ................................................................................ 160
8.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases.................................................................................................................. 163
8.5.1.3 Physical Trauma ........................................................................................................................ 164
8.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions .................................................................................................................... 165
8.5.1.5. Tumours ..................................................................................................................................... 165
,QIHFWLRXV'LVHDVHV ................................................................................................... 165
8.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections ................................................................................................................... 165
8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections .................................................................................................................. 168
8.5.2.3 Fungal Infections ...................................................................................................................... 171
8.5.2.4 Viral Diseases............................................................................................................................. 171
1RWLࢉDEOH'LVHDVHVRI&RQFHUQ ............................................................................... 172
8.6 Predator Control ..............................................................................................173
8.7.1 National Level ........................................................................................................... 176
[viii] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

8.7.2 Farm Level ................................................................................................................. 176

3XEOLF+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\2QH+HDOWK .........................................................177
8.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases ..................................................................................................... 178
8.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance ........................................................................................ 178
8.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable Health
Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture Environment .................................... 178
(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFWVRI$TXDFXOWXUH .......................................................179
MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING

OF FARMED FISH ................................................................................... 181
9.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................181
9.2 Fish Quality ......................................................................................................181
)LVK)RRG6DIHW\ ........................................................................................................ 181
/HYHORIVSRLODJH ....................................................................................................... 183
&RQVXPHU3UHIHUHQFHV ............................................................................................. 184
9.3 Fish Processing ................................................................................................184
9.3.1 Fish Hygiene .............................................................................................................. 184
9.3.2 Processing .................................................................................................................. 184
9.4 Packaging .........................................................................................................185
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQRI)LVK3URGXFWVWR0DUNHW ..................................................186
MODULE TEN: MARKETING OF FARMED FISH ............................................................187

10.1 What is marketing...........................................................................................187
10.1.1 Why Marketing is Important .................................................................................. 190
10.1.2 What is a market? ..................................................................................................... 190
7\SHVRI0DUNHWV ...................................................................................................... 190
10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy ................................................................190
10.3 Collective Marketing .......................................................................................193
MODULE ELEVEN: AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS ....................................................195

11.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................195
11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation ............................................................196
11.2.1 Production Records................................................................................................... 196
11.2.2. Marketing Records ................................................................................................... 196
11.2.3. Financial Management ............................................................................................ 196
11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision Making ....................................197
11.3.1 Enterprise Budgets ................................................................................................... 197
&DVKࢊRZDQDO\VLV ..................................................................................................... 198
11.3.3 Risk Analysis .............................................................................................................. 198
11.3 Production and Business Planning ...............................................................199
11.4 Maintaining Farm Income..............................................................................200
QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS .......................................................................... 201
List of Appendices ..........................................................................................................203

$SSHQGL['HVFULSWLRQRIWKH6SHFLHV ...........................................................................203
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$SSHQGL[6WHSVWR)ROORZLQ3UHOLPLQDU\(YDOXDWLRQRI&DJH6LWHV .........................208
$SSHQGL[)HHGLQJ&KDUWV ..............................................................................................210
$SSHQGL[+RZWR8VH)HHGLQJ&KDUW ...........................................................................212
$SSHQGL[([DPSOHVRIIRUPXODWLRQVIRURQIDUPࢉVKIHHGV ..................................213
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$SSHQGL[+RZWRXVHWKH3HDUVRQȆVVTXDUHWRIRUPXODWHIHHGV ...............................214
$SSHQGL[+RZWRSUHSDUHSLWXLWDU\H[WUDFW ............................................................215
$SSHQGL[5HFRUG6KHHWVDQGWKHLU,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ ....................................................217
5HIHUHQFHV ..........................................................................................................................223
/LVWRI)LJXUHV
Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons). ............................................. 2
Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain ....................................................................... 3
Figure 3: Impacts of Land Use for Fish Farming. . ........................................................................... 25
Figure 4: Example of a Well-Planned ................................................................................................. 26
Figure 5: Water Retention Test ........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 6. Basic Features of a Fish Pond............................................................................................. 32
Figure 7: Pegging the pond ................................................................................................................ 35
Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench ............................................................................................ 35
Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall................................................................................................ 36
Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond ................................................................................................. 37
Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 12: The Outlet. ........................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom.................................................................. 39
Figure 14: Finishing the Bank. ............................................................................................................. 40
Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board.......................................................................................... 40
Figure 16: De-silting Ponds ................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 17: Erosion of Pond Walls ......................................................................................................... 41
Figure 18: Impact of wave action on pond walls. ............................................................................. 42
Figure 19: Tanks ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 20: Basic components of a Fish Tank ....................................................................................... 45
Figure 21: Types of Fish Cages ............................................................................................................. 48
Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms.. ........................................................................................................... 50
)LJXUH ,OOXVWUDWLRQRIWKHHࢆHFWRIGLVWDQFHIURPSRQGVHGLPHQWRQ
ZDWHUTXDOLW\LQࢉVKFDJHV ................................................................................................ 53
Figure 24: Example of a Scoring Card for Evaluating Cage Sites ..................................................... 56
Figure 25: Basic Components of a Floating Cage .............................................................................. 57
Figure 26: Types of Cage frames .......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials ....................................................................................................... 58
Figure 28: Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage. ............................................................ 58
)LJXUH 'RXEOH/9+'QXUVHU\FDJHIRURࢆVKRUHXVHLQDODNHRUULYHU ..................................... 59
Figure 30: Rigid cages ........................................................................................................................... 61
)LJXUH )RUFHVDࢆHFWLQJGHVLJQFULWHULDDQGLQVWDOODWLRQRIࢊRDWLQJFDJHV............................. 61
Figure 32: Collars, Floats and Platforms ............................................................................................. 62
Figure 33: Attachment for feeding sinking pellets in cages ............................................................. 63
Figure 34: Positioning Cages. ............................................................................................................... 64
Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned in a Single File with Adequate Spacing
Between Cages and Rows. .................................................................................................. 64
Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly Positioned with No Spacing. ........................................... 64
Figure 37: Basic components of the Mooring ................................................................................... 65
)LJXUH ([DPSOHVRIFRQࢉJXUDWLRQRIPRRULQJV\VWHP .............................................................. 66
Figure 39: Key Components of a RAS System ..................................................................................... 67
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[L]

Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks ...................................................... 67
)LJXUH %LRࢉOWHU6XEVWUDWHDQG6XEPHUVLEOH3XPS ..................................................................... 68
Figure 42: Illustration of Integrated Fish Farm .................................................................................. 68
Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms ......................................................................................................... 69
Figure 44: Adaptation of the RAS into an Aquaponics System ......................................................... 69
Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System ............................................................................................. 70
)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDW,QࢊXHQFH:DWHU4XDOLW\LQ)LVK)DUPLQJ .................................................... 72
)LJXUH (TXLSPHQWIRUVXEPHUVLEOHDHUDWRUVDQGGLࢆXVHUV ........................................................ 75
Figure 48: Surface aerators .................................................................................................................. 76
Figure 49. Carrying Capacity................................................................................................................. 79
Figure 50: Limiting factors and their impact on Standing Crop at Carrying Capacity ................. 79
)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWZDWHUTXDOLW\G\QDPLFVLQSRQGV ...................................................... 81
)LJXUH $SSOLFDWLRQRIOLPHEHIRUHࢉOOLQJWKHSRQGZDWHU............................................................ 82
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc..................................................................................................................... 85
Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings ............................................................................................. 86
Figure 55: Application of Organic Manures in Ponds ........................................................................ 87
Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment.................................................................................. 93
Figure 57: Forms of Commercial Feeds ............................................................................................. 100
Figure 58: Estimating the quantity of Live Feed............................................................................... 103
Figure 59: Graduated bucket .............................................................................................................. 104
)LJXUH $*RRG)HHGLQJ5HVSRQVH$OOࢉVKFRPHWRIHHGDWWKHVDPHWLPH........................... 106
)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDW,QࢊXHQFHWKH)&5 ......................................................................................... 109
Figure 62. Feed Storage. Left . ............................................................................................................ 111
Figure 63: Life Cycle of Artemia.......................................................................................................... 113
Figure 64: Artemia packaged for sale ............................................................................................... 114
Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii ................................................................................ 114
Figure 67: Daphnia............................................................................................................................... 115
Figure 68: Rotifers ................................................................................................................................ 116
Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds .......................................................................................................... 116
Figure 70: Fish Life Cycle ..................................................................................................................... 117
Figure 71: Natural Propagation.......................................................................................................... 118
Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation ................................................................................................ 119
)LJXUH $UWLࢉFLDO3URSDJDWLRQRI)LVK ............................................................................................ 119
Figure 74: Tilapia Seed Production ................................................................................................... 121
Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond. ................................................................ 124
Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation ........................................................................... 124
Figure 77: Options for Tilapia Seed Production ............................................................................... 125
)LJXUH 6H['LࢆHUHQWLDWLRQRI1LOH7LODSLD .................................................................................... 127
)LJXUH 6H[GLࢆHUHQWLDWLRQRI$IULFDQ&DWࢉVK .............................................................................. 128
)LJXUH 6HOHFWLQJ)HPDOH&DWࢉVKIRU%UHHGLQJ............................................................................ 128
)LJXUH $UWLࢉFLDO3URSDJDWLRQLQ$IULFDQ&DWࢉVK ........................................................................ 129
)LJXUH &DWࢉVK)LQJHUOLQJVLQD7DQN ............................................................................................ 130
Figure 83: Fish Basket. ........................................................................................................................ 132
Figure 84: Grading Fish with a Grader Box in a Hapa. .................................................................. 135
Figure 85: Packaging Live Fish in Bags for Transportation............................................................. 138
)LJXUH /LYHࢉVK7UDQVSRUWDWLRQLQ%DJV ...................................................................................... 139
Figure 90: The Disease Triad .............................................................................................................. 144
)LJXUH &RPPRQFDXVHVRIࢉVKVWUHVV ........................................................................................ 145
Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to
Environmental Stressors. ................................................................................................. 146
[[LL] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Figure 93: Description of Mortality and Infection Trends ............................................................... 149

Figure 93: Some common Signs of Fish Disease ............................................................................. 149
Figure 95: Tilapia piping for air .......................................................................................................... 160
Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease ........................................................................................................ 162
Figure 97: Gas bubbles in larvae associated with supersaturated levels of
carbon dioxide in water..................................................................................................... 162
)LJXUH 6NHOHWDOGHIRUPLWLHVDULVLQJIURP9LWDPLQ&GHࢉFLHQF\ ............................................... 163
Figure 99: Mould and symptoms of Mycosis from Consumption of Mould Feeds ...................... 164
)LJXUH /LIH&\FOHRI,0XOLWLࢉOOLV ................................................................................................. 168
Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites .................................................................................................... 169
Figure 102: Saprolgenia infection ........................................................................................................ 171
Figure 103: Symptoms of TiLV .............................................................................................................. 172
)LJXUH 6LJQVRI(86LQIHFWLRQLQ$IULFDQFDWࢉVKOHIWDQG%DUEXVVSULJKW........................ 172
Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease ................................................................................................ 173
Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds .................................................................................. 174
Figure 107: Ecosystem interactions for healthy food production .................................................... 177
Figure 108: Examples of positive (+) and negative (-) impacts related to
aquaculture inputs and resource use (FAO, 2010) ......................................................... 179
Figure 109: Aquaculture Products ....................................................................................................... 185
Figure 110: Examples of Packaging Used for Aquaculture Products .............................................. 186
Figure 111: Components of the Aquaculture Marketing Chain ....................................................... 188
Figure 112: Description of the Farmed Fish Value Chain .................................................................. 189
Figure 113: Some Aspects of Marketing Aquaculture Products and Services in Uganda ............. 191
Figure 114: Local Example of Collective Marketing Approach ........................................................ 194
Figure 115: Cash Flow Analysis of Two Tilapia Farms ........................................................................ 198
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[LLL]

/LVWRI7DEOHV
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Table 1: Market issues to consider before investing in aquaculture. ........................................... 8

Table 2: Guidelines and Regulations for Commercial Aquaculture ............................................... 9
Table 3: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mono and Polyculture
Production Systems ............................................................................................................. 14
Table 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Extensive, Semi-Intensive
and Intensive Fish Production Systems ............................................................................ 15
Table 5: Scales of Production ............................................................................................................ 15
Table 6: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Small, Medium and Large-Scale
Fish Production Systems ..................................................................................................... 16
Table 7: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Open, Semi-Open,
Closed and Hybrid Systems ............................................................................................... 17
Table 8: General Factors for Consideration when Selecting a Site for Fish Farming ................. 23
Table 9: Implications of site characteristics and production objectives on pond design ......... 29
Table 10. Standard Tank Features ...................................................................................................... 44
Table 11: Advantages and Disadvantages of Circular and Rectangular Tanks............................. 46
Table 12: LVFO Recommended Water Quality Characteristics for Cage Sites .............................. 49
Table 13: Minimum concentrations at cage sites for heavy metal contaminants
in water and sediments ...................................................................................................... 51
Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and
pesticides at cage sites and aquaculture parks. ............................................................. 51
Table 15: Summary of Physical criteria for cage aquaculture site selection showing
WKHDFFHSWDEOHVWDQGDUGVIRUFDJHࢉVKIDUPLQJ .............................................................. 52
Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sediment ...................................... 53
Table 17: No go areas within proximity of some establishments around candidate sites ......... 54
Table 18: Advantages and Disadvantages of Rectangular and Circular Cages ............................ 59
Table 19: Advantages and Disadvantages of Small and Large Cages ........................................... 60
Table 20. Identifying appropriate cage for a site ............................................................................. 60
Table 21: Types of Mooring ................................................................................................................. 65
Table 22: Recommended Water Quality Ranges .............................................................................. 73
Table 23. Comparison between the water quality characteristics of underground
and surface waters .............................................................................................................. 80
Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers ............................................... 83
Table 25: Guidelines for Fertilising Tilapia Production Ponds ....................................................... 83
Table 26: Challenges with too little or too much pond fertility ..................................................... 84
Table 27: Management Requirements for Maintaining Phytoplankton Blooms
DW'LࢆHUHQW6HFFKL5HDGLQJV .............................................................................................. 86
7DEOH 0DQDJLQJ&RPPRQ:DWHU4XDOLW\,VVXHVLQWKH'LࢆHUHQW3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPV ....... 89
Table 29: Nutritional Requirements for Farmed Fish ...................................................................... 98
Table 30: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Major Types of Feed ...................................... 100
Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds ............................................................ 101
7DEOH )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWࢉVKDSSHWLWH ....................................................................................... 102
Table 33: When to Feed ..................................................................................................................... 103
Table 34: When to adjust the Ration ................................................................................................ 104
Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods. ..................................................................................................... 105
7DEOH $VVHVVLQJWKH&RVW(ࢆHFWLYHQHVVRID)HHG .................................................................... 109
Table 37: Description of Stages in Tilapia Production ................................................................... 120
[[LY] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
7DEOH 7\SLFDO$SSHDUDQFHVRI)LVKDW'LࢆHUHQW6WDJHVRI6WUHVV............................................ 146

Table 39: Protective Barriers against Infection in Fish .................................................................. 147
Table 40: Symptoms of Fish Disease ................................................................................................ 148
Table 41: Shipment of Fish Samples. ............................................................................................... 151
Table 42: General Approaches to Disease Control ......................................................................... 153
Table 43: Factors to Consider for Fish Vaccination ........................................................................ 154
Table 44: Methods for Administering Treatments to Fish............................................................. 156
Table 45: Treatment Rates................................................................................................................. 157
Table 46: Bacterial Infections............................................................................................................ 165
Table 47: Basic Elements of a Biosecurity Plan............................................................................... 176
Table 48: Potential Negative Environment Impacts from Aquaculture ....................................... 179
Table 49: Principles of the HACCP .................................................................................................... 182
Table 50: Freshness Grading Scheme for Fish ................................................................................ 183
Table 51: Signs of Spoilage in Smoked and Dried Fish .................................................................. 183
Table 52: Signs of Spoilage in Frozen Fish ...................................................................................... 183
Table 53: Example Enterprise Budget for Single Pond Cycle for Static-Water Tilapia
Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking Pellets ........... 197
Table 54: Risk Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 198
Table 55: Template for Developing an Aquaculture Business Plan.............................................. 199
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[Y]

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[[[] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

MODULE ONE:
AN OVERVIEW OF
AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA
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1.1 Background
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Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [1]

Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons).

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[2] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

1.2 Key Stakeholders

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Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain
Private Sector Service Providers

Input suppliers (feed ingredients –
fishermen, crop producers, importers
of feed, nets, equipment
Middlemen, traders, transporters Middlemen, traders, transporters
Producers
Aquaculture
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grow-out associations
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Providers of Public Goods and Services

MAAIF, NARO, MaK, FTI, NEMA, DWD,
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Markets for Farmed Fish
Homes, restaurants, markets
Export to regional markets
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1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture

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MODULE TWO:
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
COMMERCIAL FISH FARMING
IN UGANDA
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2.2 Background Research

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SYSTEMS IN UGANDA
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Advantages Disadvantages
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• 6WRFNLQJFRPSOHPHQWDU\VSHFLHV VSHFLHVGXULQJSURGXFWLRQGHSHQGLQJ
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3.2 Fish Species Farmed

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&RPPRQO\IDUPHGFRPPHUFLDOࢉVKVSHFLHV
a) Nile Tilapia 2UHRFKURPLVQLORWLFXV
.H\IHDWXUHV
Ȏ 0RVWZLGHO\IDUPHGVSHFLHVLQ8JDQGD
Ȏ /DUJHVL]HFPDQGGHHSERG\KHQFH
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Ȏ 6HFRQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWVSHFLHVIDUPHGLQWKH
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Ȏ (DV\WRFXOWLYDWH
Ȏ 3HUIRUPVEHWWHULQSRQGVDQGWDQNV
Ȏ &RQVXPHVDOOIRRGV
Ȏ )DVWJURZHUV
c) The Mirror Carp &\USLQXVFDUSLR

.H\IHDWXUHV
Ȏ ,PSRUWHGLQWR8JDQGDIRUDTXDFXOWXUHLQWKH
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temperatures
Ȏ *URZQPDLQO\LQ8JDQGDȆVKLJKODQGV
Ȏ /DUJHO\JURZQLQSRQGV
Ȏ %RWWRPGZHOOHUV
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Key Features
Ȏ ,QGLJHQRXVWR8JDQGD
Ȏ 5HDGLO\DFFHSWVDQGHDVLO\FRQYHUWVORZSURWHLQGLHWV
Ȏ *RRGJURZWKUDWHVDFKLHYHGIHUWLOL]HGSRQGVZLWKRXW
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Ȏ 1RWDSUROLࢉFEUHHGHU
Ȏ &DQEHUDLVHGFRPSOHWHO\RQDOJDOPDWHULDOLQWKHࢉUVW
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Ȏ 0DUNHWDEOH
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Ȏ 2UQDPHQWDOVSHFLHVDUHKLJKYDOXHQLFKHVSHFLHV
Ȏ 0DMRUFOLHQWVDUHKREE\LVWVZKRNHHSWKHPIRUDTXDULDWREHDXWLI\SODFHV
Ȏ 5HTXLUHVPDOODUHDWRIDUP
a) Non-indigenous Ornamental Fishes
*ROGࢉVK(Carassius auratus) Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
b. Indigenous Ornamental Fishes - Haplochromines

3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under

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a. Ningu /DEHRYLFWRULDQXV
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Ȏ +LJKO\YDOXHGLQ8JDQGD
Ȏ $PRQJ8JDQGDȆVHQGDQJHUHGVSHFLHV
Ȏ 3RWHQWLDOIRUSRQGFDJHDQGWDQNFXOWXUH
Ȏ %RWWRPGZHOOHUV
b. Angara, Pebble Fish $OHVWHVEDUDPR]H

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Ȏ 0D[LPXPOHQJWKDERXWFP
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$OEHUW
Ȏ 3RWHQWLDOIRUSRQGDQGWDQNFXOWXUH

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3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between

major commercial aquaculture species and
their close relatives
3.3.1 The Tilapia’s

RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-
SPECIES ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE
Female (above) and Male (below) Nile Tilapia Blue-spotted tilapia 2OHXFRVWLFXV
2QLORLWLFXV
Ȏ /DUJHUVL]HDQGGHHSERG\KHQFHPRUHࢊHVK Ȏ 0DWXUHDWVPDOOVL]HVLQSRQGVDWUDLW
Ȏ &DQZLWKVWDQGKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVLQ XQGHVLUDEOHIRUFRPPHUFLDODTXDFXOWXUH
JURZRXWXQLWVGXHWRSURWHFWLRQRIVFDOHVDQG EHFDXVHSRQGVTXLFNO\ࢉOOHGXSZLWKQXPHURXV
VFKRROLQJEHKDYLRXU VPDOOࢉVKRIORZPDUNHWYDOXH
Ȏ 3HUIRUPVZHOOIDVWHUJURZWK Ȏ (DVLO\K\EULGLVHVZLWKRWKHUQDWLYH2UHRFKURPLV
VSHFLHVUHVXOWLQJLQK\EULGVZLWKUHGXFHG
Ȏ VH[XDOPDWXULW\LQSRQGVUHDFKRQO\DWDJHRI JURZWKSRWHQWLDOZKLFKLVDJUHDWGLVDGYDQWDJH
PRQWKV of farming this species
Ȏ VXLWDEOHIRUFXOWXUHLQZLGHUDQJHRIH[WHQVLYH
DQGLQWHQVLYHࢉVKIDUPLQJV\VWHPVLQSRQGV
WDQNVFDJHVLQWHJUDWHGDQGDTXDSRQLFV
V\VWHPV
Ȏ KLJKFRQVXPHUDQGSURGXFHUDFFHSWDQFH
Ȏ $FFHSWDZLGHDUUD\RIGLHWVDQGFDQEHUDLVHG
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Disadvantages
Ȏ OHDVWWROHUDQWWRFROGZDWHU

RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-

Singida Tilapia 2UHRFKURPLVHVFXOHQWXV Red Belly Tilapia

&RSWRGRQ]LOOLLIRUPHUO\7LODSLD]LOOLL
Advantages Advantages
Ȏ 5HDGLO\DFFHSWVDQGHDVLO\FRQYHUWVORZSURWHLQ Ȏ *URZVZHOOLQIXOOVWUHQJWKVHDZDWHU
GLHWV Ȏ 8WLOLVHRQIDUPIUHVKOHDI\IRUDJHHJ\DP
Ȏ *RRGJURZWKUDWHVDFKLHYHGIHUWLOL]HGSRQGV OHDYHVVWUDZHWFEHWWHUWKDQWKH1LOHWLODSLD
ZLWKRXWDUWLࢉFLDOIHHGLQJ DQGEOXHVSRWWHGWLODSLD
Ȏ &DQEHUDLVHGFRPSOHWHO\RQDOJDOPDWHULDOLQ Disadvantages
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MODULE FOUR:
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patterns
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4.2.2 Constructing Ponds

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4.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond Construction

Taking Measurements and demarcation
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conveying water to moisten pond walls during compaction.
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Step 1: Preparing the area to construct the pond
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Step 2: Mark out the pond, its inlet and drainage
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Figure 7: Pegging the pond. (a) The outer line is the perimeter. The central line shows where the
inlet pipe and outlet shall be placed. The central line pegs are points at which levels are
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Step 3: Construct the core trench
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Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench
(a) Dig a trench around perimeter pegs. Even (b) Compact trench with good clay soils. Do
a shallow core trench allows root zone to be not allow the core trench to dry and crack
cut. before covering.

Step 4: Construct the pond walls (dykes)
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(a) (b)
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Step 5: Construct the harvest basin
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Step 6: Install the Outlet Pipe
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Figure 12: The Outlet.
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(d) (e) (f)

Step 8: Install the Inlet Pipe
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Step 7: Smoothen and compact the pond bottom
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Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom. The pond bottom should be sloped
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Inlet

Step 8: Strengthen the Dyke Tops and Free-Board Areas
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Figure 14: Finishing the Bank.
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Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board
Inlet

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1. De-silting
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Figure 16: De-silting Ponds
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4.3 Fish Tanks

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Figure 19: Tanks
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Wooden lined tank Plastic tanks

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Collapsible portable tank made of tarpualin
emergency use on-farm
Assorted plastic household basins and buckets improvised into hatchery tanks
NB:
Ȏ +LJKS+LVOLNHO\LQFRQFUHWHWDQNVZKHUHQRVHDODQWLVXVHGHJWLOHVZDWHUSURRISDLQWVHWF
Ȏ 'RQRWXVHWR[LFPDWHULDOVVXFKJDOYDQLVHGLURQPHWDOVKHHWVWRFRQVWUXFWࢉVKWDQNVHVSHFLDOO\LQ
hatcheries
%DVLF)HDWXUHVRID)LVK7DQN
7KHࢉVKWDQNVKRXOG
Ȏ %HDEOHWRKROGZDWHU
Ȏ %HDEOHWRࢉOODQGGUDLQUDSLGO\
+DYHLQࢊRZDQGRXWࢊRZYDOYHVWRVHSDUDWHO\FRQWUROࢉOOLQJDQGGUDLQDJH
3HUPLWWKHFRQWURORIZDWHUYROXPHࢊRZVDQGTXDOLW\
3HUPLWJRRGFLUFXODWLRQZLWKLQDQGZDWHUH[FKDQJHWKURXJKWKHWDQNWRHQDEOHWKHUHPRYDORI
ZDVWHV
Ȏ +DYHVPRRWKDQGHDV\WRFOHDQZDOOVZLWKRXWSURWUXVLRQVVRDVQRWWRFDXVHLQMXU\WRࢉVKRU
personnel
Ȏ &KRLFHVRIGHSWKVKRXOGEHPRUHWKDQȅFKHVWKLJKȆFRQVLGHULQJZRUNHUVDIHW\DQGHDVHKDQGOLQJ
ࢉVKZLWKLQWKHWDQN
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ZDWHU
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ࢉJXUHEHORZ

Table 10. Standard Tank Features

Circular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways
General • 0D\KDYHࢊDWRU9VKDSHGERWWRP • ,QFOXGHWURXJKV • 5DFHZD\VRU

Features • (QVXUHWKHUHLVQR running water
YDULDWLRQLQZLGWK SRQGVKDYHEULFN
WRSUHYHQWHGGLHV RUFRQFUHWHVLGHV
GHDGVSRWVDQG DQGERWWRPVDV
accumulation of WKH\KDYHUHODWLYHO\
ZDVWHV IDVWࢊRZLQJZDWHU
• (QVXUHWKHUHLVQR
YDULDWLRQLQZLGWK
WRSUHYHQWHGGLHV
GHDGVSRWVDQG
accumulation of
ZDVWHV
Inlet • :DWHUXVXDOO\LQMHFWHGWDQJHQWLDOO\ • :DWHUࢊRZVIURP • :DWHUࢊRZVIURP

IURPVLGHLQWRWDQN XSSHUHQGWRORZHU XSSHUHQGWRORZHU
HQGDWRXWOHW HQGDWRXWOHW
'LUHFWLRQRI • 5RWDWLQJZDWHUࢊRZDQGXQLIRUP • :DWHUࢊRZV • Location of water

ZDWHUࢊRZ ZDWHUTXDOLW\GXHWRHࢆHFWLYH IURPXSSHUHQG LQOHWDQGRXWOHW
ZDWHUPL[LQJ WRORZHUHQGDW GHWHUPLQHWKH
Water
• 8QLIRUPࢊRZSDWWHUQVDQGKLJK outlet can present ࢊRZSDWWHUQDQG
PL[LQJ
YHORFLWLHV XQSUHGLFWDEOHࢊRZ FDQEHXVHGWR
patterns FUHDWHURWDWLQJࢊRZ
pattern
Outlet • :DWHURXWOHWSODFHGFHQWUDOO\ • Minimum waste • &URVVࢊRZWDQNV

FHQWUDOࢊRZSDWWHUQWKDWࢊXVKHV concentration at ZDWHULQOHW
VROLGVGRZQWRFHQWHU LQOHWPD[LPXPDW IURPWRSWR
RXWOHW PLPLFK\GUDXOLFV
• *UDGLHQWLQ RIUDFHZD\DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDO FLUFXODUWDQNV
FRQGLWLRQV
KHWHURJHQHRXVࢉVK
GLVWULEXWLRQ
• %HWWHURSWLPL]DWLRQRIZDWHUDQG • &RQGLWLRQVLQ • 0L[HGFHOO

space WDQNQRQXQLIRUP UDFHZD\V
WRZDUGVLQOHWZKLFK
UHGXFHVHࢇFLHQF\
RIHQHUJ\DQG
treatment
Inlet • 6LQJOHSRLQWVRXUFHSURGXFHVOHVV • &DQLQVWDOOEXࢆHUV • &DQLQVWDOOEXࢆHUV

designs KRPRJHQRXVࢊRZ or attachments or attachments
• 9HUWLFDOSLSHZLWKQR]]OHVDORQJ to inlets for to inlets for
WKHZDWHUFROXPQȁPL[LQJ PXOWLSOHHQWU\IRU PXOWLSOHHQWU\IRU
GHSHQGVRQGLUHFWLRQRIQR]]OHV KRPRJHQRXVࢊRZV KRPRJHQRXVࢊRZV
Length, • 5HFRPPHQGHGGLDPHWHUGHSWK • /HQJWKZLGWK • /HQJWKZLGWK

diameter, UDWLRUDQJHIURPDQGWR GHSWKUDWLRV GHSWKUDWLRRI
width and DOORZIRUKRPRJHQRXVPRYHPHQW for
depth RIZDWHUZLWKLQJWDQN
ratios • :KHQVL]LQJDOVRFRQVLGHUࢊRRU
VSDFHIHHGLQJVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHV
ZDWHUKHDGDQGW\SHRIKDQGOLQJ
UHTXLUHG

Circular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways
Drain types • 2XWVLGHVWDQGSLSHDQGࢊDWFHQWUH • +DYHDWOHDVW •

ERWWRPVFUHHQWRFRQWUROGHSWKRI PFP
ZDWHU(PHUJHQF\RYHUࢊRZVFUHHQ of screen area at
LQHYHQWWKHERWWRPH࢈XHQW RXWࢊRZIRUHDFK
VFUHHQJHWVFORJJHG litres per minute
• &\OLQGULFDOFHQWUHVFUHHQVXVHGLQ ZDWHUࢊRZ
PHWHUGLDPHWHUWDQNVSURYLGH
EHWWHUFOHDQLQJDFWLRQLIWKH\DUH
QRWSHUIRUDWHGLQWKHXSSHUSRUWLRQ
• 'XDOGUDLQV\VWHPVDUHSUHIHUDEOH
DVPLQLPDOZDWHULVUHTXLUHGWR
UHPRYHVROLGV
)LJXUH %DVLFFRPSRQHQWVRID)LVK7DQN7KHࢆJXUHDOVRLOOXVWUDWHVSOXPELQJSDUWVDQGKRZWR
IDEULFDWHDFLUFXODUWDQNIURPDSODVWLFFRQWDLQHU

Water inlet with valve

'RXEOHGUDLQ7KH
white pipe drains water
outside the tank
Black pipe rests above
ࢇRRURIWDQN7KLVLGHV

sediment from bottom
(self-cleaning)
Air supply lines for

aeration
Water inlet
Screen at bottom
RIDࢇDWERWWRPHG
WDQN2QHRIWKH
alternative designs
)DFWRUV$ࢆHFWLQJ&KRLFHRI7DQN
7DQNVDUHGHVLJQHGLQFRQVLGHUDWLRQRISURGXFWLRQFRVWVSDFHXWLOL]DWLRQZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGࢉVKPDQ-
DJHPHQW,QDGGLWLRQIRURSHUDWLRQDOSXUSRVHV
1DWXUDOVZLPPLQJDQGVRFLDOEHKDYLRURIWKHࢉVKWREHUHDUHG7KLVUHGXFHVVWUHVVLPSURYHVࢉVK
JURZWKDQGࢉVKZHOIDUH
3URYLVLRQRIXQLIRUPZDWHUTXDOLW\ZLWKLQWKHWDQN7RHQVXUHHQWLUHWDQNYROXPHSURYLGHV
RSWLPDOJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQV
)DVWUHPRYDORIVROLGZDVWHV
8QLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQRIࢉVKWKURXJKRXWWKHWDQN
9HORFLWLHVZLWKLQWKHWDQNVKRXOGQRWEHVWUHVVIXOWDEOH
7DEOH $GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRI&LUFXODUDQG5HFWDQJXODU7DQNV
Circular Rectangular
Advantages • /DERXUUHTXLUHGWRPDQDJHDWR • 5HFWDQJXODUWDQNVZLWKOHQJWK

PWDQNGDLO\DUHWKHVDPH+HQFHD EUHDGWKUDWLRRIRUPRUH
IHZODUJHWDQNVFKHDSHUWRPDQDJH • Most popular because use space
WKDQVHYHUDOVPDOORQHV PRUHHࢇFLHQWO\
• &DSLWDOFRVWVSHUXQLWYROXPHGHFUHDVH • (DVLHUWRPDQDJHKDQGOHDQGVRUW
ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJVL]HRIWDQN ࢉVK
• (DV\WRPDLQWDLQ • (DVLHUWRFRQVWUXFW
• 3URYLGHXQLIRUPZDWHUTXDOLW\KHQFH • (DVLHUKDQGOHDVXQLWVDQGDGDSW
XQLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQRIࢉVKDQGEHWWHU WRZDWHUࢊRZV
RSWLPL]DWLRQRIVSDFH
• :KHQSURSHUO\FRQVWUXFWHGKDYH
• &DQEHRSHUDWHGRYHUDZLGHUUDQJHRI LGHQWLFDOZDWHUFRQGLWLRQVIURP
URWDWLRQDOYHORFLWLHVDOORZLQJRQHDGMXVW VLGHWRVLGHZLWKJUDGXDOGHFOLQH
WRQHHGVIRUGLࢆHUHQWࢉVKVSHFLHVDQG LQZDWHUTXDOLW\WRZDUGVRXWOHW
VWDJHRIࢉVKJURZWK &RQVHTXHQWO\ࢉVKZLOOEHDWWUDFWHG
• 6HWWOHDEOHVROLGVFDQEHUDSLGO\ࢊXVKHG WRZDUGVLQOHW,QFLUFXODUWDQNV
WKURXJKWKHFHQWHUGUDLQPDNLQJVHOI ࢉVKFDQQRWVHOHFWDUHDVRIKLJKHU
FOHDQLQJSRVVLEOH R[\JHQDQGORZHUDPPRQLD
• 2QHFDQREVHUYHZDVWHDFFXPXODWLRQ
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKIHHGLQJZKLFKPDNHV
IHHGLQJWRVDWLDWLRQHDVLHUWRGHWHUPLQH
• &DUU\LQJFDSDFLW\VXSHULRUWRWURXJKV
DQGUHFWDQJXODUWDQNVDVWKHUHLV
VXࢇFLHQWSUHVVXUHIRUDHUDWLRQDQGUH
aeration
Disadvantages • $ELOLW\WRGLVWULEXWLQJࢊRZWRREWDLQ • +LJKHUZDWHUH[FKDQJHUDWHVDUH

XQLIRUPPL[LQJDQGUDSLGVROLGUHPRYDO QHHGHGWRSURGXFHVHOIFOHDQLQJ
LQVLQJOHGUDLQDJHV\VWHPVDQGZKHUH 7KLVHQWDLOVPRUHHQHUJ\
ZDWHUࢊRZVQRWSHUPLWWLQJ • 6HGLPHQWDWLRQWHQGVWRRFFXULQ
• *UDGLQJDQGKDUYHVWLQJࢉVKPRUH DUHDVRIORZYHORFLW\DQGORZࢉVK
GLࢇFXOW5HTXLUHVFURZGHUVDQGVFRRS GHQVLW\
QHWV • :DWHUTXDOLW\GLVWULEXWLRQJUDGLHQW
• 5HPRYLQJPRUWDOLWLHV IDYRUVKLHUDUFKLHVDQGDJJUHVVLYH
• +LJKHUULVNRIHFRQRPLFORVVSHUWDQN EHKDYLRUDPRQJࢉVKLQWKHWDQN
ZKHQWHFKQLFDODQGELRORJLFDOIDLOXUHV • 6XEVWDQWLDOZDWHUVXSSO\LV
RFFXU QHHGHG\RXQJࢉVKHVSHFLDOO\
• 5HTXLUHPRUHVSDFH accumulate at inlets hence space
QRWHࢇFLHQWO\XWLOLVHG
• 0RUHODERULQWHQVLYH
• %HWWHUVXLWHGIURPࢉQJHUOLQJVWDJH
4.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks

D 6LWH6HOHFWLRQ
)LVKWDQNVFDQEHHVWDEOLVKHGDQ\ZKHUH7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWKLQJVWRFRQVLGHUDUH
Ȏ $QDGHTXDWHDQGFRQVWDQWZDWHUVXSSO\WRPDLQWDLQUHTXLUHGZDWHUYROXPHVࢊRZVDQGH[-
FKDQJHUDWHVGXULQJSURGXFWLRQDQGIRURWKHUXVHV

Ȏ )LUPIRXQGDWLRQXSRQZKLFKWDQNVZLOOEHVHW
Ȏ &RVWRIHVWDEOLVKLQJDQGRSHUDWLQJWKHIDFLOLW\
b. Major Features of a Tank-Based Fish Farm

• 6L]HRIWKHWDQNVEDVHGRQWKHRSHUDWLRQDOࢊRZUHTXLUHPHQWV of the farm in account of
SURGXFWLRQWDUJHWVDQGDGGLWLRQDOZDWHUQHHGHGIRUGUDLQLQJDQGFOHDQLQJ
• Water delivery and aeration:,QVWDOOWKHDSSURSULDWHSLSLQJV\VWHPVSXPSVSHULRGLF
FKDQJHVDUHUHTXLUHGOHDNDJH
NOTE:
8VHZDWHUSURRIFHPHQWRQO\WRFRQVWUXFWLQJWDQNVWRDYRLGVHHSDJH
)RUIXUWKHUDGYLFHIRUGHVLJQLQJDQGLQVWDOOLQJZDWHUV\VWHPFRQVXOWDPHFKDQLFDORUDJULFXOWXUDO
HQJLQHHUDQGSOXPEHU
0DLQWHQDQFHRI)LVK7DQNV
• .HHSFOHDQ
• ,PPHGLDWHO\ZDWHUDQGDLUOHDNDJHVDUHQRWLFHGUHSDLUWDQNZDWHUDQGDLUSOXPELQJ
• (QVXUHZDWHUDQGDLUSXPSVDQGYDOYHVDUHJRRGZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQ
4.4 Fish Cages

(VVHQWLDOO\DFDJHLVDFRQWDLQHUPDGHRIPHVKIRUUHDULQJRUWHPSRUDULO\KROGLQJDTXDWLFDQLPDOVZLWKLQ
DZDWHUERG\7KHPHVKDOORZVZDWHUWRࢊRZLQWRDQGRXWRIWKHFDJHZLWKRXWREVWUXFWLRQRUOHWWLQJࢉVK
RXWRIWKHFDJH&DJHVYDU\LQVKDSHVL]HDUHYHUVDWLOHDQGFDQEHXVHGLQVHYHUDOZD\V
4.4.1 Cage types

a. Fixed Cages
Ȏ 0DGHRIQHWEDJVXSSRUWHGE\SRVWVGULYHQLQWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHODNHULYHUGDPRUSRQG
Ȏ 6TXDUHDQGUHFWDQJXODU
Ȏ /LPLWHGLQVL]H
Ȏ ,QH[SHQVLYHDQGVLPSOHWREXLOG
Ȏ 8VHUHVWULFWHGWRVKHOWHUHGDUHDVZLWKVORZFXUUHQWVWKDWKDYHQRQURFN\EXWࢉUPERWWRPVXE-
VWUDWHWRDOORZSRVWVࢉ[DQGKROG
Ȏ +DSDVDUHFRPPRQH[DPSOHࢉJXUHa
b. Floating Cages
Ȏ 0RVWZLGHO\XVHG
Ȏ %DJLVVXSSRUWHGE\DEXR\DQWFROODURUIUDPH
Ȏ &DQEHPDGHLQVKDSHVDQGVL]HVGHSHQGLQJRQIDUPHUVQHHGV
Ȏ 6XLWHGWRZLGHUYDULHW\RIVLWHVࢉJXUHb
F 6XEPHUVLEOH&DJHV
Ȏ +DYHDQHWFROODUEXWUHO\RQDIUDPHRUULJJLQJWRPDLQWDLQVKDSH
Ȏ 6XVSHQGHGIURPEXR\VࢊRDWLQJIUDPHVRQWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHRUFDQEHGHVLJQHGWRKDYHYDUL-
DEOHEXR\DQF\

Ȏ &DQEHSRVLWLRQHGZLWKLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQWRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRISUHYDLOLQJHQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQGLWLRQV)RUH[DPSOHWKH\PD\EHEURXJKWXSWRWKHVXUIDFHLQJRRGZHDWKHUDQGVXE-
PHUJHGGXULQJWR[LFDOJDOEORRPVRUH[WUHPHZHDWKHUࢉJXUHc
G 6XEPHUJHG&DJHV
Ȏ :RRGHQER[HVZLWKVODWVRUQHWEDJVDQFKRUHGWRVXEVWUDWHE\VWRQHVRUSRVWV
Ȏ 8VHGLQࢊRZLQJZDWHUVRUODNHVࢉJXUHd
)LJXUH 7\SHVRI)LVK&DJHV
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
6LWH6HOHFWLRQIRU&DJH)DUPV
7KHVXLWDELOLW\RIDVLWHIRUFDJHFXOWXUHGHSHQGVRQ
(i) Water qualityZKHWKHUWKHSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDWWKHVLWHDUHVXLWDEOHUHDULQJ
WKHLQWHQGHGVSHFLHV
(ii) (QYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHVWDEOLVKLQJWKHFDJHV\VWHP
(iii) 2WKHUIDFWRUVLQࢊXHQFLQJIDUPHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQVVXFKDVOHJDOUHTXLUHPHQWV
4.4.2.1 Water Quality

7KHZDWHUTXDOLW\LQDFDJHFDQQRWEHFRUUHFWHGGXULQJSURGXFWLRQDVRSSRVHGWRSRQGVDQGWDQNV
7KHRQO\FRUUHFWLYHPHDVXUHLQVXFKLQVWDQFHVLVWRUHORFDWHWKHFDJHWRDGLࢆHUHQWVLWH,WLVWKHUHIRUH
LPSRUWDQWWKDWFDJHVDUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQZDWHUVRIRSWLPXPTXDOLW\
7KHUHFRPPHQGHGZDWHUTXDOLW\FULWHULDIRUVHOHFWLQJFDJHVLWHVLQ8JDQGDDUHJLYHQEHORZVHHMod-
ule 5IRUPRUHGHWDLOV

k) Chemical Parameters
7DEOHSURYLGHVWKHJXLGHOLQHVIRUFKHPLFDOZDWHUTXDOLW\IRUFDJHVLWHV
7DEOH /9)25HFRPPHQGHG:DWHU4XDOLW\&KDUDFWHULVWLFVIRU&DJH6LWHV
Parameter Value
'LVVROYHGR[\JHQ !PJO
6DOLQLW\ ȁSSW
(OHFWULFDO&RQGXFWLYLW\ ȁw6FPH[SHFWHGUDQJHLQ/DNH9LFWRULDH[FHSWKHDYLO\

SROOXWHG0XUFKLVRQED\
$PPRQLDQLWURJHQ1+1 SSP
+\GURJHQLRQLQGH[3+ ȁ
1LWUDWH121 PJO
1LWULWH121 PJO
phosphate PJO
&KHPLFDOR[\JHQGHPDQG&2' PJO
%LRORJLFDOR[\JHQGHPDQG%2' PJO
%LRORJLFDOFULWHULD
%DFWHULDFRXQW(FROL FHOOPO

$GDSWHGIURP0$$,)
l) Phytoplankton Blooms
7KHQDWXUHGHJUHHDQGIUHTXHQF\RISK\WRSODQNWRQEORRPVDWWKHSURSRVHGVLWHVKRXOGEHWDNHQ
LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQEHFDXVH
L +HDY\EORRPVFDXVHGUDVWLFࢊXFWXDWLRQVLQR[\JHQS+DQGDPPRQLDOHYHOVZKLFKLVVWUHVVIXO
WRWKHࢉVKDQGLQࢊXHQFHVWKHRQVHWRIGLVHDVHPRUWDOLW\DQGSRRUJURZWKࢉJXUH
LL 6RPHSK\WRSODQNWRQVSHFLHVSURGXFHWR[LFDOJDOEORRPV)RUH[DPSOHWR[LFIRUPLQJVSHFLHV
of Microsystis, Anabena, AphanizomenonDQGOsciallatoria
LLL 6RPHEORRPVFDQFDXVHRࢆࢊDYRULQKDUYHVWHGࢉVK)RUH[DPSOH Oscillatoria, Anabena DQG
MicrocystisVS
LY &ORJFDJHPHVKHVZKLFKUHGXFHVZDWHUH[FKDQJHDQGKHQFHTXDOLW\RIZDWHUZLWKLQFDJHV
6LWHVZLWKIUHTXHQWKHDY\EORRPVWHQGWREHIRXQGLQWKHOLVWHGDUHDVDQGVKRXOGEHDYRLGHG
L +LJKHUWKDQQRUPDOGLVVROYHGOHYHOVRIQLWURJHQDQGSKRVSKRUXVLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQ
LL $UHFORVHWRVRXUFHVRISROOXWLRQ
LLL=RQHVZLWKSRRUZDWHUH[FKDQJHRUFXUUHQWVWRZDVKDZD\EORRPV

Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms. 3LFWXUHFRXUWHV\RI6R1DQG,DQ'HUU\
Demand Feeder
Heavy Algal bloom
m) Biological Information
%LRORJLFDOGDWDRQSK\WRSODQNWRQ]RRSODQNWRQEHQWKLFLQYHUWHEUDWHVࢉVKDQGPDFURSK\WHVJLYHV
DQGLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHVWDWXVRIDTXDWLFOLIHDWWKHVLWHQRWDEO\
Ȏ +RZPXFKDTXDWLFDQLPDOSURGXFWLRQFDQEHVXSSRUWHGDWWKHVLWH
Ȏ 1DWXUDOKDELWDWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVLWHLHVSDZQLQJDQGQXUVHU\JURXQGVࢉVKPLJUDWRU\
FRUULGRUVFULWLFDODUHDVIRUࢉVKIRRGRUJDQLVPVVHQVLWLYHKDELWDWVIRUHFRV\VWHPKHDOWKHQGDQ-
JHUHGRUWKUHDWHQHGVSHFLHV
7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQIRUPVSDUWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOPRQLWRULQJSODQ
,QIRUPDWLRQRQOHYHOVRIIDHFDOFROLIRUPVDQGWRWDOEDFWHULDFRXQWVJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRQZKHWKHU
WKHVLWHLVH[SRVHGWRFRQWDPLQDWLRQE\IDHFHVIURPPDQRUWHUUHVWULDODQLPDOVWDEOH)DHFDO
FROLIRUPVDUHDSXEOLFKHDOWKDQGIRRGVDIHW\KD]DUGLVVXH
n) Pollutants and contaminants

7KHFDJHVLWHPXVWEHIUHHIURPSROOXWDQWVVXFKDVKHDY\PHWDOVDQG3HUVLVWHQW2UJDQLF3ROOXWDQWV
323VDVWKHVHDFFXPXODWHLQWRWKHࢊHVKRIࢉVK
7KHPLQLPXPVDIHOHYHOVIRUFDJHVLWHVDUHOLVWHGLQWDEOHVDQGEHORZ6LWHVZLWKSROOXWDQWV
DERYHSHUPLVVLEOHOHYHOVZLOOQRWEHOLFHQVHG

7DEOH 0LQLPXPFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDWFDJHVLWHVIRUKHDY\PHWDOFRQWDPLQDQWVLQZDWHUDQG
sediments
Heavy metal 6HGLPHQWVƈJJ Water (mg m-3)
0HUFXU\

/HDG
1LFNHO
&DGPLXP
Zinc
,URQ
&RSSHU
&KURPLXP
$UVHQLF
Manganese
6HOHQLXP -
%DULXP
6LOYHU
Thallium -
$GDSWHGIURP0$$,)
Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and pesticides at
cage sites and aquaculture parks.
Persistent organic pollutant/ 6HGLPHQWVƈJJ :DWHUƈJO
pesticides
$OGULQ

&KORUGDQH
''7WRWDO
'LHOGULQ
(QGULQ
+HSWDFKORU
7R[DSKHQH -
3RO\FKORULQDWHG%LSKHQ\OVWRWDO
0LUH[
+H[DFKORUREHQ]HQH
(QGRVXOIDQ -
7ULEXW\OWLQ -
3HQWDFKORUREHQ]HQH -
/LQGDQH
Ž+H[DFKORURF\FORKH[DQH -
$GDSWHGIURP0$$,)

o) Disease
7KH TXDOLW\ RI ZDWHU DQG KHDOWK VWDWXV RI ZLOG ࢉVK DW D VLWH LQࢊXHQFH WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI GLVHDVHV
RFFXUULQJDWFDJHIDUPV
$YRLGVLWHVZLWK
Ȏ 3RRUZDWHUTXDOLW\
Ȏ 3ROOXWHGZDWHULVPRUHOLNHO\WRKDUERUGLVHDVHFDXVLQJDJHQWV
Ȏ $ORWRIERWWRPVHGLPHQWDVࢉVKSDUDVLWHVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WREHIRXQG
Ȏ ZLOGࢉVKDUHLQIHVWHGZLWKSDUDVLWHVRUIUHTXHQWO\IDOOVLFN
)RUPRUHGHWDLOVRQGLVHDVHFRQWUROVHHModule Eight.
p) Water Exchange
7KHH[WHQWWRZKLFKZDWHUFXUUHQWVDWWKHVLWHFDQࢊXVKZDWHUDZD\IURPFDJHIDUPVOLPLWVWKH
DFFXPXODWLRQRIZDVWHVLQWKHDUHD7KHEXLOGXSRIZDVWHDWWKHVLWHSURJUHVVLYHO\UHVXOWVLQWKH
GHWHULRUDWLRQRIZDWHUTXDOLW\ZLWKLQFDJHVDQGWKHIDUPDUHD
7KHUDWHDWZKLFKZDWHULVH[FKDQJHGDWDVLWHGHSHQGVRQWKHFXUUHQWZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVDOLQLW\
DQGWRSRJUDSK\7KHUHLVOLNHO\WREHOHVVZLQGDFWLRQLQED\VKHOWHUHGE\VWHHSVORSHV
q) Fouling
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Cage Type Depth Range
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4.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm

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4.4.4 Cage Construction

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Hatchery netting Nursery netting Grow-out cage netting
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Figure 28. Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage.
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Site Characteristics Suitable Cage Type
Shape Size Volume
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4.4.4.3 Making the Cage

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Figure 30. Rigid cages
2. Floating Cages
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Figure 31. Forces affecting design criteria and installation of floating cages.

currentscompetitive and sustainable aquaculture
Improved livelihoods through profitable, [61]
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4.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm

4.4.5.1 Positioning of Cages
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Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned

in a Single File with Adequate Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly
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4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

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4.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems

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Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms
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Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System
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5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production.

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Table 22: Recommended Water Quality Ranges
Parameter Relevance to Production Recommended Range What happens when What happens when
Consistently below consistently above
recommended Value recommended value
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• ,QFUHDVHGDYDLODELOLW\RIFDUERQLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQIRUSKRWRV\QWKHVLV

:KHQXVHGLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKIHUWLOLVDWLRQLPSURYHPHQWVLQZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGSURGXFWLRQDUHUHDOLVHG
NOTE:,ISRQGVDUHnot acidicOLPLQJZLOOQRWEHEHQHࢉFLDO
a. Recommended Liming Rates

7KHSRQGȆVOLPHUHTXLUHPHQWGHWHUPLQHVKRZPXFKOLPHWRDSSO\
)RUQHZSRQGVVRLOVDPSOHVWRWKHODERUDWRU\WRHVWDEOLVKWKHOLPHUHTXLUHPHQW
'XULQJSURGXFWLRQDFLGLW\OHYHOVRIZDWHUFDQEHGHGXFHGE\WKHSRQGȆVUHVSRQVHWRIHUWLOLVDWLRQ
DQGࢉVKEHKDYLRXU8VHOLWPXVSDSHUS+PHWHURUZDWHUTXDOLW\WHVWNLWWRDVVHVVWKHOHYHORIDFLGLW\
DQGHVWLPDWHOLPHUHTXLUHPHQW$ERXWȁNJKDDJULFXOWXUDOOLPHPD\EHDGHTXDWH
b. Application of Lime to Ponds

Ȏ /LPHEHIRUHIHUWLOLVDWLRQWRREWDLQPD[LPXPEHQHࢉWVIURPWKHIHUWLOLVHU
Ȏ ,QHPSW\SRQGVVSUHDGWKHOLPHXQLIRUPO\RYHUWKHSRQGERWWRPࢉJXUH
Ȏ 3RQGVPLJKWUHTXLUHOLPLQJGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ7KLVLVPRUHOLNHO\WRKDSSHQZKHUHSRQGVDUH
PDGHIURPSHUPHDEOHDFLGVRLOVZLWKKLJKVHHSDJHUDWHV,QVXFKFDVHPL[WKHOLPHZLWKZDWHU
DQGWKHQVSULQNOHRYHUWKHSRQG
)LJXUH $SSOLFDWLRQRIOLPHEHIRUHࢉOOLQJWKHSRQGZDWHU
5.4.2.2 Fertilisation
7KHPDMRUREMHFWLYHRIIHUWLOLVLQJWLODSLDSRQGVLVWRLPSURYHZDWHUTXDOLW\IRUSURGXFWLRQE\HQFRXUDJ-
LQJQDWXUDOSRQG productivity to enhance SK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQ7KHPDWHULDOVXVHGWRIHUWLOLVH
SRQGVDUHVRXUFHVRIQLWURJHQDQGSKRVSKRUXVZKLFKSURPRWHWKHJURZWKRISODQWV7KHVDPHIHU-
WLOLVHUVXVHGLQFURSSURGXFWLRQDUHDOVRXVHGWRIHUWLOLVHSRQGV
a. Types of Fertilizers, their Advantages and Disadvantages

7KHFRPPRQO\DYDLODEOHIHUWLOLVHUVIRUSRQGSURGXFWLRQDUH
2UJDQLF)HUWLOLVHUVȁ$QLPDOPDQXUHVDQGJUDVVHV
&KHPLFDOIHUWLOLVHUV
1. Organic Fertilisers
6RXUFHVRIRUJDQLFIHUWLOLVHUVLQFOXGH
L 3RXOWU\GURSSLQJV
LL &RZGXQJ
LLL 3LJPDQXUH
LY *RDWDQGVKHHSGURSSLQJV
Y 5DEELWGURSSLQJV
YL *UHHQPDQXUHJUDVVHVDQGOHDYHV

2. Inorganic Fertilisers
,QRUJDQLFIHUWLOLVHUVFRQWDLQQLWURJHQSKRVSKRUXVDQGSRWDVVLXPHLWKHUDORQHRULQFRPELQD-
WLRQ7KHFRPPRQO\DYDLODEOHLQRUJDQLFIHUWLOLVHUVRQWKHORFDOPDUNHWDUHIRU
L 3KRVSKRUXVVRXUFHVȁ'LDPPRQLXP3KRVSKDWH'$3DQG7ULSOH6XSHU3KRVSKDWH

763
LL 1LWURJHQVRXUFHVXUHD
,QRUJDQLFIHUWLOLVHULVDYDLODEOHLQHLWKHUDJUDQXODURUOLTXLGIRUP7DEOHSURYLGHVDFRPSDUL-
VRQEHWZHHQSURVDQGFRQVRIRUJDQLFDQGFKHPLFDOIHUWLOLVHUV
Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers

Organic Fertilisers Chemical Fertilisers (eg. DAP, TSP, Urea, MAP)
Ȏ &RQWDLQVWUDFHPLQHUDOVDQGYLWDPLQV Ȏ &RQWDLQVRQO\ZKDWWKHODEHOVD\VSOXVࢉOOHU
Ȏ 8VHVR[\JHQWRGHFRPSRVH Ȏ 'RHVQRWXVHR[\JHQZKHQGLVVROYLQJ
Ȏ ,VKLJKO\YDULDEOHLQFRPSRVLWLRQGHSHQGLQJ Ȏ 9DULHVOLWWOHLQFRPSRVLWLRQIURPZKDWLVLQGLFDWHG
RQIHHGVJLYHQDQGEHGGLQJXVHG on the label
Ȏ &DQKHOSUHGXFHWXUELGLW\GXHWRFOD\VLOWLQ Ȏ 'RHVQRWUHGXFHWXUELGLW\
WKHSRQGV
Ȏ &DQKHOSUHGXFHVHHSDJHLQSRQGV Ȏ 'RHVQRWDFWRQVHHSDJH
Ȏ 6RPHRIWKHLQJUHGLHQWVFDQEHGLUHFWO\ Ȏ ,VQRWGLUHFWO\FRQVXPHGE\WKHࢉVK
FRQVXPHGE\ࢉVK
Ȏ $QLPDOPDQXUHVPD\FRQWDLQXQZDQWHG
substances such as antibiotics
ATTENTION!!'RQRWXVH1LWURJHQFRQWDLQLQJIHUWLOLVHUVLQDUHVHUYRLUZKRVHPDLQIXQFWLRQLVGULQN-
LQJZDWHUIRUSHRSOH
b. Fertilisation Rates
:KHQIHUWLOLVLQJSRQGVWKHDLPLVWRHQVXUHDGHTXDWHOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGQLWURJHQDQGSKRVSKRUXV
LQWKHZDWHUFROXPQWRVXSSRUWSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQZLWKRXWDGYHUVHO\DࢆHFWLQJ'2OHYHOV
7KHUHFRPPHQGHGIHUWLOLVDWLRQUDWHVWRVXVWDLQDGHTXDWHSK\WRSODQNWRQEORRPVLQWLODSLDSRQGV
DUHNJKDZHHNRIQLWURJHQDQGNJKDZHHNRISKRVSKRUXVWDEOH
7DEOH*XLGHOLQHVIRU)HUWLOLVLQJ7LODSLD3URGXFWLRQ3RQGV
7\SH&RPELQDWLRQRI Amounts to Use* Comments
Fertiliser
Organic Manure’s
3RXOWU\'URSSLQJV NJPZHHN The actual quantities of

RUJDQLFPDQXUHWRDSSO\ZLOO
3RXOWU\OLWWHUXUHD NJPZHHNXUHDJP/ YDU\GHSHQGLQJRQZKHWKHULW
ZHHN LVIUHVKRUGULHGIRUUHDVRQV
PHQWLRQVDERYHLHRUJDQLF
&RZGXQJ NJPZHHN ORDGLQJDQGQXWULHQWFRQWHQW
&RPSRVWV Variable
Plant Meals

&RWWRQVHHGPHDOFDNH 8VXDOO\WRNJKD 3ODQWPHDOVDUHDOVRXVHG

SULPDULO\DVDIHHGLQWKHPRUH
6XQࢊRZHUVHHGPHDOFDNH H[WHQVLYHDTXDFXOWXUHV\VWHPV
VHHVHFWLRQ
Inorganic Fertilisers
8UHD763 JXUHDPZHHNDQGJ
763PZHHN
8UHD'$3 JXUHDPZHHNDQGJ
'$3PZHHN
8UHDRQO\ JXUHDPZHHNLH
JPZHHNDERXW
WDEOHVSRRQIXOV
'$3 JPZHHN
LHJSHUPSHUZHHN
RUWDEOHVSRRQIXOVZHHNO\IRU
HYHU\P
*7KHVSHFLࢉFDPRXQWRIIHUWLOLVHUUHTXLUHGLVSUDFWLFDOO\LQࢊXHQFHGDORWE\VSHFLࢉFSRQGDQGPDQDJH-
PHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFV+HQFHHYHU\IDUPHUVKRXOGDGMXVWTXDQWLWLHVWRREWDLQRSWLPXPOHYHOVRIIHUWLOLW\
2WKHUWKLQJVWRQRWHZKHQIHUWLOLVLQJSRQGV
Ȏ 7KHDPRXQWRISK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQKHQFHSKRWRV\QWKHVLVGHSHQGVRQWKHSURSRUWLRQ
RIWKHWRWDOZDWHUVXUIDFHDUHDH[SRVHGWRVXQVKLQH)HUWLOLVDWLRQUDWHVDUHWKHUHIRUHH[-
SUHVVHGDVNJKDZHHNRUNJPZHHN
Ȏ 7RDYRLG'2IDOOVDIWHUIHUWLOLVDWLRQDSSO\VPDOODPRXQWVRIPDQXUHIUHTXHQWO\UDWKHUWKDQ
ODUJHDPRXQWVLQIUHTXHQWO\
Ȏ 7LODSLDFRQWLQXRXVO\JUD]LQJRࢆWKHSK\WRSODQNWRQLQSRQGV2SWLPDOSODQNWRQGHQVLW\
VKRXOGEHPRQLWRUHGDQGPDLQWDLQHGGXULQJSURGXFWLRQWDEOH
Ȏ ,W LV SUHIHUDEOH WR SXUFKDVH VLQJOHQXWULHQW IHUWLOL]HUV UDWKHU WKDQ FRPSRXQG IHUWLOL]HUV FRQ-
WDLQLQJDOOWKHWKUHHPDLQQXWULHQWVIRUSODQWJURZWK7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHUHPD\EHPRPHQWV
ZKHQ RQH PD\ RQO\ QHHG WR DGG QLWURJHQ RQO\ RU SKRVSKRUXV RQO\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ VRLO DQG
ZDWHUTXDOLW\YDULDEOHVWRPDLQWDLQRSWLPXPSK\WRSODQNWRQEORRP,IDOOWKDWLVDYDLODEOHLVD
FRPSRXQGIHUWLOL]HUSXUFKDVHWKHRQHWKDWFRQWDLQVDKLJKHUOHYHORISKRVSKRUXV3EHFDXVH
LQPRVWFDVHVSKRVSKRUXVLVWKHOLPLWLQJQXWULHQWLQࢉVKSRQGV
f. Managing Pond Fertility Levels

7LODSLDSURGXFWLRQLQSRQGVLVPRUHSURGXFWLYHZKHQWKHȅJUHHQZDWHUȆWHFKQLTXHLVXVHG3K\WR-
SODQNWRQDORQHFDQSURYLGHDVLJQLࢉFDQWDPRXQWRIQXWULWLRQIRU\RXQJWLODSLDXSWRDERXW
J$YRLGKDYLQJWRRPXFKRUWRROLWWOHSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQWDEOH
7DEOH &KDOOHQJHVZLWKWRROLWWOHRUWRRPXFKSRQGIHUWLOLW\
Too Low Too High
• ,QDGHTXDWHSK\WRSODQNWRQIRUࢉVKWR • ([FHVVLYHSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQ8QHDWHQ
JUD]H SK\WRSODQNWRQGLHVRࢆDQGVHWWOHVWRERWWRPRISRQG
,QFUHDVHGRUJDQLFPDWWHU
• /RZ'2 • *UHDWHUOLNHOLKRRGRIDQR[LDGXULQJQLJKWDQGHDUO\
morning

Too Low Too High
• &OHDUHUSRQGZDWHUPDNLQJLWHDVLHU • ([WUHPHGLXUQDOS+ࢊXFWXDWLRQV
IRUELUGVWRSUH\XSRQࢉVK
• *URZWKRIDTXDWLFZHHGVEHFDXVH • /LJKWFDQQRWSHQHWUDWHIDULQVXFKSRQGV
VXQUD\VSHQHWUDWHGHHSHU
• 0RUHVWUHVVIXOWRࢉVKDQGࢉVKNLOOVEHFRPHPRUHOLNHO\
• 3RQGVZLWKWRRKLJKIHUWLOLW\DUHGLࢇFXOWWRPDQDJH
$YRLGWKLVVLWXDWLRQ
Measuring Pond Fertility

7KHPRVWSUDFWLFDOZD\RIPHDVXULQJOHYHOVRIWXUELGLW\LQSRQGVLVZLWKDVLPSOHWRROFDOOHGD secchi
disc ࢉJXUH:KHQXVHGDQGLQWHUSUHWHGLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHFRORXURIZDWHULQWKHSRQGVȆRQH
LVEHWWHUDEOHWRGHFLGHZKHWKHUWRDGGPRUHIHUWLOL]HUWRWKHSRQGࢉJXUHDQGWDEOH7KHVHFFKL
GLVFVKRXOGEHXVHGWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRORXURIWKHZDWHUWRPDNHPDQDJHPHQWGHFLVLRQVDV
GHVFULEHGLQWDEOH
+RZWR8VHD6HFFKL'LVFZLWKWKH5HIHUHQFH:DWHU&RORU&KDUWDQG,QWHUSUHWWKH5HVXOWV
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc

A secchi disc can easily be made by cutting out a
circle of diameter 20 cm from a piece of wooden
board or metal. Paint it white and black in equal
quadrants as shown. In the centre, drill a small hole
and pass a string or piece of wood through. Graduate
the piece of string or wood in cm.
Ȏ 7DNLQJ6HFFKL5HDGLQJV
Step 1. 7DNHVHFFKLUHDGLQJVGXULQJWKHGD\DWDERXWPLGGD\ZKHQWKHUHLVQRVKDGRZ,IWKLVLV
QRWSRVVLEOHWDNHUHDGLQJVDWDERXWWKHVDPHWLPHHYHU\GD\
Step 2. 3RVLWLRQ\RXUVHOIVXFKWKDWWKHUHLVWKHOHDVWDPRXQWRIVKDGRZIDOOLQJRYHUWKHVHFFKLGLVF
+ROGWKHURSHRUERDUGIURPZKLFKWKHVHFFKLGLVFLVVXVSHQGHGXSULJKWDQGUHOHDVHWKHVHFFKL
GLVFLQWRWKHZDWHUVRWKDWLWLVO\LQJࢊDWࢉJXUH
Step 3. 6ORZO\ORZHUWKHVHFFKLGLVFLQWRWKHZDWHUWRWKHSRLQWZKHUHLWVWDUWVEHFRPLQJLQYLVLEOH
DQG\RXFDQQRWFOHDUO\VHHLW5HDGIURPWKHPHDVXUHPHQW
Step 4. 6ORZO\UDLVHWKHVHFFKLGLVFRXWRIWKHZDWHUXQWLOLWMXVWVWDUWVWREHFRPHEHFRPHVYLVLEOH
0HDVXUHWKLVGHSWK
Step 5. *HWWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHVHWZRUHDGLQJV7KLVZLOOJLYH\RXWKHVHFFKLGHSWK
Step 6./RRNDWWKHUHIHUHQFHFRORXUFKDUWLQDQQH[WRDVVHVVZKDWVRUWRIWXUELGLW\\RXKDYH
ZKHWKHUSK\WRSODQNWRQRUFOD\

Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings
7DEOH 0DQDJHPHQW5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU0DLQWDLQLQJ3K\WRSODQNWRQ%ORRPVDW'LࢆHUHQW
Secchi Readings.
SECCHI DISC READING (cm) COMMENTS
Less than 20 cm 3RQGWRRWXUELG,ISRQGLVWXUELGZLWKSK\WRSODQNWRQWKHUHZLOO

EHSUREOHPVZLWKORZGLVVROYHGR[\JHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\
DWQLJKW:KHQWKHWXUELGLW\LVIURPVXVSHQGHGVROLGVHJFOD\
SURGXFWLYLW\ZLOOEHORZ'RQRWDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU,IWKHUHLVD
IRXOVPHOOࢊXVKWKHSRQG
ȁFP 7XUELGLW\LVJRRGIRUWLODSLDSURGXFWLRQ'RQRWDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU
LIWXUELGLW\LVOHVVWKDQFP/HYHOVRIIHUWLOLVDWLRQGXULQJ
SURGXFWLRQVKRXOGEHWRPDLQWDLQWKLVOHYHOZLWKWKHSUHVFULEHG
OHYHORIIHUWLOLVDWLRQ
ȁFP ,IWXUELGLW\LVIURPSK\WRSODQNWRQJUHHQLVKZDWHUWKHQWKH

SRQGLVLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQEXWWLODSLDJURZWKZLOOLPSURYHLIPRUH
SODQNWRQFDQEHSURGXFHGVRFRQWLQXHWKHZHHNO\DSSOLFDWLRQV
ȁFP 3K\WRSODQNWRQLVEHFRPLQJVFDUFH$GGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU\RXUSRQG
WRJHWDEHWWHUEORRP,I\RXGRQRWJHWDEORRPWKHQSUREDEO\
FKHFN\RXUS+DQGDONDOLQLW\$OVRPDNHVXUH\RXUSRQGLVQRW
OHDNLQJDQGWKDWLWLVQRWEHLQJȉࢊXVKHGȊ
More than 60 cm :DWHULVWRRFOHDU,QDGHTXDWHSURGXFWLYLW\DQGGDQJHURIDTXDWLF

ZHHGSUREOHPV,IWKHUHDUHDTXDWLFZHHGJURZLQJLQWKHSRQG
GRQRWDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU:HHGWKHPRXWࢉUVWEHIRUHIHUWLOLVLQJ
WKHSRQG
g. Application of Fertilisers
0HWKRGVRI$SSO\LQJ2UJDQLF0DQXUH
(i) Crib Methodȁ$FRPSRVWFULELVPDGHRIZRRGHQSROHVDWRQHRUPRUHVLGHVRIWKHSRQG

1XWULHQWVIURPWKHFRPSRVWDUHVORZO\UHOHDVHGLQWRWKHSRQG,QVRGRLQJWKHSRQGJUDG-
XDOO\EHFRPHVIHUWLOLVHG&ULEVUHTXLUHIUHTXHQWWXUQLQJWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHUHOHDVHRIQXWULHQWV
$FULEVKRXOGEHDERXWRIWKHWRWDOSRQGDUHD&RQVLGHULQJWKHPDQDJHPHQWUHTXLUH-
PHQWVRIDFULEWKH\DUHPRUHDSSURSULDWHIRUVPDOOHUSRQGV
(ii) Bag Methodȁ$SRURXVEDJLVࢉOOHGZLWKPDQXUHDQGWLHGLQWKHFRUQHURIWKHSRQG7KH
EDJLVVKDNHQDQGWXUQHGZHHNO\RUGDLO\WRDOORZWKHQXWULHQWVZLWKLQVHHSRXW
(iii) Directly into the pondȁ0DQXUHPD\EHVSUHDGGLUHFWO\LQWRWKHSRQG:KHQSRQGVDOUHDG\
KDYHZDWHULWLVEHWWHUWRPL[WKHGXQJZLWKVRPHZDWHUࢉUVWWKHQVSULQNOHWKHPL[WXUHDURXQG
WKHSRQGࢉJXUH

)LJXUH$SSOLFDWLRQRI2UJDQLF0DQXUHVLQ3RQGV
Bag Method 6SUHDGLQJPDQXUHGLUHFOW\LQWRSRQG
Ȏ 0HWKRGVRIDSSO\LQJFKHPLFDOIHUWLOLVHUV
(i) Granular Fertilisersȁ:KHQEURDGFDVWHGRYHUWKHSRQGJUDQXODUIHUWLOLVHUVVHWWOHRQWKH
SRQGERWWRPࢉUVWEHIRUHGLVVROYLQJLQWRWKHZDWHU3KRVSKDWHLQWKHIHUWLOLVHULVVWURQJO\
DGVRUEHGELQGVE\SRQGPXG:KHQWKLVKDSSHQVPXFKRIWKHSKRVSKDWHQHYHUHQWHUV
WKHZDWHUFROXPQ7KHUHIRUHLWLVEHWWHUWRGLVVROYHWKHIHUWLOLVHUࢉUVWLQZDWHUWRSUHYHQWLW
VHWWOLQJWRWKHSRQGERWWRP6SULQNOHWKHPL[WXUHRYHUWKHSRQG
*UDQXODUIHUWLOLVHUVFDQDOVREHDSSOLHGE\KHDSLQJRQXQGHUZDWHUSODWIRUPRUSODFLQJWKHPLQ
DSRURXVEDJRQXQGHUZDWHUSODWIRUPVRUVXVSHQGHGRQSROHQHDUWKHSRQGLQOHWRUIURPWKH
HQGRIWKHSRQGZKHUHWKHSUHYDLOLQJZLQGEORZV7KHZDWHUFXUUHQWVVORZO\ZDVKWKHIHUWLOLVHU
LQWRWKHSRQG
7KHSODWIRUPVRUEDJVVKRXOGQRWVLWGLUHFWO\RQWKHSRQGȆVERWWRP7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHSKRV-
SKDWHZLOOEHUDSLGO\DGVRUEHGE\WKHERWWRPVRLODQGEHFRPHXQDYDLODEOHIRUWKHSK\WRSODQN-
WRQ7KHXVHRIEDJVDQGSODWIRUPVWRDSSO\IHUWLOLVHULVPRUHSUDFWLFDOLQODUJHSRQGV
(ii) /LTXLGIHUWLOLVHUVVKRXOGDOVREHGLOXWHGࢉUVWZLWKZDWHUEHIRUHDSSOLFDWLRQLQWRWKHSRQG
:KHQVWLOOFRQFHQWUDWHGOLTXLGIHUWLOLVHUVDUHKHDYLHUWKDQZDWHUDQGLISRXUHGGLUHFWO\ZLOO
VHWWOHDWWKHERWWRP'LVVROYHWKHIHUWLOLVHULQDEXFNHWRIZDWHUE\VWLUULQJࢉUVWDQGWKHQ
VSODVKWKHVROXWLRQDWGLࢆHUHQWSRLQWVDURXQGWKHSRQG
,WLVEHWWHUWRDSSO\IHUWLOL]HUVPLGPRUQLQJZKHQGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVDUHSLFNLQJXSWRDOORZ
HQRXJKKRXUVRIVXQVKLQHWRREWDLQPD[LPXPEHQHࢉWVIURPVXQVKLQH
h. Other Important Points to Note on Fertilisation

,I\RXDUHIHUWLOLVLQJ\RXUSRQGWRHQKDQFHࢉVKSURGXFWLRQXVHWKH‘static water’
technique. 'RQRWDOORZZDWHUWRFRQWLQXRXVO\ࢊRZWKURXJK\RXUSRQGRWKHUZLVHSRQG
IHUWLOLW\DQGSODQNWRQDUHORVW2QO\WRSXSZDWHUWRUHSODFHHYDSRUDWLRQDQGRUVHHSDJHRU
ZKHQWKHUHLVDQHHGWRࢊXVKWKHSRQG
'R1RW)HUWLOLVH\RXU3RQGLI
D -XVWEHIRUHKDUYHVWLQJDQGRUVDPSOLQJࢉVKLQWKHSRQG
E ,IWKHSRQGLVYHU\PXGG\:KHQPXGG\SRQGVDUHIHUWLOLVHGRQHJHWVDHXJOHQDEORRP
WKDWIRUPVRQWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHUDWKHUWKDQDEOXHJUHHQSK\WRSODQNWRQEORRPXQLIRUPO\
GLVWULEXWHGZLWKLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQ7KHJHQHUDOUHVSRQVHWRIHUWLOLVDWLRQLVDOVRSRRU
F ,IWKHUHDUHPDFURSK\WHVODUJHSODQWVJURZLQJLQWKHSRQGVLQFHRQO\PDFURSK\WHVJURZ
1LOHWLODSLDFDQQRWFRQVXPHWKHVHPDFURSK\WHV

G ,I\RXQRWLFHWKHࢉVKSLSLQJLQWKHSRQGVODWHLQWRWKHPRUQLQJIRUDQXPEHURI
FRQVHFXWLYHGD\V7KLVLVDQLQGLFDWLRQWKDWOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDUHGURSSLQJWR
DOPRVW]HURGXULQJWKHQLJKW$GGLQJPRUHPDQXUHLQWKLVFDVHLQFUHDVHVWKHGHPDQG
IRUR[\JHQDVPRUHRUJDQLFPDWWHULVSXWLQWRWKHSRQG,QDGGLWLRQLQFUHDVLQJWKH
DPRXQWRISK\WRSODQNWRQZLOORQO\VHUYHWRZRUVHQWKHVLWXDWLRQDWQLJKWZKHQWKH
SK\WRSODQNWRQrespires
H ,I\RXUVHFFKLGLVFUHDGLQJLVOHVVWKDQFP7KLVLVDVLJQWKDWWXUELGLW\OHYHOVDUHKLJK
,IWKHSRQGZDWHULVEURZQWKHQWKHSRQGLVPXGG\,IRQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHSRQGLV
JUHHQWKHQWKHIHUWLOLW\OHYHOVRIWKHSRQGDUHWRRKLJK
I ,I\RXUSRQGZDWHUKDVDEDGVPHOO7KLVLVDVLJQRIDQXWULHQWRYHUORDG<RXZRXOGKDYH
to ȂࢇXVKȃWKHSRQGLQVWHDG
J 'RQRWIHUWLOLVHSRQGVRQDUDLQ\GD\V7KHUHLVQRQHHGWRIHUWLOLVHSRQGVRQUDLQ\FORXG\
GD\VEHFDXVHWKHUDLQVKDOOGLOXWHWKHIHUWLOLVHUDQGWKHUHZLOOEHLQDGHTXDWHVXQVKLQHIRU
SKRWRV\QWKHVLV
3. Trust your Observations

'RQRWUHO\HQWLUHO\RQQXPEHUV:KHQGHFLGLQJZKHWKHUWRDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHUWRWKHSRQGRU
KRZPXFK\RXVKRXOGDGGHDFKWLPHREVHUYHWKHZDWHUFRORXUZDWHUWXUELGLW\WDNHQRWHRI
WKHVPHOODQGࢉVKEHKDYLRXU,IWKHࢉVKVKRZVLJQVRIVWUHVVRUDEQRUPDOEHKDYLRXUWKHSRQG
VPHOOVEDGRUWKHWXUELGLW\OHYHOVDUHWRRKLJKGRQRWDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU

&RQWURORI.H\:DWHU4XDOLW\3DUDPHWHUVLQWKH'LࢆHUHQW3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPV
7DEOH 0DQDJLQJ&RPPRQ:DWHU4XDOLW\,VVXHVLQWKH'LࢆHUHQW3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPV
Water Earthen Ponds Flow Through Tanks Cages Re-Circulatory Aquaponics
Quality and Raceways Systems
Parameter
Low DO • ,PSURYHSRQGIHUWLOLW\LI • $HUDWLRQDQG • 6LWHVHOHFWLRQȁ • $HUDWLRQDQG • $HUDWHZDWHU

too low R[\JHQDWLRQ DYRLGVLWHVZLWKD R[\JHQDWLRQ • 'RQRWRYHUIHHG
• )OXVKSRQGGRQRW • 'RQRWRYHUIHHG ORWRIVLOWFORVHWR • 'RQRWRYHUIHHG
DORWRIYHJHWDWLRQ • 5HPRYHH[FHVVIHHGDQG
DGGIHUWLOLVHULIVHFFKL • 5HPRYHH[FHVVIHHG • 5HPRYHH[FHVV waste
UHDGLQJORZHUWKDQ SRLQWVRIH࢈XHQW
DQGZDVWH GLVFKDUJHIURP IHHGDQGZDVWH • Maintain optimum water
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DQGSURWHLQOHYHOVRIQDWXUDOIRRGVWRVXVWDLQࢉVKJURZWK:KHQWKLVLVGRQHWKHFXOWXUHV\VWHPLV
UHIHUUHGWRDVDVHPLLQWHQVLYHFXOWXUHV\VWHP
6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJPD\EHGRQHZLWKRQHRUDPL[WXUHRILQJUHGLHQWV7KHLQJUHGLHQWVPRVWXVHG
IRUVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJLQFOXGHIDUPUHVLGXHVKRXVHKROGZDVWHDQGDJULFXOWXUDOE\SURGXFWVVXFK
DVFHUHDOEUDQVRLOVHHGFDNHVDQGVODXJKWHUKRXVHZDVWH7KHVHDUHIHGDVGU\SRZGHUVSHOOHWVRU
PRLVWGRXJK6RPHWLPHVQXWULWLRQDOO\FRPSOHWHGLHWVDUHJLYHQDVVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV
6.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets

)DFWRU\PDGHQXWULWLRQDOO\FRPSOHWHGLHWVFRQWDLQDOOWKHQHFHVVDU\QXWULHQWVIRURSWLPXPJURZWKDQG
KHDOWK7KH\DUHDYDLODEOHDVVLQNLQJRUࢊRDWLQJIHHGVLQWKHIRUPRISRZGHUVFUXPEOHVSHOOHWVRUࢊDNHV
ࢉJXUH

)LJXUH )RUPVRI&RPPHUFLDO)HHGV
Powders Crumbles Pellets Flakes
$JRRGFRPPHUFLDOO\PDQXIDFWXUHGIHHGSDUWLFOHVKRXOGKDYHDXQLIRUPWH[WXUHDQGVL]HZLWKQRࢉQHV
DQGDZDWHUVWDELOLW\RIDWOHDVWWKLUW\PLQXWHV
7DEOHFRPSDUHVWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGIHHGW\SHV
7DEOH$GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKH0DMRU7\SHVRI)HHG
Feed Type Advantages Disadvantages
Natural Food Ȏ (QYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\ Ȏ /LPLWHGLQHQHUJ\

Ȏ 1RHQHUJ\UHTXLUHGWRPDNHWKHP Ȏ 'LࢇFXOWWRJHQHUDWHDGHTXDWH
Ȏ &RQWDLQPRVWQXWULWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWV amounts to meet nutritional
HVSHFLDOO\IRUHDUO\OLIHVWDJHV QHHGVRIJURZHUVLQPRVW
FRPPHUFLDOXQLWV
Ȏ (DV\WRGLJHVW
• cheaper
Supplementary Ȏ &DQEHPDGHRQIDUPXVLQJRUGLQDU\IDUP Ȏ +LJKHUULVNRIIRXOLQJ

Feeds LPSOHPHQWVDQGRUVLPSOHHTXLSPHQW Ȏ +LJKHU)&5VKHQFHPRUHIHHG
Ȏ (DV\WRPDNH LVUHTXLUHGWRSURGXFHDNLOR
Ȏ 8WLOLVHORFDOZDVWHSURGXFWV RIࢉVK
Ȏ 'U\VXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGVODVWORQJHUWKDQ Ȏ 1RWUHFRPPHQGHGIRUXVH
LQWDQNVFDJHVDQGLQWHQVLYH
FXOWXUHV\VWHPV
Complete Diets Ȏ %HWWHUGLJHVWLELOLW\DQGZDWHUVWDELOLW\WKDQ Ȏ 5HTXLUHVNLOOHGODERXU

(pellets) VXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV PDFKLQHU\DQGHQHUJ\WR
Ȏ )ORDWLQJSHOOHWVKDYHORZHU)&5VWKDQ PDNH
VLQNLQJSHOOHWVEHFDXVHVWDUFKDQGDQWL Ȏ 0RUHH[SHQVLYH
QXWULWLRQDOIDFWRUVDUHFRPSOHWHO\EURNHQ Ȏ 0D\QRWEHVXLWDEOHIRU
GRZQGXULQJWKHVWHDPH[WUXVLRQSURFHVV IHHGLQJODUYDHVRRQDIWHU
Ȏ :KHQࢊRDWLQJIHHGVDUHXVHG hatching in some species
&DQVHHWKHࢉVKIHHGLQJ
&DQVHHKRZPXFKIHHGLVOHIWRYHU
Ȏ &DQEHXVHGLQDOOSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV

6HOHFWLQJWKHULJKWIHHG
7DEOHOLVWVWKHIDFWRUVWREHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQVHOHFWLQJDIHHG
Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds

Factor Reason
1. Species • )LVKPD\EHFDUQLYRUHVRPQLYRUHVKHUELYRUHVDQGOLPQLYRUHV
• 7KHQXWULWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGDELOLW\WRGLJHVWFHUWDLQIHHGVWXࢆV
FRQVHTXHQWO\YDULHV
• )RUH[DPSOHVFDUQLYRURXVࢉVKKDYHPRUHDFLGLFJXWVZLWKDODUJHU
VWRPDFKZKHUHDVKHUELYRURXVࢉVKKDYHPRUHDONDOLQHJXWVZLWK
ORQJLQWHVWLQHV
/LIHVWDJHRIWKH)LVK • 7KHUHDUHIRXUNH\OLIHVWDJHVHJJODUYDHMXYHQLOHDQGDGXOW
• 7KHDELOLW\WRLQJHVWGLJHVWDQGIXOO\XWLOLVHFHUWDLQIHHGVDQGRU
QXWULHQWVGLࢆHUVZLWKHDFKOLIHVWDJH
• %UHHGLQJࢉVKQHHGH[WUDQXWULWLRQIRUJDPHWHSURGXFWLRQ
3. Fish size (weight) • 7KHDPRXQWRIIRRGWKDWFDQEHFRQVXPHGDWHDFKPHDOYDULHVZLWK

ࢉVKVL]HDQGVL]HRIWKHVWRPDFK
• )LVKZLWKODUJHVWRPDFKVFDQKROGPRUHIRRGLQWKHLUVWRPDFKVDQG
VRHDWOHVVIUHTXHQWO\
• -XYHQLOHVVPDOOHUࢉVKKDYHKLJKHUPHWDEROLFUDWHVVRGLJHVWIHHG
IDVWHUDQGQHHGPRUHIUHTXHQWPHDOV
4. Production unit and • &RPSOHWHGLHWVDUHPRUHVXLWDEOHWRLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPV

culture system • 1DWXUDOIRRGVDQGVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGVDUHPRUHVXLWHGWRSRQGV
DQGVHPLLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPV
• /DUYDHFDQEHIHGOLYHIHHGVLQWDQNV
5. Cost • 7KHIHHGVKRXOGEHDࢆRUGDEOHIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPLQXVH
PRUHGHWDLOVLQ6HFWLRQ
$YDLODELOLW\RIWKHIHHG • 7KHIHHGVKRXOGEHHDVLO\DYDLODEOH)LVKࢉQGVXGGHQFKDQJHVLQ
IHHGVWUHVVIXO
)HHGLQJࢉVK
7RJHWWKHEHVWUHVXOWVIURPIHHGLQJIHHG
• 7KHULJKWQXWULWLRQDOTXDOLW\IRUWKHVSHFLࢉHGDJHRIࢉVK
• 7KHULJKWVL]HRIIHHGIRUHDV\FRQVXPSWLRQ
• 7KHFRUUHFWDPRXQWVDWHDFKPHDO
• 7KHULJKWQXPEHURIPHDOVSHUGD\
7KHDERYHFRQVWLWXWHWKHIHHGLQJUHJLPH)HHGLQJFKDUWVSURYLGHDJXLGHIRUWKLV$SSHQGL[
:KHQࢉVKDUHIHGFRUUHFWO\JURZWKUDWHVDUHJRRGDQGXQLIRUPDFURVVWKHSRSXODWLRQIHHGFRQYHUVLRQ
UDWLRV)&5VDUHORZDQGSRQGZDWHUTXDOLW\LVEHWWHUPDQDJHG

(VWDEOLVKLQJWKHFRUUHFWIHHGLQJUHJLPH
)LVKFDQEHDOORZHGWRHDWDQ\WLPHXQWLOWKH\DUHVDWLVࢉHGLHfed ad lib to satiation)RURQO\DWVSH-
FLࢉFWLPHV7KHFKRLFHRQZKHWKHUWRIHHGad libRUDWVSHFLࢉFWLPHVGHSHQGVRQWKHࢉVKDJHIHHGLQJ
VWUDWHJ\DQGSURGXFWLRQREMHFWLYHV-XYHQLOHVLQIHGOLYHIHHGVLQERWKH[WHQVLYHDQGLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPV
DUHW\SLFDOO\IHGad lib.
:KHQࢉVKDUHIHGDWLQWHUYDOVIHHGLQJFKDUWVDUHDXVHIXOWRROWRKHOSJXLGHRQWKHKRZPXFKWRIHHG
DQGZKHQ+RZHYHUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHLUDSSHWLWHࢉVKZLOOQRWDOZD\VHDWWKHDPRXQWVLQGLFDWHGLQWKH
IHHGLQJFKDUW
7KHDSSHWLWHRIࢉVKLVLQࢊXHQFHGE\
• )HHGW\SH
• &KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHIHHG
• :DWHUTXDOLW\DWWKHWLPHRIIHHGLQJ
• 6WUHVVDQGKHDOWKVWDWXVRIWKHࢉVK
• )LVKEHKDYLRXUVHHWDEOH
7DEOH )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWࢉVKDSSHWLWH
Factors Eat less Eat more
Characteristics • 6XGGHQFKDQJHVLQIHHGIRUPXODWLRQ • &RQVLVWHQF\LQWKHTXDOLW\WH[WXUH

RIWKHIHHG WDVWHRUWH[WXUH DQGWDVWHRIIHHGJLYHQ
• :URQJSHOOHWVL]HHYHQZKHQQXWULWLRQDO • *LYHQWKHFRUUHFWW\SHDQGSHOOHW
FRQWHQWDQGIRUPXODWLRQUHPDLQWKH VL]HRIIHHGIRUHDFKUHVSHFWLYH
same stage
Water Quality • :KHQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVGURSHJ • :DWHUTXDOLW\FRQGLWLRQVDUH

GXULQJUDLQ\VHDVRQ RSWLPXPLQWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
• ,IIHHGLQJLVGRQHZKHQ'2DQGS+DUH • :DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHULVHZLWKLQ
ORZDPPRQLDLVKLJKDQGGLVVROYHG acceptable limits
gases in water
• 6XGGHQDQGRUIUHTXHQWࢊXFWXDWLRQVLQ
ZDWHUTXDOLW\HJZKHQUDLQZDVKRࢆ
HQWHUVXQLWV7KLVLVVWUHVVIXOIRUࢉVK
HVSHFLDOO\MXYHQLOHV
Stress and • 8SWRWZRWRWKUHHGD\VDIWHUEHLQJ • 1RWVWUHVVHG

health status H[SRVHGWRVWUHVVIXOPDQDJHPHQW • 1RWVLFN
SUDFWLFHVVXFKDVJUDGLQJDQGVDPSOLQJ
• 6XGGHQVKDUSQRLVHVDQGPRYHPHQWV
WKDWVFDUHWKHࢉVKHJDWWDFNVE\
SUHGDWRUVGLYLQJELUGV
• 'LVHDVH
Fish behaviour • 7HUULWRULDOEHKDYLRXUDQGEXOO\LQJE\ • 8QLIRUPDFFHVVWRWKHIHHG

ODUJHUࢉVK • :KHQࢉVKDUHXQLIRUPO\VL]HG
• ,QFRQVLVWHQWIHHGLQJ

:KHQVKRXOG,IHHG"
7DEOHEHORZVXPPDULVHVZKHQLWLVEHVWWRIHHGࢉVK
Table 33: When to Feed

When to Feed When not to Feed
• In ponds and other • )HHGLQJUHVSRQVHLVSRRU

outdoor units: :KHQ • 7KHࢉVKDUHVLFN
ZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVDQG
'2OHYHOVKDYHEHJXQWR • Low temperature
ULVH1RUPDOO\IURP DERXW • 7ZRGD\VEHIRUHKDUYHVWDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
DPZLWKWKHODVWIHHG
• $IWHUQRRQEHIRUHVDPSOLQJ
EHLQJDWDERXWSP.
• +LJKOHYHOVRIVRLODQGSODQNWRQWXUELGLW\
• $ORWRIOHIWRYHUIHHGLQXQLW
• 'DUNHQHGFDJHQHWV
• 3RQGERWWRPVVKRZLQJVLJQVDFFXPXODWLRQRIOHIWRYHUIHHGVVXFK
DVEXEEOHVLQIHHGLQJDUHDV
• 7KHPHDODIWHUDSSO\LQJWUHDWPHQWVWRSRQGRUWUHDWLQJࢉVK
• Indoor units::KHUH • )HHGLQJUHVSRQVHLVSRRU

ZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHDQG • 7KHࢉVKDUHVLFN
DHUDWLRQDUHGRQHWLPLQJ
FDQEHVHWE\PDQDJHU • 7ZRGD\VEHIRUHKDUYHVWDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
• $IWHUQRRQEHIRUHVDPSOLQJ
• /RZ'2OHYHOV
• $ORWRIOHIWRYHUIHHGLQXQLW
• 7KHPHDODIWHUDSSO\LQJWUHDWPHQWVWRWDQNRUWUHDWLQJࢉVK
6.4.3 Determining the ration

The rationLVKRZPXFKIHHGIRRGHDFKࢉVKVKRXOGEHJLYHQSHUGD\DQGDWHDFKPHDO
6.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed

(i) Pond productivityLQH[WHQVLYHDQGVHPLLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPVZKHUHࢉVKIRUDJHRࢆ]RRSODQNWRQ
DQGSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQVHFFKLUHDGLQJVDQGFRORXURIZDWHUJLYHDQLQGLFDWLRQRI
SODQNWRQDYDLODELOLW\VHH Module 5IRUPRUHGHWDLOV
(ii) 1DWXUDOIRRGVȁ7KHDYDLODELOLW\RIOLYHIHHGVLVPHDVXUHGLQWHUPVRIQXPEHURIRUJDQLVPVOLWUHV
&RXQWLQJFDQEHGRQHZLWKWKHDLGRIDJODVVRUSHWULGLVKZLWKNQRZQYROXPHVRIZDWHUDVLOOXVWUDW-
HGLQࢉJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH (VWLPDWLQJWKHTXDQWLW\RI/LYH)HHG
glass Petri-dish

(iii) Dry Feedȁ:HLJKRXWWKHWRWDOGDLO\UHTXLUHPHQWDQGGLVWULEXWHWKHWRWDOGDLO\DPRXQWEHWZHHQ

WKHWRWDOQXPEHURIPHDOVWREHIHGSHUGD\DVLOOXVWUDWHGLQDSSHQGL[
Measuring out the Quantities to Feed

,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZKRZPXFKIHHGLVFRQVXPHGVRWKDWRQHFDQHVWLPDWH)&5V+RZHYHUDZHLJK-
LQJVFDOHPD\QRWEHDYDLODEOHDWHDFKIDUPWRPHDVXUHRXWWKHDPRXQWRIIHHGWREHIHGHDFKGD\
,Q VXFK VLWXDWLRQV GLࢆHUHQW VL]HG FRQWDLQHUV FDQ EH FDOLEUDWHG WR HVWDEOLVK weight-volume HTXLYDOHQW
ࢉJXUHEHORZ7KHFDOLEUDWLRQPXVWEHGRQHIRUHDFKGLࢆHUHQWW\SHDQGSHOOHWVL]HRIWKHIHHGIDUP
EHFDXVHWKH\KDYHGLࢆHUHQWGHQVLWLHV
Figure 59: Graduated bucket.
6.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration

5DWLRQVVKRXOGEHDGMXVWHGUHJXODUO\LQFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHIDFWRUVOLVWHGLQWDEOHEHORZ
Table 34: When to adjust the Ration

Factor Remarks
D6L]HRIWKH)LVK • 6PDOOࢉVKKDYHDKLJKHUPHWDEROLFUDWHDQGVRJURZIDVWHU
• $GMXVWWKHLUUDWLRQVHYHU\WRGD\V
b. Growth rate • 6DPSOHXQLWVUHJXODUO\WRGHWHUPLQHDYHUDJHVL]HRIࢉVK

• 'HWHUPLQHQHZUDWLRQEDVHGRQWKHDYHUDJHVL]HDWVDPSOLQJDQG127
EDVHGWKHZHHNVLQSURGXFWLRQDVZRXOGEHLQGLFDWHGE\IHHGLQJFKDUWV
$QQH[
c. Environmental • )LVKGRQRWHDWWKHVDPHDPRXQWHYHU\GD\RUDWHDFKPHDO
conditions and • 7KHDPRXQWFRQVXPHGHDFKGD\GHSHQGVRQWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\RQWKDW
IHHGLQJUHVSRQVH GD\ZKHWKHUWKHࢉVKDUHVWUHVVHGRUVLFN
• /RZWHPSHUDWXUHORZ'2KLJK3+KLJKDPPRQLDVWUHVVDQGVLFNQHVV
UHGXFHDSSHWLWH
d. Carrying capacity • :KHQSURGXFWLRQXQLWVDUHDWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\UHGXFHWKHDPRXQWRI

IHHG
• $WFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\IHHGIRUERG\PDLQWHQDQFHWRSUHYHQWORVVRIZHLJKW
• '2127IHHGIRUJURZWKEHFDXVHQRPDWWHUKRZPXFKDGGLWLRQDOIHHGLV
JLYHQWKHUHZLOOEHQRLQFUHDVHLQJURZWKVHH0RGXOHIRUPRUHGHWDLOV
• *URZRXWࢉVKPDLQWHQDQFHUDWLRQVUDQJHWRRIERG\ZHLJKW
• ,IDWOHDVWRIࢉVKLQWKHXQLWDUHGXHIRUKDUYHVWZLWKLQDFRXSOHRI
GD\VVWRSIHHGLQJXQWLODIWHUKDUYHVWLQJ

+RZVKRXOG,DGPLQLVWHUIHHGWRࢉVK"
7KHGLࢆHUHQWPHWKRGVRIIHHGLQJࢉVKDUHVXPPDULVHGLQ7DEOHEHORZ
Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods.

Broadcasting. )HHGLVEURDGFDVWLQWRWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
PDQXDOO\RUZLWKDEORZHULQODUJHSRQGV 8VHGZKHQIHHGLQJ
ࢊRDWLQJRUVLQNLQJSRZGHUVFUXPEOHVRUSHOOHWV
Demand Feeders. +XQJRYHUSURGXFWLRQXQLW5HOHDVHIHHG

ZKHQWKHࢉVKKLWWKHP8VHGIRUIHHGLQJࢊRDWLQJRUVLQNLQJ
FUXPEOHVDQGSHOOHWV
Ȏ 'LVDGYDQWDJH)LVKVRPHWLPHVSOD\ZLWKWKHIHHGHUVZKLFK
UHVXOWVLQWRIHHGEHLQJUHOHDVHGEXWQRWHDWHQ
Feeding Ring. 8VHGLQKDSDVWRIHHGMXYHQLOHVࢊRDWLQJIHHGV.

7KHULQJSUHYHQWVWKHIHHGࢊRDWLQJDZD\DQGODUYDHDQGHDUO\IU\
FDQQRWVZLPWRWKHIHHGDVIDVWDVROGHUࢉVK
Automatic Feeders. $UHGHVLJQHGZLWKLQEXLOWWLPLQJEHOW

)HHGLVUHOHDVHGLQWRWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLWFRQWLQXRXVO\RYHUD
JLYHQGXUDWLRQRIWLPHQRUPDOO\VL[RIWZHOYHKRXUV 8VHGIRU
VLQNLQJRUࢊRDWLQJFUXPEOHVRUSHOOHWV
Trays. $UHXVHGWRIHHGZHWPHDOVVXFKDVFRRNHGGRXJKVRU
PDVKHGIUHVKJURXQGVLQNLQJE\SURGXFWVHJWUDVKࢉVKRࢆDOV

3ODWIRUPV$UHXVHGWRIHHGZHWPHDOVVXFKDVFRRNHGGRXJKV
RUPDVKHGIUHVKJURXQGVLQNLQJE\SURGXFWVHJWUDVKࢉVK
RࢆDOV
Pouring. /LYHIHHGVLQVXVSHQVLRQDUHSRXUHGLQWRWKH
SURGXFWLRQXQLW
• 7KHFKRLFHRIIHHGLQJPHWKRGGHSHQGVRQ
D )HHGLQJKDELWRIWKHVSHFLHV
E $JHRIࢉVK
F 6L]HRIWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
G 1XPEHURIWLPHVSHUGD\WKHࢉVKZLOOQHHGWREHIHG
H 7\SHRIIHHGWREHIHG
I /DERXUUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGFRVWVRIIHHGLQJDQG
J &RVWRIIHHGHU
7KHEHVW)&5VDUHREWDLQHGZKHQWKHࢉVK
D 5DSLGO\HDWXSWKHIHHG
E 6SHQGOLWWOHHQHUJ\IHHGLQJEHFDXVHWKHIHHGLVHDV\WRJHWWRDQGRIWKHULJKWVL]H
F +DYHHTXDODFFHVVWRWKHIHHG
7RDFKLHYHWKLVWUDLQWKHࢉVKWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVH
6.3.4.2 Feeding by Response

2QFHWKHࢉVKDUHDERYHWKHHDUO\UHDULQJVWDJHWUDLQWKHPWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVH7KLVKDVWKHIROORZLQJ
DGYDQWDJHV
• (QDEOHVRQHIHHGWKHࢉVKEDVHGRQWKHLUDFWXDOQHHGVDWHDFKPHDOWKXVPLQLPLVLQJRYHUIHHGLQJ
RUXQGHUIHHGLQJ
• (QDEOHVRQHYLVXDOO\PRQLWRUWKHࢉVKQXPEHUVDQGJURZWKUDWHVZLWKRXWKDQGOLQJWKHPࢉJXUH
EHORZDQG
• (QDEOHVRQHGHWHFWZKHQࢉVKKDYHORVWappetite3UREOHPVDQGUHPHGLDOPHDVXUHVFDQWKHUHIRUH
EHLGHQWLࢉHGHDUO\
)LJXUH $*RRG)HHGLQJ5HVSRQVH$OOࢉVKFRPHWRIHHGDWWKHVDPHWLPH
DO NOT OVER-FEEDࢉVKDVLWUHVXOWVLQWRIHHGZDVWDJH
GHWHULRUDWLRQRIZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\SRRUJURZWK
2YHUIHHGLQJUHGXFHV\RXUSURࢉWPDUJLQ8QGHUIHHGLQJUHVXOWV
LQSRRUJURZWKDQGSURGXFWLRQ7KHRSWLPXPUDWLRQLVREWDLQHG
ZKHQࢉVKDUHIHGMXVWEHORZVDWLDWLRQ

a. Assessing the feeding response

,WLVextremely importantWRHVWDEOLVKH[DFWO\KRZPXFKWRIHHGWRIHHGWKHࢉVKDWHDFKPHDODQG
HDFKGD\7RGRWKLVDVVHVVWKHIROORZLQJ
+RZIDVWWKHࢉVKPRYHWRZDUGVWKHIHHGDQGKRZWKHLUIHHGLQJEHKDYLRXUFRPSDUHVZLWKWKDW
RISUHYLRXVIHHGLQJV"
:KHWKHURUQRWWKHࢉVKDUHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHIHHG"
7KHFRORXUDQGVPHOORIWKHZDWHUSULRUWRIHHGLQJ"
3URSRUWLRQRIࢉVKLQWKHXQLWWKDWFRPHWRIHHG"
:KDWWKHZHDWKHUZDVDIHZGD\VEHIRUHDQGRQWKDWGD\ (especially for outdoor units)"
:DVLWUDLQLQJFROGRUKRW"
,QWDQNVWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVMXVWSULRUWRIHHGLQJDQGDQKRXURUWZRDIWHU
6SHQGWLPHWRREVHUYHWKHࢉVKIHHGHYHU\GD\5HO\LQJHQWLUHO\RQFDOFXODWLRQVIURPIHHGLQJFKDUWV
RUERRNVIUHTXHQWO\UHVXOWVLQWRZDVWDJHKLJK)&5VDQGSRRUHUZDWHUTXDOLW\
)HHGLQJEDVHGRQFDOFXODWLRQVRQO\LV ‘dumping’ theIHHGnotIHHGLQJWKHࢉVK
b. Criteria for judging the feeding response

(ȁ([FHOOHQWȁ)LVKDUHYHU\DFWLYHDQGFRPHWRIHHGLPPHGLDWHO\7KH\ࢉQLVKDOOWKHIHHGJLYHQ
ZLWKLQWRPLQXWHV
*ȁ*RRGȁ)LVKDUHOHVVDFWLYH7KH\FRPSOHWHIHHGLQJZLWKLQWRPLQXWHV
) ȁ )DLU ȁ )LVK DUH VOXJJLVK DQG FRQVXPH DERXW WKUHH TXDUWHUV RI WKH IHHG RYHU PRUH WKDQ
PLQXWHV
3ȁ3RRUȁ:KHQIHHGLVJLYHQࢉVKGRQRWFRPHWRIHHG0RUHWKDQWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWKHIHHG
JLYHQLVQRWHDWHQ
NOTE:7KHDERYHFULWHULDDUHVXEMHFWLYH$OZD\VREVHUYHDQGPDNHGHFLVLRQVEDVHGRQࢉVKȆVDFWXDO
IHHGLQJEHKDYLRXU7KHUHIRUHLWLVVWURQJO\UHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWKHVDPHSHUVRQVKRXOGIHHGWKHࢉVK
HDFKGD\,QDGGLWLRQWKHSHUVRQZKRIHHGVWKHࢉVKVKRXOGEHWKHRQHZKRNHHSVWKHGDLO\IHHGLQJ
UHFRUGV
c. +RZWRWUDLQࢆVKWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVH
)LVKDUHWUDLQHGWRFRPHXSWRWKHVXUIDFHWRIHHGDVIROORZV
L $GPLQLVWHUWKHIHHGDWWKHsame place in the pond and at about the same time every
day. 7KLVJHWVWKHࢉVKLQWRWKHKDELWRIEHLQJLQDFHUWDLQDUHDRIWKHXQLWDWIHHGLQJWLPH,I
WKHࢉVKGRQRWFRPHWRWKHDUHDWRIHHGLQLWLDOO\GRQRWDGGDQ\PRUHIHHGXQWLOWKH\OHDUQWR
FRPHWRWKHDVVLJQHGIHHGLQJDUHD,WPD\WDNHXSWRDZHHNWRWUDLQࢉVKWRFRPHDQGIHHG
IURPWKHVDPHDUHDDQGOHDUQWKHLUIHHGLQJWLPHV'RQRWZRUU\LILQWKHPHDQWLPHWKH\GR
QRWHDWPXFK)U\DQGࢉQJHUOLQJVLQIHUWLOLVHGSRQGVZLOOWDNHORQJHUWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVH
EHFDXVHWKH\HDWSODQNWRQDYDLODEOHLQSRQGV7RJHWWKHࢉVKOHDUQWRFRPHWRWKHVDPHIHHG-
LQJVSRWPDNHDVRXQG)RUH[DPSOHE\VWXPSLQJWKHHGJHRIWKHSRQGHDFKWLPHEHIRUH
IHHGLQJWKHP
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e. Fats
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c) Mixing the Ingredients

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14 days
14 days
Cysts hatch into Optimal environmental conditions 100 – 300 nauplii/
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adult days
Ovoviviparous reproduction
artemia to produce live young
Optimal environmental
conditions
Sub-optimal conditions (periods of high salinity)
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several years
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cysts/female
every 4-5 days

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6.6.2.2 Cladocerans.
a) Moina
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Production of Moina in Outdoor Tanks

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MODULE SEVEN:
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PRACTICES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
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7.2 Hatchery Management

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Figure 71: Natural Propagation
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Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation
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7.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management

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Figure 74: Tilapia Seed Production

7.2.1.1 Broodstock Management

Key Objectives ,WLVSUHIHUDEOHWRPDLQWDLQSXUHKLJKTXDOLW\VWRFNRQWKHIDUPDVWKLVDࢆHFWV
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after spawning
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Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond.
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7.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production

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7.5.1.1 Ponds
ii) D)HUWLOL]HG6WDWLF:DWHU3RQGV
Activity/Item Recommendations
1. Pond Ȏ 5HPRYHVLOWIURPSRQGDQGHQVXUHWKDWWKHSRQGLVQRWOHDNLQJ(Module 4)

Preparation Ȏ &RUUHFWO\VFUHHQWKHLQOHWDQGRXWOHW
Ȏ /LPHSRQGVLIWKHZDWHUDONDOLQLW\LVOHVVWKDQPJORUWKHSRQGLVDFLGLF
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2. Stocking Ȏ 6WRFNRQO\ࢉVKLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQIURPDUHJLVWHUHGKDWFKHU\VHHVHFWLRQ

Ȏ &DOFXODWHQXPEHUVWRVWRFNEDVHGRQWKHSRQGVFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\DQGWKH
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Ȏ 6WRFNࢉVKRIXQLIRUPVL]H
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MODULE EIGHT:
FISH HEALTH AND
BIOSECURITY
8.1 Introduction
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'LVHDVHVRFFXUZKHQWKHࢉVKȆVLPPXQHV\VWHPLVFRPSURPLVHGSHUPLWWLQJSDWKRJHQVWRFDXVHLQIHF-
WLRQ&RPPRQO\WKHࢉVKȆVLPPXQHV\VWHPEHFRPHVFRPSURPLVHGZKHQࢉVKDUHVWUHVVHGࢉJXUH

Figure 90: The Disease Triad
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8.3 Stress
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Water Chemistry Temperature
Pollution Light
Metabolic Wastes Sound
Diet quality (e.g. type of Low Dissolved Oxygen
protein and amino acids)
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Population Density
Handling
Diet Composition
Transporting
Micro and Macro-organisms
Stocking
Aggressive fish behavior
Treating
Predators
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Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to Environmental

Stressors.
Environmental Factor
Fish Response
pH Ammonia Temperature
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8.4 Fish Disease

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a. Characteristics of the Infection.

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b. Type of Pathogen
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Brownish gills Pale gills
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8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory

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N.B: Always:
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3KRQHQXPEHU
'DWHDQGWLPHVDPSOHVZHUHWDNHQ
'HVFULSWLRQRIVDPSOHEHLQJVHQW
6L]HRISURGXFWLRQXQLWDQGPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHV
1XPEHURIGHDGࢉVK
1XPEHUG\LQJSHUGD\
'DWHࢉVKVWDUWHGG\LQJ
1XPEHURIࢉVKVWRFNHG
3K\VLFDODSSHDUDQFHRIWKHࢉVK
%HKDYLRURIࢉVK
:DWHUVDPSOHDWOHDVWSLQWLQDVHSDUDWHFRQWDLQHU
3UHYLRXVWUHDWPHQWV
&RQWUROOLQJࢉVKGLVHDVHVRQIDUP
'LVHDVHDUHFRQWUROOHGRQIDUPE\KHDOWKPDLQWHQDQFHSUHYHQWLRQHDUO\GLVHDVHUHFRJQLWLRQDQGFRQ-
WURO
,QRUGHUWRSUHYHQWGLVHDVHVIURPKDSSHQLQJRQHPXVWXQGHUVWDQGWKHࢉVKFXOWXUHV\VWHPDQGSR-
WHQWLDOSDWKRJHQVZHOOHQRXJKWRSUHHPSWDQGLQVWLWXWHPHDVXUHVDJDLQVWWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIGLV-
HDVH7DEOHH[SODLQVKRZWKLVPD\EHGRQHLQSUDFWLFH

Table 42: General Approaches to Disease Control

What to control/Observe Control Measures in Event
RI'LVHDVH
Fish • :DWHUTXDOLW\WROHUDQFHVRIWKHࢉVKEHLQJUHDUHG • (DUO\GLDJQRVLVIURP

• 1HHGVDQGUHTXLUHPHQWVGXULQJWKHGLࢆHUHQWVWDJHVRI REVHUYDWLRQRIFKDQJHVLQ
life EHKDYLRUJURVVOHVLRQV
SRSXODWLRQDࢆHFWHG
• &KDQJHVRQWKHࢉVKDQGLWVEHKDYLRUWKDWRFFXUZKHQ
LWVH[SRVHGWRSK\VLFDOFKHPLFDORUELRORJLFDOVWUHVVRUV • /LPLWVHYHULW\E\LPSURYLQJ
ZDWHUTXDOLW\
• )LVKDVFROGEORRGHGDQLPDOVZLOOLPPHGLDWHO\DGDSWWR
FKDQJHVLQWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDO • (QKDQFHLPPXQLW\DQGRU
treatment
• )DFWRUVWKDWLQࢊXHQFHQDWXUDOUHVLVWDQFHWRGLVHDVH
• 6HOHFWEURRGVWRFNDQGHJJV
• 5HDUGLVHDVHUHVLVWDQWVWRFN
LIDYDLODEOH
Culture • 6LWHVHOHFWLRQHJSULRUODQGXVHZDWHUVRXUFH • 'LVLQIHFWLRQRIHTXLSPHQW

System • :DWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVOLHZLWKLQRSWLPXPUDQJHV DQGSURGXFWLRQXQLWV
• 3URGXFWLRQFDSDELOLWLHV • 5HPRYHGHDGࢉVK
• :DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHV • Quarantine
• 3URWHFWLRQIURPSUHGDWRUVDQGRWKHUDQLPDOV • 'U\SRQGV
• Management practices • &RQWURORWKHUDQLPDOVDQG
• $QWLFLSDWHDQGRUEHREVHUYDQWRIFKDQJHVZDWHU • (OLPLQDWHZLOGࢉVK
TXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVRUWHPSHUDWXUHV • 6FUHHQRU)LOWHUZDWHU
• 5HFRUGNHHSLQJ
• 6SHFLHVDQGKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVZLWKLQWKHZDWHUVKHGLH
XSVWUHDPDQGGRZQVWUHDPRIWKHIDUP
• 3RWHQWLDOGLVHDVHFDUULHUVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW
Disease • &DXVHRIWKHGLVHDVHLQIHFWLRXVRUQRQLQIHFWLRXV • /DEGLDJQRVLV

• 1RQLQIHFWLRXV,VLWQXWULWLRQDOZDWHUTXDOLW\UHODWHG • (OLPLQDWHSUHGLVSRVLQJ
JHQHWLFSROOXWDQWWXPRXUSK\VLFDOLQMXU\" factors
• ,QIHFWLRXV,VLWFDXVHGE\DEDFWHULXPYLUXVSDUDVLWH • 3UHYHQWLRQWUHDWPHQWDQG
IXQJLLVWKHSDWKRJHQDQRSSRUWXQLVWLFRUDQREOLJDWH control measures for the
SDWKRJHQYLUXOHQFHRIWKHRUJDQLVP GLVHDVH
• 3RVVLEOHVRXUFHVRISDWKRJHQHQWU\LQWRWKHIDUPHJ • ,QVWLWXWHELRVHFXULW\
RWKHULQIHFWHGࢉVKHTXLSPHQWRQIDUPVQDLOVELUGV measures
etc)
• 0HWKRGRIVSUHDGRIWKHGLVHDVHHJIURPRQHࢉVKWR
DQRWKHUWKURXJKFRQWDFWIURPSDUHQWWRRࢆVSULQJYLD
gametes)
• 6RXUFHRIHQWU\RIWKHSDWKRJHQVLQWRWKHࢉVKZDWHU
JLOOVQDUHVZRXQGVYLDIHHG
• 6HYHULW\DQGSDWWHUQVRIPRUWDOLW\FKURQLFDFXWHVXE
DFXWHDFXWHSHUDFXWHODWHQW
• &OLQLFDOVLJQVRIWKHGLVHDVH
• )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHࢉVKWRWKHGLVHDVH
HJVSHFLHVDJHSULRUH[SRVXUH
• (QYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHVWKDWHQKDQFHYLUXOHQFHRIWKH
SDWKRJHQDQGLQIHFWLRQUDWHV

8.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines

7KHSXUSRVHRIJLYLQJYDFFLQHVLVWRVDIHO\H[SRVHWKHࢉVKWRDSDWKRJHQLQDFRVWFRVWHࢆHFWLYHPHWK-
RGWRLPSURYHVXUYLYDODQGSURGXFWLRQHࢇFLHQF\
9DFFLQHVDJDLQVWEDFWHULDEDFWHULQVDUHDYDLODEOHIRUXVHLQDTXDFXOWXUH3URWHFWLRQLVE\DQWLERGLHV
SURGXFHGRQO\DQGERRVWHUVDUHXVXDOO\UHTXLUHG
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bacterins

Bacterins 6DIHW\ (ࢇFDF\LVSRRUWRPRGHUDWH

Low cost 2IWHQQHHGERRVWHU
)DFWRUVWKDWDࢃHFWWKHHࢄFDF\RI9DFFLQDWLRQ
7KHHࢇFDF\RIYDFFLQDWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHKHDOWKVWDWXVRIWKHࢉVKWKHW\SHRIYDFFLQHEHLQJXVHGDQG
HQYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUVWKDWPD\DࢆHFWWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHYDFFLQHDQGYDFFLQDWLRQSURFHVVVHHWDEOH
7DEOH )DFWRUVWR&RQVLGHUIRU)LVK9DFFLQDWLRQ
Fish Vaccine ([SRVXUHGRVHWRZLOGȁW\SH
organism
• $JHȁ\RXQJࢉVKKDYHWR • The organism • ,QWHUIHUHQFHIURPPXOWLSOH

be immuno-competent • +RZLWFDXVHVGLVHDVHDQG YDFFLQHV
• 1XWULWLRQVWDWXVȁYLWDPLQV W\SHRILPPXQHUHVSRQVHWKDW • &RQFXUUHQWGLVHDVHV
DQGPLQHUDOVDUHFRFR ȅFRPEDWVȊLW • +XVEDQGU\SUDFWLFHV
IDFWRUVIRUPDQ\LPPXQH • $QWLJHQLFVLPLODULWLHVGLࢆHUHQFHV
functions • +DQGOLQJSUDFWLFHV
• 7\SHRIYDFFLQHNLOOHGRUOLYH • 6WRFNLQJGHQVLW\
• *HQHWLFVȁYDULDELOLW\LQ
immune responses • 'HOLYHU\PHWKRGXVHGIRU • (QYLURQPHQWDOPDQDJHPHQW
DGPLQLVWHULQJWKHYDFFLQH
• 6HOHFWLRQIRUSURWHFWLRQ • 5HFRUGPDQDJHPHQW
DJDLQVWRQHGLVHDVH ȁ ,QMHFWLRQVXVXDOO\UHTXLUH
PD\OHDGWRLQFUHDVHG DGMXYDQWWRLQFUHDVHHࢇFDF\
VXVFHSWLELOLW\WRRWKHUV ȁ %DWKVRIWHQXVHGRI\RXQJ
• 6WUHVVIDFWRUVRYHUULGH ࢉVK
HࢆHFWVRIYDFFLQDWLRQ ȁ 2UDORIWHQSUREOHPVZLWK
• 3RSXODWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV YDFFLQHXSWDNH
• 'RVH
6XFFHVVIXOYDFFLQDWLRQSURJUDPV
Ȏ 6KRZFRQVLVWHQWHࢇFDF\DQGVDIHW\XQGHUࢉHOGFRQGLWLRQV
Ȏ 8VHDSSOLFDWLRQPHWKRGVWKDWFDQEHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRSURGXFWLRQF\FOH
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Ȏ &DQEHSURGXFHGLQFRPPHUFLDOYROXPHVDQGDUHDYDLODEOH

6DQLWDWLRQDQG'LVLQIHFWLRQ
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+\GUDWHGOLPHFDOFLXPK\GUR[LGHLVXVHGGLVLQIHFWSURGXFWLRQSRQGVDQGRWKHUXQLWVVHHDOVR0RG-

XOH,WGRHVWKLVE\FDXVLQJDUDSLGULVHLQS+WRRUKLJKHUDOHYHOZKLFKZLOONLOOPRVWGLVHDVH
DJHQWVDQGRUSHVWV
'UDLQDQGFOHDQSRQGVRUSUHPLVHVSULRUWRDSSOLFDWLRQ(QRXJKK\GUDWHGOLPHVKRXOGEHDGGHGWR
FRYHUWKHHQWLUHSRQGERWWRPZLWKDWKLQOD\HUDQGWKHQZDWHUDGGHG7KHHOHYDWHGS+ZLOOODVWIRU
DERXWDZHHNDo not stockࢉVKGXULQJWKLVSHULRG
Also Note:
Ȏ $OZD\VFKHFNWKHS+EHIRUHVWRFNLQJ
Ȏ 7KHXVHRIK\GUDWHGOLPHLVUHFRPPHQGHGZKHQWKHUHLVFRQFHUQRIFDUU\LQJGLVHDVHVRUSHVWVRYHU
WRWKHQH[WFURS
Ȏ 'RQRWDGGK\GUDWHGOLPHZKHQࢉVKDUHSUHVHQWLQDSRQGRUWDQN7KHUDSLGLQFUHDVHLQS+LV
DOPRVWDOZD\VOHWKDOIRUࢉVK
Ȏ +\GUDWHGOLPHLVDVWURQJEDVH&DUHVKRXOGEHWDNHQZKHQDSSO\LQJLWWRDYRLGEUHDWKLQJWKHGXVW
RUDOORZLQJFRQWDFWZLWKVNLQRUH\HV
8.4.5.3 Treatments
7UHDWPHQWVDUHRQO\JLYHQWRKHOSUHGXFHWKHVHYHULW\DQGRWKHUQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRIDGLVHDVHE\LQ-
WHUUXSWLQJDQLQIHFWLRXVSURFHVV7UHDWPHQWVVXSSOHPHQWWKHࢉVKȆVQDWXUDOLPPXQLW\7KH\DUHNOT
DVXEVWLWXWHIRUJRRGKXVEDQGU\
a) Types of Treatment
$QWLEDFWHULDODQWLSDUDVLWLFDJHQWVYDFFLQDWLRQVDQHVWKHWLFV
b) Determining whether to treat

%HIRUHJLYLQJDQ\WUHDWPHQWWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVVKRXOGEHDVNHG
:KHWKHURUQRWWKHGLVHDVHLVWUHDWDEOHDQGLIVRWKHOLNHOLKRRGRIVXFFHVVIXOWUHDWPHQW"
7KHOLNHOLKRRGRIWKHVHYHULW\DQGVSUHDGRIWKHGLVHDVHLQFUHDVLQJ
7KHFRVWEHQHࢉWRIDGPLQLVWHULQJWKHWUHDWPHQWWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQW
Ȏ FRVWVRIJLYLQJWKHWUHDWPHQW
Ȏ ,PSDFWRIKDQGOLQJRQDQDOUHDG\VWUHVVHGSRSXODWLRQ
Ȏ /LNHOLKRRGRIWKHGLVHDVHZDQLQJ
Ȏ 2YHUDOOFRVWRIJLYLQJWUHDWPHQWYHUVXVYDOXHRIWKHࢉVK"
:KHWKHUWKHࢉVKDUHLQJRRGHQRXJKFRQGLWLRQWRZLWKVWDQGWKHWUHDWPHQW"
'RWKHVHYHULW\DQGPRUWDOLW\WUHQGVRIWKHGLVHDVHZDUUDQWWUHDWPHQW"
c) How to Give Treatments to Fish

7DEOH/LVWVWKHGLࢆHUHQWPHWKRGVIRUDGPLQLVWHULQJWUHDWPHQWVWRࢉVK

7DEOH 0HWKRGVIRU$GPLQLVWHULQJ7UHDWPHQWVWR)LVK
7\SHRI Description Advantages Disadvantages
Treatment
Topical • 'UXJRUFKHPLFDODSSOLHGGLUHFWO\ • 'LUHFWFRQWDFWZLWK • (DFKࢉVKPXVWEH

to lesion lesion SK\VLFDOO\KDQGOHG
• /DERULQWHQVLYH
Injection • $QWLELRWLFLQMHFWHGGLUHFWO\LQWRࢉVK • (DFKࢉVKUHFHLYHV • (DFKࢉVKPXVWEH

LQWRWKHDEGRPHQRUPXVFOHV H[DFWDPRXQWRI SK\VLFDOO\KDQGOHG
• 0HWKRGDOVRXVHGIRUYDFFLQDWLRQ GUXJ • /DERULQWHQVLYH
Food • $QWLELRWLFVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKH • (DV\WRDSSO\WR • 1RWDOOࢉVKUHFHLYH

additives IHHGRUPL[HGZLWKRLODQGVSUD\HG SRQGVDQGFDJHV VDPHGRVH
RQDIWHUH[WUXVLRQ • 1RWDSSOLFDEOHLIࢉVK
DUHQRWIHHGLQJ
Dip • )LVKDUHSODFHGLQDVWURQJ • $OOࢉVKDUHWUHDWHG • )LVKKDYHWREH

concentration of chemical for up to KDQGOHG
WZRPLQXWHV • )LVKDUHH[SRVHG
• 8VXDOO\IRUVPDOOQXPEHUVRIࢉVK to high chemical
concentration which
DGGVWRVWUHVV
• Labor requirements
Bath • )LVKDUHSODFHGLQDPRGHUDWHO\ • $OOࢉVKUHFHLYH • )LVKPXVWEH

VWURQJFKHPLFDOIRUXSWRKRXU VDPHGRVH KDQGOHGLIQRWGRQH
• $HUDWHDQGREVHUYHࢉVKGXULQJ • )LVKDUHQRW LQUHDULQJWDQN
process KDQGOHGLQWKLV
• ,QDࢊRZWKURXJKV\VWHPWXUQRࢆ PHWKRG
ZDWHUWUHDWࢉVKDQGWKHQWXUQ
ZDWHURQWRࢊXVKRXWFKHPLFDO
• 5HFLUFXODWLQJV\VWHPVHWXSWKH
V\VWHPWRSUHYHQWGDPDJHWRELR
ࢉOWHU
Flushing • &RQFHQWUDWHGFKHPLFDOGRVHGLQWR • 1RWODERU • )LVKPD\UHDFW

WKHLQOHWRIDࢊRZWKURXJKV\VWHP LQWHQVLYH DGYHUVHO\WR
DQGȉࢊXVKHGȊWKURXJK • )LVKDUHQRW chemical
• 8VXDOO\GRQHLQUDFHZD\V KDQGOHG
• $OOࢉVKUHFHLYH
VDPHGRVH
,QGHࢉQLWH • &KHPLFDODSSOLHGLQDUHODWLYHORZ • (DV\DSSOLFDWLRQ • 1RWDOOࢉVKUHFHLYH

FRQFHQWUDWLRQWRDSRQGDQGLV • )LVKDUHQRW VDPHGRVHLI
DOORZHGWRGLVVLSDWHQDWXUDOO\ KDQGOHG chemical is not
GLVWULEXWHGHYHQO\
• 1RWODERXU
LQWHQVLYH
•

d) Calculating the Required amount of Treatment
ࢃࢋ࢏ࢍࢎ࢚࢕ࢌࢉࢎࢋ࢓࢏ࢉࢇ࢒࢘ࢋ࢛ࢗ࢏࢘ࢋࢊ
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Ψܽ݅
tŚĞƌĞ͗
sŽůƵŵĞсǁĂƚĞƌǀŽůƵŵĞŝŶĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌͬƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ
ƵŶŝƚ
сĂƌĞĂŽĨƵŶŝƚǆĚĞƉƚŚŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ
&сĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĨĂĐƚŽƌƚŽŐŝǀĞǁĞŝŐŚƚŽĨĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů
ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽϭƉƉŵŝŶŽŶĞͲƵŶŝƚǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ
ƉƉŵсĚĞƐŝƌĞĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽŶŝŶƉĂƌƚƐ
ƉĞƌŵŝůůŝŽŶΎ
йĂŝсйĂĐƚŝǀĞŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂƐ
ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞůĂďĞů
ΎƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƐ
WWDсKŶĞǁĞŝŐŚƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝƐĂĚĚĞĚ
ƚŽϵϵϵ͕ϵϵϵǁĞŝŐŚƚƵŶŝƚƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ
ϭŐƌĂŵŝŶϭϬϬϬŵůсϭϬϬϬƉƉŵ
ϭƉƉŵсϭŵŐͬůŝƚĞƌ
/͘ϬůŝƚƌĞсϭ͕ϬϬϬ͕ϬϬϬŵŐ How to estimate water volume in
different shaped containers (Adapted
from FAO).

H 6HOHFWLQJWKH7UHDWPHQW
7KHFKRLFHRIWUHDWPHQWGHSHQGVRQWKH
• Disease: .QRZDOOWUHDWPHQWRSWLRQV
• Fish:$JH6SHFLHV
• Culture system:9ROXPHDFUHVZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUV
• Chemical:SRWHQWLDOWR[LFLW\RIFKHPLFDOWREHXVHGLWVHࢆHFWLYHQHVVWHPSHUDWXUHWROHUDQFH
HࢆHFWVRQR[\JHQSRWHQWLDOLPSDFWIRUWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGFRQVXPHUV
f) Common Treatments
8VHRQO\WUHDWPHQWVNQRZQWREHDSSURYHGIRUXVHLQIRRGDQLPDOVLIWKHࢉVKLVIRUFRQVXPSWLRQ
7KHIROORZLQJDUHWUHDWPHQWVWKDWPD\EHXVHGLQIRRGࢉVKWDEOH
Table 45: Treatment Rates

Chemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications
A: TOPICAL TREAMTENTS
Formalin • 3RQGVSSP • &RQWURORI • 'RQRWXVHDWOHVV

IRUPDOGHK\GH PO/ SURWR]RDQ WKDQR&
• %DWKWDQNSSP SDUDVLWHV • 3K\WRWR[LFZLOO
&RPHVLQYDULRXVWUDGH
IRUKU Monogenic NLOODOJDOEORRP
QDPHV
WUHPDWRGHVDQG
fungal infections • 'LVHDVHGRU
on eggs \RXQJࢉVKPD\
QRWKDQGOHXSSHU
rates
• 0D\EHFRVW
SURKLELWLYHLQ
ODUJHSRQGV

&RSSHU6XOIDWH&X62 • &RQVLGHUHGDFWLYH • Treatment of • 8VHH[WUHPH

• 7UHDWPHQWUDWHSSP SURWR]RDQ caution in water
WRWDODONDOLQLW\ parasites such as OHVVWKDQSSP
‘Ichthyophillus 7$9HU\WR[LF
• ([7$ SSPDV&D&R mulitphillisDQG • /DEHOHGZLWK
• PJ/ Flavobacterium (3$DVDOJLFLGH
columnare ZLOONLOOWKHDOJDO
• 7KLVZLOODOVREHFDOOHGȉD
infections EORRPDQGFDXVH
IXOOSDUWȊ6RPHZLOOXVH
ȉKDOIȊRUȉȊSDUW R[\JHQSUREOHPV
• Chelated copper – • 'RQRWXVHȉ)XOOȊ
FKHPLFDOO\ERXQGWRHLWKHU UDWHRQYHU\
inorganic or organic \RXQJࢉVK
FRPSRXQG
$OORZVFRSSHUWRUHPDLQ
DFWLYHO\LQZDWHUIRU
ORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPH
5DWHGHSHQGVRQ
IRUPXODWLRQUHDG
GLUHFWLRQV
Potassium • &RQVLGHUHGDFWLYH • 3URWR]RDQ • 3K\WRWR[LF

permanganate • 2[LGL]HUHࢆHFWVFHOOXODU SDUDVLWHVDQG • 'LVHDVHGRU
PHPEUDQHVDQGIXQFWLRQ F. columnare \RXQJࢉVKPD\
infections QRWKDQGOHKLJK
• 5DWH
rate
- PondGHSHQGRQWKH
R[LGDWLYHGHPDQGRI
water
R $GGSSPDWD
time
R 3XUSOLVKȉZLQHȊFRORU
WRGHYHORSLQZDWHU
IRUKUV
- TankSSPIRUK
Salt VROXWLRQPLQ • 3DUDVLWHV

• 'LVLQIHFWZRXQGV
Organophosphate • Monogenetic • &DQEHWR[LFWR

'\OR[RU0DVRWHQ) WUHPDWRGHV ERWKࢉVKDQG
OHHFKHV humans
crustacean
parasites
FRSHSRGV
Lernea spDQG
Argulus sp
1LWURIXUD]RQH antibiotic • 8VHGLQEDLWࢆVK • $EVRUEHGLQWR

• 8VHGDVDEDWKRU WURSLFDOࢆVK ࢉVKQRIRRGࢉVK
LQGHࢉQLWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQW systems,
ornamentals;

Romet (ormetoprim $QWLELRWLFVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWR • (6&LQFKDQQHO • +HDWVWDELOH

DQGVXOIDGLPHWKR[LQH WKHIHHG FDWࢉVK • 3DODWDELOLW\
)XUXQFXORVLVLQ problems
2QO\DSSURYHGIRUXVHLQ
VDOPRQLGV
IRRGࢉVK
• )RUPXODWHGWRIHHGDWD
UDWHRIRURIWKH
ERG\ZHLJKW7KLVJLYHV
DࢉQDOUDWHRIPJNJRI
ࢉVK
• )HHGGD\V
• :LWKGUDZDOGD\VLQ
FDWࢉVK
• :LWKGUDZDOGD\VLQ
VDOPRQLGV
Terramycin 5DWHIHGPJNJ%: • /DEHOOHGWR • :LWKDOO

R[\WHWUDF\FOLQH )RUPXODWHGWRIHHGRIWKH treat motile DQWLELRWLFVIHHG
ERG\ZHLJKWSHUGD\ Aeromonas XQWLOGRVHDQG
infections time frame is
)HHGGD\V
• 9HU\HࢆHFWLYHIRU FRPSOHWHGRQRW
:LWKGUDZDOGD\VLQDOO
F. columnare JLYHPRUHWKDQ
species before slaughter
LQIHFWLRQV,1$' WZRȉURXQGVȊ
+HDWODELOH or treatment
• *HWLQVLQNLQJ SHULRGV
IHHGRULQȉFROGȊ
H[WUXGHGIHHG o *antibacterial
resistance*
• 3URSK\ODFWLF
treatments are
FRQWUDLQGLFDWHG
because of
antimicrobial
resistance
Tranquilisers • 8VHGWRLPPRELOL]HࢉVKIRU
KDQGOLQJ
• 06)'$DSSURYHG
8VHPJ/ȁ
GHSHQGLQJRQQHHG
GZLWKGUDZDOEHIRUH
VODXJKWHULQIRRGࢉVK
• &ORYHRLOUHJDUGHGDVVDIH
IRUXVHLQIRRGࢉVKEXWLV
QRWDQDSSURYHGGUXJ
8SWRPJ/
GHSHQGLQJRQVSHFLHV
DQGQHHG
1RZLWKGUDZDOWLPH

8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture

and their Control
1RQ,QIHFWLRXV'LVHDVHV
8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases
D /RZ'LVVROYHG2[\JHQ6\QGURPH/2'26RU(QYLURQPHQWDO+\SR[LD
,QSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV'2OHYHOVFDQDOVRVXGGHQO\GURSWROHWKDORUQHDUOHWKDOOHYHOVRUVORZO\
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Diagnosis
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Management of Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels
Ȏ ,QFUHDVHDHUDWLRQ
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• Manage algal blooms
Temperature
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Ȏ )LVKQHHGWREHDFFOLPDWHGZKHQWHPSHUDWXUHGLࢆHUHQFHVDUHJUHDWHUWKDQR&DWUDWHRI
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RFFXUVHYHUDOGD\VDIWHUVXGGHQWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHV

b. Low pH
7KHRSWLPXPUDQJHRIS+LVWR
Ȏ $FXWHORZS+FDXVHVDFXWHPRUWDOLW\DFXWHVWUHVVDQGK\SR[LD
Ȏ &KURQLFORZS+UHVXOWVLQLQFUHDVHGPXFXVSURGXFWLRQDQGFKURQLFVWUHVVUHVSRQVH
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Treatment
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c. Ammonia Poisoning
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d. Excessive Levels of Dissolved Carbondioxide (Hypercarbia)
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Diagnosis:
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Treatment:
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e. Nitrite Poisoning (Brown Blood Diseases)

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Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease
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Ȏ )LVKQRQUHVSRQVLYHWRH[WHUQDOVWLPXOL
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Ȏ ,QFUHDVHDHUDWLRQ
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f. Gas Bubble Disease (Gas supersaturation)

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Figure 97: *DVEXEEOHVLQODUYDHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVXSHUVDWXUDWHGOHYHOVRIFDUERQGLR[LGHLQ

water

8.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases

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b) *HQHUDO9LWDPLQ'HࢆFLHQFLHV
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ZKHQIHHGVDUHXVHGDIWHUWZRWKUHHPRQWKVRIWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJGDWH*URZWKUDWHVDUHSRRU
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PLQ&,WPXVWEHDGGHGLQIHHG9LWDPLQ&LVRIWHQORVWLQWKHSURFHVVLQJRIIHHGVRVWDELOL]HG
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Control and Treatment:

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• 6SUD\RQWRWKHIHHGVWDELOLVHGIRUPVRI9LWDPLQ&RU
• &KRSࢉQHO\RUFUXVKDQGPL[JUHHQVLQWRWKHࢉVKHVIHHG5XVVLDQFRPIUH\DQGVXNXPDZLNL
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i) Mycotoxins in Feed
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a. Good Pellets. 1RWHWKH b. Mouldy Pellets. 1RWHLWKH (c) Gross lesions (right)
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Preventive Measures
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8.5.1.3 Physical Trauma

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Control
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8.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions

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7KH\FRPPRQO\SUHVHQWDV
Ȏ 3K\VLFDODEQRUPDOLWLHVERG\DQRPDOLHVVXFKDVRIWKH
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Ȏ *URZWKSRWHQWLDO
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than the entire population
Prevention and Control

Ȏ $YRLGLQEUHHGLQJLQEURRGVWRFN
8.5.1.5. Tumours
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8.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections

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7\SHRI,QIHFWLRQ Common Causes Remarks
Bacterial • $HURPRQDVVDOPRQLFLGD • ,QIHFWLRQZLWKSULPDU\SDWKRJHQLFEDFWHULDRU

Septicaemia • Vibrio anguillarium VHURW\SHVWKDWVSUHDGUDSLGO\WKURXJKRXWWKH
ERG\
• )ODYREDFWHULXP
columnaris • 0D\RUQRWQRWEHEOHHGLQJKDHPRUUKDJHV
Skin and gill • $HURPRQDVK\GURSKLOOD • $ࢆHFWWKHERG\V\VWHPDORQJZLWKVNLOODQGJLOO

LQIHFWLRQV • )ODYREDFWHULXP lesions
columnaris • 3UHYDOHQFHRIH[WHUQDOOHVLRQVLVFORVHO\OLQNHG
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• 3UHVHQFHRIRWKHUEDFWHULDIXQJLRUSDUDVLWHV
• 6KRZVLJQVRIUHVSLUDWRU\GLVWUHVVȁJDVSLQJ
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• )LQRUJLOOURW

a. Columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnaris in-

fection)
Clinical signs
• )UD\HGࢉQV
• )LVKEHFRPHOLJKWHULQFRORXUHVSHFLDOO\DURXQGDEGRPHQ
• 2SHQOHVLRQVPD\GHYHORS
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‘cigar-mouth’ or ‘saddle-back’ DSSHDUDQFH
Diagnosis
• &OLQLFDOVLJQVDQGKLVWRU\
• 0LFURVFRS\ZHWVPHDUV
• &RQࢉUPDWRU\GLDJQRVLVIURPODERUDWRU\FXOWXUHV
Treatment and Control
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NB: 2QFHDIXOORXWEUHDNRFFXUVLWLVYHU\GLࢇFXOWWRFRQWURODQGWUHDW,WLVEHWWHUWRSUHYHQWWKHGLVHDVH
ZLWKJRRGPDQDJHPHQWWKDQZDLWWRJHWWRWKHVFHSWLFHPLFVWDJHZKHQDQWLELRWLFVPD\EHUHTXLUHG
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,Q$IULFDQFDWࢉVKWDQNEDVHGKDWFKHULHV&ROXPQDULVGLVHDVHRIWHQDSSHDUVDIWHUWKHUHKDVEHHQSRZ-
HUVKXWGRZQDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\PRPHQWVRIOLPLWHGQRZDWHUH[FKDQJHDQGDHUDWLRQLQWDQNV'XULQJ
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b. Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Clinical signs
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• Mortalities
Diagnosis
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• 3UHVFULSWLRQEDVHGRQFXOWXUHDQGVHQVLWLYLW\ODERUDWRU\UHVXOWV
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other bacterial cocci such as EnterococcusDQGLactococcus
Clinical signs
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Diagnosis
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• 3RVWPRUWHPOHVLRQVZKLWHQRGXOHVLQVSOHHQNLGQH\DQG
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• /DERUDWRU\IRUFRQࢉUPDWRU\GLDJQRVLV
(NB: external clinical signs look very similar to Aeromonas
hydrophila above. Pictures courtesy of B. Mudenda)
Treatment and control

• 6DQLWDWLRQDQGELRVHFXULW\
• $QWLELRWLFVXSRQSUHVFULSWLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQRISURJQRVLV
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• 8VHSDWKRJHQIUHHVWRFN
• $GRSWJRRGKXVEDQGU\SUDFWLFHV
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Clinical signs
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• 1RQKHDOLQJVKDOORZGHHSVNLQXOFHUV
• 3DOHFRORXUDWLRQ
• Loss of weight
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Diagnosis
• &OLQLFDOKLVWRU\DQGVLJQV
• 3RVWPRUWHPVLJQV
• /DERUDWRU\GLDJQRVLV


• 'LVLQIHFWLRQDQGTXDUDQWLQH
8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections
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Ȏ
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x Crustacea: Argulus (fish louse), Lernaea (anchor worms)
Ȏ 1HPDWRGHVURXQGZRUPV
• Leeches x Trematodes (flukes): Monogenic and digenic trematodes
x Cestodes (tape worms)
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x Nematodes (round worms)
x Leeches
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Parasites o
&
gain access to fish via an intermediate host (figure 100).
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ĨƌŽŵĐǇƐƚ ƚĂŶŬ

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this cycle when water temperatures are about 20oC
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Most of the parasites that affect the gills, fins and skin are opportunistic organisms. Their
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ability of cause infection and the severity of disease depends on the immune status of the
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(poor water quality), have a disease condition, injured and juveniles are more susceptible to
parasitic infestations.
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Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites
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a. Tilapia Lake Virus

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8.7.2 Farm Level

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MODULE NINE:
POST HARVEST HANDLING AND
PROCESSING OF FARMED FISH
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9.2 Fish Quality

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MODULE TEN:
MARKETING OF FARMED FISH
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10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy

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AQUACULTURE AS A
BUSINESS
11.1 Introduction
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11.2.1 Production Records

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11.2.2. Marketing Records

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11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision

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Item Amount Unit Cost (USh) Total Cost (USh)
Production Targets
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11.3.3 Risk Analysis

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Table 54: Risk Analysis

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List of Appendices
$SSHQGL[ 'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH6SHFLHV
1. Nile Tilapia 2UHRFKURPLV1LORWLFXV
Physical x 6LOYHUJUH\LQFRORXUZLWKGLVWLQFWYHUWLFDOEDQGVDFURVVWKHERG\DQGWDLO9DULDWLRQV
Appearance LQLQWHQVLW\RIFRORXUPD\RFFXUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVSHFLࢉFHQYLURQPHQWDOZDWHU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHJURZLQJHQYLURQPHQW
x 0DOHVJHQHUDOO\ODUJHUWKDQIHPDOHVRIVDPHDJH
x /DWHUDOO\FRPSUHVVHGERG\FRYHUHGZLWKUHODWLYHO\ODUJHVFDOHVWKDWGRQȆWGLVORGJH
HDVLO\DGYDQWDJHRXVIRUDTXDFXOWXUHDVVFDOHVSURWHFWVDJDLQVWLQMXU\ZKHQ
VWRFNHGDWKLJKGHQVLWLHV
Natural x 6ORZPRYLQJULYHUVSRROVVZDPSVDQGODNHV
Habitat x 6KDOORZDUHDVRIWKHVHZDWHUERGLHVZKHUHULVNVRIZDWHUTXDOLW\ࢊXFWXDWLRQVDUH
OHVVDGYHUVHDUHZDUPHUKLJKHUOHYHOVGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDQGIRRGDYDLODELOLW\
x 7KHLUVHDVRQDODQGGDLO\GLVWULEXWLRQZLWKLQWKHZDWHUERG\VKLIWVWRZDUGVDUHDV
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PDFURSK\WHVGHWULWXVDQGGHFRPSRVLQJRUJDQLFPDWWHUDTXDWLFLQYHUWHEUDWHV
x &DQGLJHVWȁRIWKHSURWHLQLQDOJDH
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x )HHGGXULQJWKHGD\QRUPDOO\WZLFHDGD\DPDQGSP
x +DYHVPDOOVWRPDFKVIRUIHHGPRUHIUHTXHQWO\

Reproduction x <HDUURXQGUHJXODUVSDZQHUVLQHTXDWRULDOUHJLRQV
x 7HUULWRULDOEHKDYLRXUE\PDOHVDQGFRXUWVKLSDUHFKDUDFWHULVWLF
x 0DOHVEXLOGDQGJXDUGQHVWVLQWRZKLFKWKHIHPDOHOD\VKHUHJJV(JJVODLGDUH
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x 7KHPDOHUHPDLQVLQKLVWHUULWRU\JXDUGLQJWKHQHVWDQGLVDEOHWRIHUWLOL]HHJJV
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x %UHHGLQJPDOHVGHYHORSDGLVWLQFWUHGGLVK
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x )HPDOHVLQFXEDWHHJJVDQGQXUVHODUYDH
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ZLOORQO\GHYHORSDQRWKHUEDWFKRIHJJVDIWHU
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Nile tilapia nests at bottom
of pond
Attributes x +DUG\DQGIDVWJURZLQJ
IRU x &DQZLWKVWDQGKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVLQJURZRXWXQLWVGXHWRSURWHFWLRQRI
aquaculture VFDOHVDQGVFKRROLQJEHKDYLRXU
x $FFHSWDZLGHDUUD\RIGLHWVDQGFDQEHUDLVHGXVLQJGLࢆHUHQWSURGXFWLRQ
strategies
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Physical x 8QLIRUPJUH\LVKEURZQZLWKZKLWLVKEHOO\6RPHKDYHDELWRIPDUEOLQJ
Appearance x 1RVFDOHV
x (ORQJDWHGDQGLWVFURVVVHFWLRQLVRYDOVKDSHG
x ODUJHࢊDWVKDSHGKHDGZLWKࢊDWWHQHGPRXWK
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IHHGLQJ x )HHGRࢆWKHERWWRPVXEVWUDWH
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Reproduction x 'RQȆWȆEHFRPHVH[XDOO\PDWXUHXQWLOD\HDUROG
x 5HSURGXFHGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQZKHQHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVIRUMXYHQLOHV
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Distribution x 1DWLYHWR8JDQGD
Aquaculture x +DUG\DGDSWDEOHࢉVK
x &RQVXPHVDOOIRRGV
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3. Mirror Carp &\SULQXVFDUSLR

Physical x &DQUHDFKXSWRPHWHUDQGDERYHNJLQWKHZLOG/RQJOLIHVSDQ
appearance x /HDWKHU\JUH\LVK\HOOREURZQVNLQZLWKODUJHVFDOHVRQXSSGHUERG\RUOLQHRI
VFDOHVDORQJERG\WKDWKDYHDȅPLUURUȆLPDJH
Habitat x PDLQO\ERWWRPGZHOOHUV
x RSWLPXPZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHȁo&
x 7KHࢉVKFDQVXUYLYHFROGZLQWHUSHULRGV6DOLQLW\XSWRDERXWȐLVWROHUDWHG7KH
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x +LJKWHQGHQF\WRDQLPDOIRRGVWXࢆVQRWDEO\DTXDWLFLQVHFWVZRUPVPROOXVFVDQG
]RRSODQNWRQ
x $OVRIHHGRࢆVWDONVOHDYHVDQGVHHGVRIDTXDWLFDQGWHUUHVWULDOSODQWVGHFD\HG
aquatic plants
x )LVKJXOSLQPXGIURPZKLFKGLJHVWLEOHPDWWHULVVLIWHGDQGVSLWRXWZKDWLVUHVW
UHMHFWHGPDNLQJSRQGZDWHUWXUELG
x 'LJDQGEXUURZLQWRSRQGHPEDQNPHQWVDQGVLGHVLQVHDUFKRIRUJDQLFPDWWHU
Reproduction x 'RQȆWȆEHFRPHVH[XDOO\PDWXUHXQWLOD\HDUROG
x 5HSURGXFHGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQ
x )HPDOHVOD\WRJNJERG\ZHLJKW
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x 6PDOOZKLWHHJJVZKRVHHJJVKHOOEHFRPHVVWLFN\DQGDWWDFKWRVXEVWUDWHVXFK
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Distribution x )RUHLJQࢉVKVSHFLHV

Aquaculture x &DQEHJURZQLQࢉVKSRQGVRUWDQNV
x )DVWJURZWKRIWRERG\ZHLJKWSHUGD\&DQUHDFKJWRNJLQRQH
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x &DQEHUDLVHGDWKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVLQSRQGVDQGRUWDQNV
4. Ningu /DEHRYLFWRULDQXV
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Physical x )XVLIRUPVKDSHGWDSHUVDWERWKHQGV

Appearance x /DWHUDOOLQHUXQQLQJDORQJPLGGOHRIWKHࢊDQNDQGWKHFDXGDOSHGXQFOH
x )ODSRIVNLQLQIURQWRIXSSHUOLS
x -DZVZLWKKRUQ\FXWWLQJULGJHV
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x <HOORZLVKJUHHQRQXSSHUERG\DQGDEGRPLQDODUHDOLJKWFUHDP\LQFRORXU
x 'RUVDODQDODQGSHOYLFࢉQVRIWHQFRORXUHG\HOORZRUDQJHDWWKHWLSV
Habitat x 'ZHOODWWKHERWWRPRIWKHODNH
Diet and Feeding x 'LYHUVHGLHWRIGHWULWXVSODQWSDUWV]RRSODQNWRQGLDWRPVDQGLQVHFWSDUWV

x $GXOWV6SHFLDOL]HGIHHGHURQHSLOLWKLFDQGHSLSK\WLFDOJDH
x $OVRIHHGRQURWLIHUVJURZLQJRQWKHERG\RIRWKHUࢉVKHV
Reproduction x 0LJUDWHVIURPODNHXSLQWRULYHUOHDYLQJWKHODNHWREUHHGDWWKHVWDUWRIWKH
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x (JJVODLGIHUWLOLVHGRXWVLGHIHPDOHDQGDUHVHPLEXR\DQW
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Distribution x /DNH9LFWRULDDQGLWVD࢈XHQWULYHUV
x ,QGLJHQRXVWR8JDQGD
Aquaculture x 6XFFHVVWULDOVRQLQGXFHGEUHHGLQJWDQNDQGSRQGFXOWXUHRIMXYHQLOHV
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5. Angara, Pebble Fish $OHVWHVEDUHPR]H

Physical x )XVLIRUPVKDSHW\SLFDORIIDVWPRYLQJࢉVK
Appearance x 5HODWLYHO\ODUJHVFDOHV
x 5HODWLYHO\ODUJHW\SLFDORIFKDUDFLQV
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Distribution x /DNH$OEHUWDQGWKH$OEHUW1LOH
x ,QGLJHQRXVWR8JDQGDEXW
6. Mamba/Marbled Lung Fish3URWRSWHUXVDHWKLRSLFXV

Physical x 6PRRWKVOLP\F\OLQGULFDOERG\
Appearance x 'DUNVODWHJUH\DERYH\HOORZLVKJUH\RUSLQNLVKEHORZRIWHQZLWKQXPHURXV
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LQEXUURZVZKLFKDUHGXJDQGFOHDQHGE\WKHPDOHZKRODWHUJXDUGVWKH
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Diet and Feeding x $GXOWVIHHGRQPROOXVFVVPDOOࢉVKHVDQGLQVHFWV

x -XYHQLOHVOHVVWKDQFPIHHGPDLQO\RQLQVHFWV
Reproduction x %UHHGGXULQJࢊRRGVHDVRQ
x 0DOHVEXUURZQHVWVLQPXG
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x 2QFHWKHHJJVDUHODLGWKHIHPDOHOHDYHVWKHQHVWDQGGRHVQRWUHWXUQ
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size in small bays close to shore
67(321( $VVHVV6LWH6XLWDELOLW\
Criteria Score Given
Score
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nearest to Between 500 to1,000 m 2
obvious source
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Transparency More than 200 cm 3

(secchi disk Between 100 to 200 cm 2
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morning 0RUHWKDQPJ/VXUIDFHWRPLGGHSWKDQGPRUHWKDQPJ/DW
bottom
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at proposed %HWZHHQDQGP
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between bay /HVVWKDQREVWUXFWHG
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TOTAL SCORE
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Feeding Response:(H[FHOOHQW*JRRG)IDLU3SRRU
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Sample
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Interpretation of Tilapia Pond Management Records

Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?
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Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?

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pond.
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recommended WKDQ 'LVVROYHWKHOLPHࢉUVWLQZDWHUDQGVSULQNOH
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Interpretation of Trends in Feeding Response and FCR

FCR Trend Possible Causes What Should I do?
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in FCR and 2YHUIHHGLQJFDQ ࢉVKEDVHGRQIHHGUHVSRQVH
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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
P.O Box 102, Entebbe Plot 16-18, Lugard Avenue, Entebbe-Uganda
Email: www.agriculture.go.ug
Website: info@agriculture.go.ug
Tel: +256 41 4320004

Aquaculture Training Manual For Extension: Agents in Uganda

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Aquaculture Training Manual For Extension: Agents in Uganda

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Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’

Ministry of Agriculture Animal Ministry of Water and Environment

Hon. Vincent Bamulangaki Sempijja (MP)

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES.

[iv] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

MODULE TWO: BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH

MODULE THREE: AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA ...................13

MODULE FOUR: ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM ..............................................................23

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [v]

4.2 Fish Ponds ..........................................................................................................27

MODULE FIVE: WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT ............................................................71

[vi] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds ............................................................................................................................... 81

MODULE SIX: FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION ............................................................97

MODULE SEVEN: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................117

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [vii]

7.3.1 Handling Fish ............................................................................................................ 132

MODULE EIGHT: FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY....................................................143

[viii] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

8.7.2 Farm Level ................................................................................................................. 176

MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING

MODULE TEN: MARKETING OF FARMED FISH ............................................................187

MODULE ELEVEN: AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS ....................................................195

List of Appendices ..........................................................................................................203

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[[] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

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Figure 93: Description of Mortality and Infection Trends ............................................................... 149

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[LLL]

Table 1: Market issues to consider before investing in aquaculture. ........................................... 8

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Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons).

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