Null 10

Power Electronics
EE420
Dr. T. Marisa <tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw>
Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Zimbabwe
Outline
The DC/DC
converter:
1 The DC/DC converter: Introduction
Introduction
Switching
Power
2 Switching Power Supplies : DC Choppers
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step 3 Buck Step Down Converter

Down
Converter
Design Con- 4 Design Considerations

siderations
The Boost
converter 5 The Boost converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter
6 The Buck Boost Converter
EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -2- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

Outline
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Linear Power Regulators
Modern electronic systems require high-quality, small,
light-weight, reliable, and efficient power supplies.
The DC/DC
converter:
Linear power regulators, whose principle of operation is
Introduction based on a voltage or current divider, are inefficient.
Switching
Power
Figure 1: Zener diode shunt (i.e., parallel with load) voltage
Supplies : regulator with load L.
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter In their simplest form they offer poor regulation and are
Design Con-
siderations
inefficient.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC Linear power regulators, whose principle of operation is
converter:
Switching
RZ
Power
Supplies : vin vout
DC Choppers iin
IZ iout
Buck Step
Down
Converter
+
VZ L
Design Con- −
siderations vout = VZ
iin = IZ + iout
The Boost
converter
The Buck 0V 0V
Boost
Converter Figure 1: Zener diode shunt (i.e., parallel with load) voltage
regulator with load L.
In their simplest form they offer poor regulation and are
inefficient.
The DC/DC Linear power regulators, whose principle of operation is
converter:
Switching
RZ
Power
Supplies : vin vout
DC Choppers iin
IZ iout
Buck Step
Down
Converter
+
VZ L
Design Con- −
siderations vout = VZ
iin = IZ + iout
The Boost
converter
The Buck 0V 0V
Boost
Converter Figure 1: Zener diode shunt (i.e., parallel with load) voltage
regulator with load L.
In their simplest form they offer poor regulation and are
inefficient.
iin
vin QC vout = VZ − 0.65 V
The DC/DC
converter:
iout
Introduction RZ
Switching
Power
Supplies : L
DC Choppers
+
Buck Step
Down
VZ
Converter −
Design Con- IZ
siderations
The Boost 0V 0V
converter
The Buck
Figure 2: Discrete pass-transistor series voltage regulator with
Boost load L.
Converter
Most linear regulators are based on the series regulator
circuit above.
What happens to the efficiency when vin >> vout ?.
iin
The DC/DC
converter:
iout
Introduction RZ
Switching
Power
Supplies : L
DC Choppers
+
Buck Step
Down
VZ
Converter −
Design Con- IZ
siderations
The Boost 0V 0V
converter
The Buck
Boost load L.
Converter
circuit above.
iin
The DC/DC
converter:
iout
Introduction RZ
Switching
Power
Supplies : L
DC Choppers
+
Buck Step
Down
VZ
Converter −
Design Con- IZ
siderations
The Boost 0V 0V
converter
The Buck
Boost load L.
Converter
circuit above.
Switched-mode Power Supply
Moreover, they are limited to output voltages smaller
than the input voltage, and also their power density is
The DC/DC
converter:
low because they require low-frequency (50 or 60 Hz)
Introduction line transformers and filters.
Switching
Power
Linear regulators can, however, provide a very
Supplies :
DC Choppers
high-quality output voltage.
Buck Step
Their main area of application is at low power levels.
Down
Converter
Electronic devices in linear regulators operate in their
Design Con- active (linear) modes, but at higher power levels
siderations
switching regulators are used.
The Boost
converter Switching regulators use power electronic
The Buck semiconductor switches in on and off states.
Boost
Converter Because there is a small power loss in those states (low
voltage across a switch in the on state, zero current
through a switch in the off state), switching regulators
can achieve high energy conversion efficiencies.
The DC/DC
converter:
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
Boost
The DC/DC
converter:
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
Boost
The DC/DC
converter:
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
Boost
The DC/DC
converter:
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
Boost
The DC/DC
converter:
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
Boost
Modern power electronic switches can operate at high

frequencies.
The DC/DC
converter: The higher the operating frequency, the smaller and
Introduction
Switching
lighter the transformers, filter inductors, and capacitors.
Power
Supplies : In addition, the dynamic characteristics of converters
DC Choppers
improve with increasing operating frequencies.
Buck Step
Down The bandwidth of a control loop is usually determined
Converter
Design Con-
by the corner frequency of the output filter.
siderations
Therefore, high operating frequencies allow for
The Boost
converter achieving a faster dynamic response to rapid changes
The Buck in the load current and/or the input voltage.
Boost
Converter
High-frequency electronic power processors are used
in dc-dc power conversion.


frequencies.
The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
Boost
Converter


frequencies.
The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
Boost
Converter


frequencies.
The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
Boost
Converter


frequencies.
The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
Boost
Converter


frequencies.
The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
Boost
Converter

The functions of dc-dc converters are:
• to convert a dc input voltage Vin into a dc output voltage
The DC/DC Vout ;
converter:
Introduction • to regulate the dc output voltage against load and line
Switching variations;
Power • to reduce the ac voltage ripple on the dc output voltage
Supplies :
DC Choppers below the required level;
Buck Step • to provide isolation between the input source and the
Down
Converter load (isolation is not always required);
Design Con- • to protect the supplied system and the input source
siderations
from electromagnetic interference (EMI); and
The Boost • to satisfy various international and national safety
converter
The Buck
standards.
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC Vout ;
converter:
Supplies :
Down
siderations
converter
The Buck
standards.
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC Vout ;
converter:
Supplies :
Down
siderations
converter
The Buck
standards.
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC Vout ;
converter:
Supplies :
Down
siderations
converter
The Buck
standards.
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC Vout ;
converter:
Supplies :
Down
siderations
converter
The Buck
standards.
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC Vout ;
converter:
Supplies :
Down
siderations
converter
The Buck
standards.
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC Vout ;
converter:
Supplies :
Down
siderations
converter
The Buck
standards.
Boost
Converter

Switching Power Supplies : Initial
Assumptions
All active and passive components are ideal
We have no losses (input power = output power)
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
The source impedance is zero
Switching Converter is in steady-state condition and the
Power
Supplies : 1 average inductor voltage is zero
DC Choppers
2 average capacitor current is zero
Buck Step
Down Very large output capacitor => constant output voltage
Converter
Design Con- Non-ideal behaviors such as losses and voltage ripple

siderations
are considered after derivations using the ideal
The Boost
converter assumptions
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Assumptions
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Assumptions
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Assumptions
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Assumptions
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Assumptions
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Assumptions
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Assumptions
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Outline
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter
EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering - 10 - T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

Switching Power Supplies : DC Choppers
DC chopper with resistive load: (a)

circuit diagram; (b) output voltage
The DC/DC
converter:
waveform.
Introduction ton ton
D= = (1)
Switching ton + toff T
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers where 1/T = f is the period of the
Buck Step switching frequency f .
Down
Converter The average value of the output
Design Con- voltage is VO = DVS , and can be
siderations
regulated by adjusting the duty ratio D.
The Boost
converter
The average output voltage is always
The Buck
Boost smaller than the input voltage, hence
Converter the name of the converter.
What do you think about the quality of
output power?


The DC/DC
converter:
waveform.
D= = (1)
Power
Supplies :
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
output power?


The DC/DC
converter:
waveform.
D= = (1)
Power
Supplies :
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
output power?


The DC/DC
converter:
waveform.
D= = (1)
Power
Supplies :
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
output power?

Because the chopper in (a) provides

The DC/DC
a positive voltage and a positive
converter: current to the load, it is called a
Introduction
first-quadrant chopper.
Switching
Power
Supplies :
The load voltage and current are
DC Choppers graphed in (b) under assumptions
Buck Step that the load current never reaches
Down
Converter zero and the load time constant
Design Con- τ = L/R is much greater than the
siderations
period T .
The Boost
converter Average values of the output voltage
The Buck
Boost
and current can be adjusted by
Converter changing the duty ratio D.


The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
Down
siderations
period T .
The Boost
The Buck
Boost


The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
Down
siderations
period T .
The Boost
The Buck
Boost

The DC/DC
The dc step-down choppers are
converter: commonly used in dc drives.
Introduction
Switching In such a case, the load is

Power
Supplies : represented as a series combination
DC Choppers of inductance L, resistance R, and
Buck Step
Down
back-emf E as shown.
Converter
To provide a path for a continuous
Design Con-
siderations inductor current flow when the switch
The Boost is in the off state, an anti-parallel
converter
diode D must be connected across
The Buck the load.
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Design Con-
converter
The Buck the load.
Boost
Converter

The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Design Con-
converter
The Buck the load.
Boost
Converter

The dc choppers can also provide

peak output voltages higher than the
The DC/DC input voltage.
converter:
Introduction
Such a step-up configuration is
Switching
Power presented in the figure.
Supplies :
DC Choppers It consists of dc input source VS ,
Buck Step
Down
inductor L connected in series with
Converter the source, switch S connecting the
Design Con- inductor to ground, and a series
siderations
combination of diode D and load.
The Boost
converter
If the switch operates with a duty ratio
The Buck
Boost
D, the output voltage is a series of
Converter pulses of duration (1 − D)/T and
amplitude VS /(1 − D).


converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Buck Step
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost


converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Buck Step
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost


converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Buck Step
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost

Therefore, neglecting losses, the

average value of the output voltage is
The DC/DC
converter:
VS .
Introduction
To obtain an average value of the
Switching
Power output voltage greater than VS , a
Supplies :
DC Choppers
capacitor must be connected in
Buck Step
parallel with the load.
Down
Converter This results in a topology of a boost
Design Con- dc-dc converter that is described
siderations
later.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
VS .
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
siderations
later.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
VS .
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
siderations
later.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Outline
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

The Step-Down DC/DC Converter
A buck converter (dc-dc) is shown in Fig. 3.

The DC/DC voi
converter:
Introduction L
Switching + + voi , AVG
Power iL
Supplies : t
DC Choppers Vd voi C vo Rload
load ton toff
Buck Step b Ts=1/fs

_ _ vL
Down
Converter
a
Design Con-
siderations t
The Boost
voi , AVG t V0
converter
= on =? iL
Vd Ts Vd =
The Buck
Boost
Converter t
Figure 3: Buck switched-mode power supply.

The inductor and capacitor also acts as a filter.

" $& & '&
The DC/DC
converter: L
Introduction + +
iL
Switching Vo
Power
Supplies : Vd voi C vo Rload
DC Choppers
b _ _
Buck Step
Down
a Low-pass filter
Converter
Design Con-
siderations L and C helps to filter out higher order
The Boost harmonics with . How?
converter
The Buck vo (ω ) 1 1+ 2
= H Lp (ω ) ≈ f cutoff ≈
Boost voi (ω ) 1 − LCω 2 2π LC
Converter
1
The corner frequency, fc =
Frequency in pu of fcutoff
2π LC

The ideal double pole switch can be replaced with a

single pole and a diode.
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction voi
Switching
Power
Supplies : id
voi , AVG
DC Choppers
+ t
Buck Step ton toff
Down iL L io
Ts=1/fs
Converter vL
Vd _
+ + vL +
Design Con-
voi C vo=Vo RLOAD
siderations
_ _ _
The Boost t
converter
iL
The Buck
Boost =
Converter
voi , AVG ton V0
= =?
Vd Ts Vd
t

The Step-Down Converter - Continuous
Conduction Mode (CCM)
Lets consider the desirable, continuous conduction
mode.
The DC/DC
converter: iL
Introduction
Switching
Power
• The converter is operating in
Supplies : steady-state.
DC Choppers • No net storage of energy over IL=Io
Buck Step one switching period
Down t
Converter id V t
Area A = => 0 = on = D vL
Design Con- Area B Vd Ts
siderations +
The Boost
iL L io A Vd-Vo
converter Vd t
vL _
+ + + B Vo
The Buck
Boost voi C vo=Vo R
Converter _ _ ton toff
_
Vo
Vd = D , Vd I d = Vo I o
Ts
Figure 6: Buck switched-mode power supply: continuous
conduction mode.
The subscript B stands for boundary
The DC/DC Vd = VDo ILB = 21 iL,peak = t2L
on (V − Vo) = DTs (V − Vo) = I
d 2L d oB
converter: iL,peak
iL D (1 − D ) T s V d
Introduction I LB = = 4 D (1 − D ) I LB , max
2L
Switching TsVd
Power ILB=IoB I LB,max =
8L
Supplies :
DC Choppers t
Buck Step vL
Down
Converter
Design Con- A Vd-Vo

siderations
t
The Boost B Vo
converter
The Buck ton toff

Vd=constant
Boost 16
Converter Po,max = Vd I LB,max ?
Ts 27
Figure 7: Buck switched-mode power supply: boundary of the

continuous conduction mode.
Lets consider the boundary of the continuous
conduction mode.
The DC/DC
converter: iL + # %
Introduction
Switching
Power I LB = 4 D (1 − D ) I LB , max
Supplies :
ton toff t
DC Choppers TsVd
I LB ,max =
iL 8L
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Design Con-
siderations ton toff t
The Boost iL
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter ton toff t Vd=constant
Ts
Figure 8: The boundary of the continuous conduction mode.

The Step-Down Converter - Discontinuous
Conduction Mode (DCM)
Lets consider the discontinuous conduction mode.
The DC/DC
& # # )& *
voi
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power id
Supplies : t
DC Choppers +
ton ∆1Ts ∆ 2 T s
Buck Step iL L io Ts=1/fs

vL
Down
Converter Vd _
+ + vL +
Design Con- voi C vo=Vo RLOAD

siderations _ _ _ t
The Boost
iL
converter
V0 D
The Buck = ≠ D (for ∆ 2 > 0)
Boost Vd D + ∆1
Converter t

The Step-Down Converter - Discontinuous
Conduction Mode (DCM)
Lets derive the input-output ratio of the discontinuous
conduction mode.
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction iL
Switching • The converter is operating in
Power steady-state.
Supplies :
DC Choppers • No net storage of energy over IL=Io
one switching period
Buck Step t
Down V D
Area A =
Converter => 0 = vL
Area B Vd D + ∆1
Design Con-
siderations 2 LI 0
=> ∆1 = −D A Vd-Vo
The Boost DTs (Vd − V0 )
converter t
V0 D2 B Vo
The Buck => =
Vd D 2 + I 0 Ts
Boost
Converter
4 I LB ,max
TsVd ∆1Ts ∆ 2Ts
I LB ,max = ton
8L
Figure 10: Buck switched-mode power supply: Input-Output ratio.

The Step-Down Converter -Boundary
Between CCM/DCM with Constant Vd
The DC/DC
conduction mode.
converter:
Introduction TsVd
I LB , max =
Switching
8L
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
• Boundary
Buck Step ! "
Down
Converter
• CCM
Design Con-
siderations DCM
CCM
The Boost
converter • DCM
The Buck
Boost
Converter
Figure 11: Boundary Between CCM/DCM with Constant Vd .

The Step-Down Converter -Boundary
Between CCM/DCM with Constant Vo
The DC/DC
conduction mode.
converter:
Introduction D(1 − D)TsVd (1 − D)TsV0
I LB = = = (1 − D) I LB ,max
Switching 2L 2L
Power
I LB ,max =
TsV0 • Boundary
Supplies : 2L
DC Choppers ! "
# $
Buck Step
Down
• CCM
Converter
Design Con-
# $
DCM
siderations CCM
• DCM
The Boost
converter #
The Buck
Boost
Converter
Figure 12: Boundary Between CCM/DCM with Constant Vo .

The Step-Down Converter: Minimum
Inductor Size Lmin
The minimum output current for the buck converter is
given by:
The DC/DC
converter: 1 Ts (1 − D)
Introduction Imin =V0 −
Switching
R 2L
Power
Supplies : V0 V0 Ts (1 − D)
DC Choppers = −
R 2L
Buck Step
Down
Converter Since Imin = 0 is the boundary between continuous and
Design Con- discontinuous current, the minimum inductance is
siderations
found as:

1 Ts (1 − D)
The Boost
0 =V0 −
converter
R 2L
The Buck
Boost V0 V0 (1 − D)
Converter = −
R 2Lfs
R(1 − D)
(fs L)min =
2
Inductor Size Lmin
The minimum output current for the buck converter is
given by:
The DC/DC
converter: 1 Ts (1 − D)
Introduction Imin =V0 −
Switching
R 2L
Power
Supplies : V0 V0 Ts (1 − D)
DC Choppers = −
R 2L
Buck Step
Down
Converter Since Imin = 0 is the boundary between continuous and
Design Con- discontinuous current, the minimum inductance is
siderations
found as:

1 Ts (1 − D)
The Boost
0 =V0 −
converter
R 2L
The Buck
Boost V0 V0 (1 − D)
Converter = −
R 2Lfs
R(1 − D)
(fs L)min =
2
Inductor Size Lmin
After choosing the operating frequency fs , the minimum
The DC/DC
inductance is found as:
converter: R(1 − D)
Introduction Lmin =
Switching
2fs
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers where Lmin is the minimum inductance required for
Buck Step continuous current.
Down
Converter In practice, a value of inductance greater than Lmin is
Design Con-
siderations
desirable to ensure continuous current.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Inductor Size Lmin
After choosing the operating frequency fs , the minimum
The DC/DC
inductance is found as:
converter: R(1 − D)
Introduction Lmin =
Switching
2fs
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers where Lmin is the minimum inductance required for
Buck Step continuous current.
Down
Converter In practice, a value of inductance greater than Lmin is
Design Con-
siderations
desirable to ensure continuous current.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Inductor Size Lmin
In the design of a buck converter, the peak-to-peak
The DC/DC
variation in the inductor current is often used as a
converter:
Introduction
design criterion:
Switching Vd − Vo Vo (1 − D)
Power ∆iL = DTs =
Supplies : L Lfs
DC Choppers
Buck Step In this case, the inductor value may be found as:
Down
Converter
Design Con- Vd − Vo Vo (1 − D)
siderations L= DTs =
L ∆iL fs
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Inductor Size Lmin
In the design of a buck converter, the peak-to-peak
The DC/DC
variation in the inductor current is often used as a
converter:
Introduction
design criterion:
Switching Vd − Vo Vo (1 − D)
Power ∆iL = DTs =
Supplies : L Lfs
DC Choppers
Buck Step In this case, the inductor value may be found as:
Down
Converter
Design Con- Vd − Vo Vo (1 − D)
siderations L= DTs =
L ∆iL fs
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

The Step-Down Converter Output Voltage
Ripple
Lets consider the output ripple level of our converter.
The DC/DC vL
- $ , . $$
converter:
Introduction id
A Vd-Vo
Switching +
t
Power B -Vo
Supplies : iL L io
DC Choppers
iL Area A = Vd _
Area B + + vL +
Buck Step
Down voi C vo=Vo
Q1 IL/2 R
Converter _ _
Q2 _
IL=Io Area Q1 =
Design Con- Ts/2 Area Q2
siderations
t
The Boost vo Assumptions:
converter
• All ripple current in iL flows
The Buck vo through the capacitor.
Boost
Converter vo • The output capacitor is
t
ideal (no ESR)
Figure 13: The Step-Down converter output voltage ripple.

Ripple
Lets consider the output ripple level of our converter.
The DC/DC
- $ , . $$
converter:
Introduction • For CCM
A
Switching ∆Q1 1 1 ∆I L Ts
∆v0 = =
Power B C C2 2 2
Supplies : V
DC Choppers Area A =
∆I L = 0 (1 − D )Ts
Area B L
Buck Step 2
Down
∆v0 π 2 f
Q1 Area Q1 = => = (1 − D ) c
Converter
Q2 Area Q2 V0 2 fs
Design Con- 1
siderations
The corner frequency, f c =
2π LC
The Boost 1+ 2
converter f cutoff ≈
2π LC
The Buck Choose
Boost
2
Converter ∆ v0 π 2
• For DCM:
V0
=
2
[
∆ 1 ( D + ∆ 1 )( 2 − D − ∆ 1 ) 2 ] fc
fs
?
Figure 14: The Step-Down converter output voltage ripple.

Ripple
For CCM, the output voltage ripple is given by:
The DC/DC
TVo Vo (1 − D)
converter:
∆V = (1 − D)Ts =
Introduction 8CL 8LCfs2
Switching
Power In design, it is useful to rearrange the preceding
Supplies :
DC Choppers equation to express required capacitance in terms of
Buck Step
Down
specified voltage ripple:
Converter Vo (1 − D)
Design Con- C=
siderations ∆V 8Lfs2
The Boost
∆V
converter
since Vo is given as a design parameter.
The Buck
Boost If the ripple is not large, the assumption of a constant
Converter
output voltage is reasonable and the preceding
analysis is essentially valid.

Ripple
The DC/DC
TVo Vo (1 − D)
converter:
∆V = (1 − D)Ts =
Switching
Supplies :
Buck Step
Down
Design Con- C=
The Boost
∆V
converter
The Buck
Converter

Ripple
The DC/DC
TVo Vo (1 − D)
converter:
∆V = (1 − D)Ts =
Switching
Supplies :
Buck Step
Down
Design Con- C=
The Boost
∆V
converter
The Buck
Converter

The Step-Down Converter Inductor& Output
Current Ripple
For CCM, the output current ripple is given by:
Vo
The DC/DC ∆I = (1 − D)Ts
converter:
Introduction
L
Switching
Power
In design, this is also used to calculate the maximum
Supplies :
DC Choppers
inductor current:
Vo ∆I
Buck Step IL,MAX = +
Down
Converter
R 2
1 Ts (1 − D)
Design Con- =V0 +
siderations
R 2L
The Boost
converter
The minimum inductor current is:
The Buck
Boost Vo ∆I
Converter IL,MIN = −
R 2
1 Ts (1 − D)
=V0 −
R 2L
Current Ripple
Vo
converter:
Introduction
L
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
inductor current:
Vo ∆I
Down
Converter
R 2
1 Ts (1 − D)
Design Con- =V0 +
siderations
R 2L
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost Vo ∆I
R 2
1 Ts (1 − D)
=V0 −
R 2L
Current Ripple
Vo
converter:
Introduction
L
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
inductor current:
Vo ∆I
Down
Converter
R 2
1 Ts (1 − D)
Design Con- =V0 +
siderations
R 2L
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost Vo ∆I
R 2
1 Ts (1 − D)
=V0 −
R 2L
The operation of a PWM and its Purpose
Lets consider the controller for our converter.

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
V̂tri
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
The Buck converter
Boost
Converter
Figure 15: The operation of a PWM and its purpose.

The output voltage is a pulsed voltage with the desired

The DC/DC
average value.
converter:
Introduction Steady-state operation gives the same pulse width over
Switching all switching cycles.
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost The Buck converter
Converter


The DC/DC
average value.
converter:
Introduction Steady-state operation gives the same pulse width over
Switching all switching cycles.
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost The Buck converter
Converter


The DC/DC
average value
converter:
Introduction Non steady-state operation results in a pulse width that
Switching increases as the reference value increases
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers Vcontr
Buck Step Vd
Vo,ref
Down
Converter
Design Con-
siderations T 2T 3T
Vo,i
The Boost
converter Vd
The Buck
Boost
Converter
T 2T 3T


The DC/DC
average value
converter:
Introduction Non steady-state operation results in a pulse width that
Switching increases as the reference value increases
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers Vcontr
Buck Step Vd
Vo,ref
Down
Converter
Design Con-
siderations T 2T 3T
Vo,i
The Boost
converter Vd
The Buck
Boost
Converter
T 2T 3T

Outline
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Design Considerations: Capacitor ESR
The output voltage ripple thus far considered is based

The DC/DC
on an ideal capacitor.
converter:
Introduction A real capacitor can be modeled as a capacitance with
Switching an equivalent series resistance (ESR) and an
Power
Supplies : equivalent series inductance (ESL).
DC Choppers
Buck Step
The ESR may have a significant effect on the output
Down
Converter
voltage ripple, often producing a ripple voltage greater
Design Con- than that of the ideal capacitance.
siderations
The Boost
The inductance in the capacitor is usually not a
converter significant factor at typical switching frequencies.
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Figure 18 shows a capacitor model that is appropriate
for most applications.
The DC/DC Rparallel
converter:
Introduction
ESR ESL
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
C
Buck Step
Down
Converter Figure 18: Non ideal capacitor model.
Design Con-
siderations
The ripple due to the ESR can be approximated by first
The Boost
converter determining the current in the capacitor, assuming the
The Buck capacitor to be ideal.
Boost
Converter The voltage variation across the series capacitor
resistance rC is
∆Vo,ESR = iC rC = iL rC
The DC/DC Rparallel
converter:
Introduction
ESR ESL
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
C
Buck Step
Down
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
Boost
resistance rC is
The DC/DC Rparallel
converter:
Introduction
ESR ESL
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
C
Buck Step
Down
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
Boost
resistance rC is
To estimate a worst-case condition, one could assume

that the peak-to-peak ripple voltage due to the ESR
The DC/DC
converter: algebraically adds to the ripple due to the capacitance.
Introduction
Switching
However, the peaks of the capacitor and the ESR ripple
Power voltages will not coincide, so
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step ∆Vo < ∆VC,o + ∆Vo,ESR

Down
Converter
Design Con- where Vo,C is the ideal ∆Vo .

siderations
The Boost
The ripple voltage due to the ESR can be much larger
converter than the ripple due to the pure capacitance.
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

In that case, the output capacitor is chosen on the

basis of the equivalent series resistance rather than
The DC/DC
converter: capacitance only.
Introduction
Switching
Power
∆Vo ≈ ∆Vo,ESR
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Capacitor ESR is inversely proportional to the
Buck Step
Down capacitance value—a larger capacitance results in a
Converter
Design Con-
lower ESR.
siderations
Manufacturers provide what are known as low-ESR
The Boost
converter capacitors for power supply applications.
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
∆Vo ≈ ∆Vo,ESR
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
lower ESR.
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
Introduction
Switching
Power
∆Vo ≈ ∆Vo,ESR
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
lower ESR.
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

For example, with a 100 µF capacitor with an ESR of

The DC/DC
rC = 0.1 Ω and ripple current ∆iL = 1.5 A
converter:
Introduction The ripple voltage due to the ESR is calculated as
Switching Vo,ESR = ∆iC rC = ∆iL rC = (1.5 A)(0.1 Ω) = 0.15 V
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Assuming and output voltage of 20V, expressed as a
Buck Step
percent, ∆Vo /Vo is 0.15/20 = 0.75%.
Down
Converter The total ripple can then be approximated as 0.75
Design Con- percent.
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
percent, ∆Vo /Vo is 0.15/20 = 0.75%.
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
percent, ∆Vo /Vo is 0.15/20 = 0.75%.
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
percent, ∆Vo /Vo is 0.15/20 = 0.75%.
Down
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Design Considerations: Switching
Frequency
The choice of switching frequency and inductance is
The DC/DC
very important in design.
converter:
Introduction From the previous equations, note that as the switching
Switching frequency increases, the minimum size of the inductor
Power
Supplies : to produce continuous current and the minimum size of
DC Choppers
the capacitor to limit output ripple both decrease.
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Therefore, high switching frequencies are desirable to
Design Con- reduce the size of both the inductor and the capacitor.
siderations
The Boost
The trade-off for high switching frequencies is
converter increased power loss in the switches.
The Buck
Boost Increased power loss in the switches means that heat
Converter
is produced.

Frequency
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
is produced.

Frequency
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
is produced.

Frequency
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
is produced.

Frequency
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
is produced.

Frequency
This decreases the converter’s efficiency and may
require a large heat sink, offsetting the reduction in size
The DC/DC
converter: of the inductor and capacitor.
Introduction
Switching Typical switching frequencies are above 20 kHz to avoid

Power
Supplies : audio noise, and they extend well into the 100s of
DC Choppers
kilohertz and into the megahertz range.
Buck Step
Down Some designers consider about 500 kHz to be the best
Converter
Design Con-
compromise, between small component size and
siderations efficiency.
The Boost
converter Other designers prefer to use lower switching
The Buck frequencies of about 50 kHz to keep switching losses
Boost
Converter small, while still others prefer frequencies larger than
1 MHz.
As switching devices improve, switching frequencies
will increase.
Frequency
The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
The Boost
Boost
1 MHz.
will increase.
Frequency
The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
The Boost
Boost
1 MHz.
will increase.
Frequency
The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
The Boost
Boost
1 MHz.
will increase.
Frequency
The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
The Boost
Boost
1 MHz.
will increase.
Design Considerations: Low Voltage & High
Current
For low-voltage, high-current applications, the
synchronous rectification scheme of Fig. 19 is preferred
The DC/DC
converter:
over using a diode for the second switch.
Introduction S1
Switching
Power
+
Supplies :
DC Choppers
S2
Buck Step -
Down
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
Figure 19: A synchronous buck converter: The MOSFET S2
The Boost
carries the inductor current when S1 is off to provide a lower
converter voltage drop than a diode.
The Buck
Boost
Converter The voltage across the conducting MOSFET will be
much less than that across a diode, resulting in lower
losses.
Note the differences between S1 and S2 .
Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction S1
Switching
Power
+
Supplies :
DC Choppers
S2
Buck Step -
Down
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
losses.
Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction S1
Switching
Power
+
Supplies :
DC Choppers
S2
Buck Step -
Down
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
losses.
Current
The inductor value should also be larger than Lmin to
The DC/DC
ensure continuous-current operation.
converter:
Introduction Some designers select a value 25 % larger than Lmin .
Switching Other designers use different criteria, such as setting
Power
Supplies : the inductor current variation, ∆iL , to a desired value,
DC Choppers
Buck Step
such as 40 % of the average inductor current.
Down
Converter A smaller ∆iL results in lower peak and rms inductor
Design Con- currents and a lower rms capacitor current but requires
siderations
a larger inductor.
The Boost
converter The inductor wire must be rated at the rms current, and
The Buck
Boost the core should not saturate for peak inductor current.
Converter
The capacitor must be selected to limit the output ripple
to the design specifications, to withstand peak output
voltage, and to carry the required rms current.
Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
siderations
a larger inductor.
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
siderations
a larger inductor.
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
siderations
a larger inductor.
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
siderations
a larger inductor.
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
siderations
a larger inductor.
The Boost
The Buck
Converter
Current
The switch (usually a MOSFET with a low RDSon ) and
The DC/DC
diode (or second MOSFET for synchronous
converter:
Introduction
rectification) must withstand maximum voltage stress
Switching
when off and maximum current when on.
Power
Supplies : The temperature ratings must not be exceeded, often
DC Choppers
requiring a heat sink.
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Assuming ideal switches and an ideal inductor in the
Design Con- initial design is usually reasonable.
siderations
The Boost
However, the ESR of the capacitor should be included
converter because it typically gives a more significant output
The Buck
Boost
voltage ripple than the ideal device and greatly
Converter influences the choice of capacitor size.

Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost

Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost

Current
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost

Outline
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

The Boost Converter
This is another switching converter that operates by

The DC/DC
converter:
periodically opening and closing an electronic switch.
Introduction
It is called a boost converter because the output
Switching
Power voltage is larger than the input.
Supplies :
DC Choppers It may be analyzed assuming the following:
Buck Step • Steady-state conditions exist.
Down
Converter • The switching period is Ts , and the switch is closed for
Design Con- time DTs and open for (1 − D)Ts .
siderations • The inductor current is continuous (always positive).
The Boost • The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is
converter
The Buck
held constant at voltage Vo .
Boost • The components are ideal.
Converter
The analysis proceeds by examining the inductor
voltage and current for the switch closed and again for
the switch open.
The Boost Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Down
converter
The Buck
Converter
the switch open.
The Boost Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Down
converter
The Buck
Converter
the switch open.
The Boost Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Down
converter
The Buck
Converter
the switch open.
The Boost Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Down
converter
The Buck
Converter
the switch open.
The Boost Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Down
converter
The Buck
Converter
the switch open.
The Boost Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Down
converter
The Buck
Converter
the switch open.
The Boost Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Down
converter
The Buck
Converter
the switch open.
The Boost Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
Down
converter
The Buck
Converter
the switch open.
The Boost Converter: Schematic
The boost converter provides an output voltage is

larger than the input.
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
It achieves this by storing energy in the inductor during
Switching the on phase of the switch.
Power
Supplies : Then transferring the energy to the capacitor during the
DC Choppers
off phase of the switch.
Buck Step
Down
Converter io
Design Con-
siderations iL L
The Boost +
converter
vL _
+ +
The Buck C R vo
Boost
Converter Vd _
_
Figure 20: The Boost Converter: Circuit.


The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter io
Design Con-
siderations iL L
The Boost +
converter
vL _
+ +
The Buck C R vo
Boost
Converter Vd _
_


The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter io
Design Con-
siderations iL L
The Boost +
converter
vL _
+ +
The Buck C R vo
Boost
Converter Vd _
_

The Boost Converter: Current Flow
Lets consider the flow of currents during the on and off

intervals for the switch
The DC/DC
converter:
vL
Introduction
Switching
Power Vd = VDo , Vd Id = Vo Io
Supplies : t
DC Choppers
io ton ttoff
Buck Step off
Down iL L
Converter Ts
+ iL
_
+ vL
Design Con- +
C R vo
siderations =
Vd _
The Boost _
converter t
vsw
The Buck Vo 1
Boost = I o = (1 − D) I d
Converter Vd 1 − D
iC = i D − I o
t
Figure 21: The Boost Converter: Current Flow.

The Boost Converter: CCM and DCM
Lets consider the desirable, continuous conduction

mode.
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction 1 TV 27
I LB = iL , peak = s o D(1 − D) I oB = (1 − D ) I LB = D(1 − D )2 I oB ,max
Switching iL 2 2L 4
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers IL=ILB
Buck Step t
Down ILB
vL
Converter
IoB
Design Con-
siderations A Vd
t
The Boost B Vd-Vo
converter
ton toff
The Buck Area A =
Boost Area B
Converter Ts
Undeland, Power Electronics
Figure 7-13, page 174
Vd = VDo , Vd Id = Vo Io V0=constant
Figure 22: The Boost Converter: Boundary inductor current

The Boost Converter: DCM
Lets consider the discontinuous conduction mode

(DCM).
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction vL
Switching
Power Vd = VDo , Vd Id = Vo Io
Supplies : t
DC Choppers
Ts
Buck Step io
Down ∆1Ts ∆ 2Ts
iL L ton
Converter
+ iL
_
Design Con- + + vL
C R vo
siderations
Vd _
The Boost _
converter t
vsw
The Buck
Boost Vo ∆1 + D Io ∆1
= = (no losses )
Converter Vd ∆1 I d ∆1 + D
Figure 23: The Boost Converter: DCM.

The Boost Converter: CCM and DCM with
COnstant Vo
Lets consider the discontinuous conduction mode
The DC/DC
(DCM).
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power 2 T sV 0
Supplies :
I oB , max =
27 L • Boundary
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
• CCM
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost • DCM

converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter
Figure 24: The Boost Converter: CCM and DCM with COnstant
Vo .

The Boost Converter
The figure (a) depicts a step-up or a
PWM boost converter.
The DC/DC It consists of dc input voltage source
converter:
Introduction VS , boost inductor L, controlled
Switching switch S, diode D, filter capacitor C,
Power
Supplies :
and load resistance R.
DC Choppers
Buck Step
The converter waveforms in the CCM
Down are presented in Fig. (b).
Converter
Design Con- When the switch S is in the on state,

siderations
the current in the boost inductor
The Boost
converter
increases linearly and the diode D is
The Buck
off at that time.
Boost
Converter When the switch S is turned off, the
energy stored in the inductor is
released through the diode to the
output RC circuit.
The Boost Converter
converter:
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
off at that time.
Boost
output RC circuit.
The Boost Converter
converter:
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
off at that time.
Boost
output RC circuit.
The Boost Converter
converter:
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
off at that time.
Boost
output RC circuit.
The Boost Converter
converter:
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter

siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
off at that time.
Boost
output RC circuit.
The Boost Converter: Operation
Using Faraday’s law for the boost

inductor
The DC/DC VS DT ¼ ðVO ÿ VS Þð1 ÿ DÞT
converter:
Introduction
from which the dc voltage transfer
Switching
Power function turns out to be
Supplies : VO 1
DC Choppers ¼
VS 1 ÿ D
Buck Step
Down As the name of the converter
Converter suggests, the output voltage is
Design Con-
siderations
always greater than the input voltage.
The Boost The boost converter operates in the
converter
CCM for L > Lb where
The Buck
Boost
Converter For D = 0.5, R = 10 Ω, and
f = 100 kHz, the boundary value of
the inductance is Lb = 6.25 mH.


inductor
The DC/DC VS DT ¼ ðVO ÿ VS Þð1 ÿ DÞT
converter:
Introduction
from which the dc voltage transfer
Switching
Power function turns out to be
Supplies : VO 1
DC Choppers ¼
VS 1 ÿ D
Buck Step
Down As the name of the converter
Converter suggests, the output voltage is
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost The boost converter operates in the
converter
CCM for L > Lb where
The Buck
Boost
Converter For D = 0.5, R = 10 Ω, and

inductor
VS DT ¼ ðVO ÿ VS Þð1 ÿ DÞT
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction from which the dc voltage transfer
Switching
function turns out to be
Power VO 1
Supplies : ¼
DC Choppers
VS 1 ÿ D
Buck Step As the name of the converter
Down
Converter
suggests, the output voltage is
Design Con-
siderations
The boost converter operates in the
The Boost
converter CCM for L > Lb where
ð1 ÿ DÞ2 DR
The Buck Lb ¼
Boost 2f
Converter
For D = 0.5, R = 10 Ω, and

inductor
VS DT ¼ ðVO ÿ VS Þð1 ÿ DÞT
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction from which the dc voltage transfer
Switching
function turns out to be
Power VO 1
Supplies : ¼
DC Choppers
VS 1 ÿ D
Buck Step As the name of the converter
Down
Converter
suggests, the output voltage is
Design Con-
siderations
The boost converter operates in the
The Boost
converter CCM for L > Lb where
ð1 ÿ DÞ2 DR
The Buck Lb ¼
Boost 2f
Converter
For D = 0.5, R = 10 Ω, and

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction As shown in Fig. (b), the current
Switching supplied to the output RC circuit is
Power
Supplies :
discontinuous.
DC Choppers
Thus, a larger filter capacitor is
Buck Step
Down required in comparison to that in the
Converter
buck-derived converters to limit the
Design Con-
siderations output voltage ripple.
The Boost
converter
The filter capacitor must provide the
The Buck
output dc current to the load when
Boost the diode D is off.
Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Power
Supplies :
discontinuous.
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Converter

The DC/DC
converter:
Power
Supplies :
discontinuous.
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Converter

The Boost Converter: Output Voltage Ripple
The boost converter has ripple that is proportional to

the duty cycle D.
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
iC=iD-Io Area Q1 =
Switching
Power Area Q2
Q2
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Q1 t For CCM
Buck Step -Io
Down
ton toff ∆Q1 I o DTs
Converter ∆V o= =
C C
Design Con-
siderations vo ∆V o DTs DTs
=> = =
Vo RC τ RC
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter
t
Figure 25: The Boost Converter: Output Voltage Ripple.

The minimum value of the filter

capacitance that results in the
The DC/DC
converter:
voltage ripple Vr is given by
Introduction DVO
Cmin ¼
Switching Vr Rf
Power
Supplies : For D = 0.5,Vr /Vo = 1 %, R = 10 Ω,
DC Choppers and f = 100 kHz, the minimum
Buck Step capacitance for the boost converter
Down
Converter is Cmin = 50 mF.
Design Con-
siderations The boost converter does not have a
The Boost popular transformer (isolated)
converter
version.
The Buck
Boost The voltage ripple due to the ESR is
Converter
Vo,ESR = ∆iC rC = IL,max rC


The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction DVO
Cmin ¼
Switching Vr Rf
Power
Down
Design Con-
converter
version.
The Buck
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction DVO
Cmin ¼
Switching Vr Rf
Power
Down
Design Con-
converter
version.
The Buck
Converter


The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction DVO
Cmin ¼
Switching Vr Rf
Power
Down
Design Con-
converter
version.
The Buck
Converter

Practical Considerations : Inductor
Resistance
Inductors should be designed to have small resistance
The DC/DC
to minimize power loss and maximize efficiency.
converter:
Introduction The existence of a small inductor resistance does not
Switching substantially change the analysis of the buck converter
Power
Supplies : as presented previously in this chapter.
DC Choppers
Buck Step
However, inductor resistance affects performance of
Down
Converter
the boost converter, especially at high duty ratios.
Design Con- For the boost converter, recall that the output voltage
siderations
for the ideal case is
The Boost
converter Vs
Vo =
The Buck 1−D
Boost
Converter
To investigate the effect of inductor resistance on the
output voltage, assume that the inductor current is
approximately constant.
Resistance
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter Vs
Vo =
The Buck 1−D
Boost
Converter
Resistance
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter Vs
Vo =
The Buck 1−D
Boost
Converter
Resistance
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter Vs
Vo =
The Buck 1−D
Boost
Converter
Resistance
The DC/DC
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter Vs
Vo =
The Buck 1−D
Boost
Converter
Resistance
The source current is the same as the inductor current,
The DC/DC
and average diode current is the same as average load
converter:
Introduction
current.
Switching The power supplied by the source must be the same as
Power
Supplies : the power absorbed by the load and the inductor
DC Choppers
resistance, neglecting other losses.
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Ps =Po + PrL
Design Con- Vs IL =Vo Io + iL2 rL (2)
siderations
The Boost
converter where rL is the series resistance of the inductor.
The Buck
Boost
The diode current is equal to the inductor current when
Converter
the switch is off and is zero when the switch is on.

Resistance
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
current.
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Ps =Po + PrL
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Resistance
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
current.
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Ps =Po + PrL
siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Resistance
Therefore, the average diode current is
The DC/DC ID =IL (1 − D) (3)
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power Substituting for ID into Eq. 2,
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step Vs IL = Vo IL (1 − D) + IL2 rL (4)

Down
Converter
Design Con- which becomes

siderations
The Boost
converter
Vs = Vo (1 − D) + IL rL (5)
The Buck
Boost In terms of Vo from Eq. (3), IL is
Converter
ID Vo /R
IL = = (6)
1−D 1−D

Resistance
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
converter
Vs = Vo (1 − D) + IL rL (5)
The Buck
Converter
ID Vo /R
IL = = (6)
1−D 1−D

Resistance
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
converter
Vs = Vo (1 − D) + IL rL (5)
The Buck
Converter
ID Vo /R
IL = = (6)
1−D 1−D

Resistance
Substituting for IL into Eq. (5),
The DC/DC
converter: V o rL
Introduction Vs = + Vo (1 − D) (7)
R(1 − D)
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Solving for Vo ,
Buck Step
Down Vs 1
Converter Vo = (8)
1−D 1 + rL [R(1 − D)2 ]
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost The preceding equation is similar to that for an ideal

converter
converter but includes a correction factor to account for
The Buck
Boost the inductor resistance.
Converter

Resistance
The DC/DC
converter: V o rL
R(1 − D)
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Solving for Vo ,
Buck Step
Down Vs 1
Converter Vo = (8)
1−D 1 + rL [R(1 − D)2 ]
Design Con-
siderations

converter
The Buck
Converter

Resistance
The DC/DC
converter: V o rL
R(1 − D)
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Solving for Vo ,
Buck Step
Down Vs 1
Converter Vo = (8)
1−D 1 + rL [R(1 − D)2 ]
Design Con-
siderations

converter
The Buck
Converter

Practical Considerations : Parasitics
10 Vo / Vs vs. D
Ideal
The figure shows the output voltage of
The DC/DC 6
the boost converter with and without
Vo / Vs
converter:
Introduction 4 inductor resistance.
Switching
Power 2 Nonideal
The inductor resistance also has an
Supplies :
DC Choppers 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
effect on the power efficiency of
Buck Step
D
(a)
converters.
Down
Converter
1.0
Efficiency vs. D
Efficiency is the ratio of output power to
Ideal
Design Con- the input power (output power plus
siderations 0.8
losses).
The Boost
Efficiency
0.6
converter
Nonideal For the boost converter
The Buck 0.4
Po V o2>R
Boost h⫽ ⫽ 2
Converter 0.2 Po ⫹ Ploss V o >R ⫹ I L2 r L
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
(b)
>

10 Vo / Vs vs. D
Ideal
The DC/DC 6
Vo / Vs
converter:
Switching
Power 2 Nonideal
Supplies :
DC Choppers 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Buck Step
D
(a)
converters.
Down
Converter
1.0
Efficiency vs. D
Ideal
siderations 0.8
losses).
The Boost
Efficiency
0.6
converter
The Buck 0.4
Po V o2>R
Boost h⫽ ⫽ 2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
(b)
>

10 Vo / Vs vs. D
Ideal
The DC/DC 6
Vo / Vs
converter:
Switching
Power 2 Nonideal
Supplies :
DC Choppers 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Buck Step
D
(a)
converters.
Down
Converter
1.0
Efficiency vs. D
Ideal
siderations 0.8
losses).
The Boost
Efficiency
0.6
converter
The Buck 0.4
Po V o2>R
Boost h⫽ ⫽ 2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
(b)
>

10 Vo / Vs vs. D
Ideal
The DC/DC 6
Vo / Vs
converter:
Switching
Power 2 Nonideal
Supplies :
DC Choppers 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Buck Step
D
(a)
converters.
Down
Converter
1.0
Efficiency vs. D
Ideal
siderations 0.8
losses).
The Boost
Efficiency
0.6
converter
The Buck 0.4
Po V o2>R
Boost h⫽ ⫽ 2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
(b)
>

10 Vo / Vs vs. D
8
In terms of the duty cycle the efficiency
Ideal
is
The DC/DC 6 V o2>R 1
Vo / Vs
converter: h⫽ ⫽
Introduction 4
V o >R ⫹ (Vo>R) 2>(1 ⫺ D)rL
2
1 ⫹ rL 3R(1 ⫺ D)24
Switching
2 Nonideal
Power
Supplies : As the duty ratio increases, the
DC Choppers 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 efficiency of the boost converter
D
Buck Step
Down
(a) decreases, as indicated in Fig. (b).
Converter Efficiency vs. D
1.0
Ideal How can we achieve a high boost ratio
Design Con-
siderations 0.8 and still maintain a high efficiency?
The Boost
Minimize the inductor series/parasitic
Efficiency
0.6
converter
The Buck 0.4

Nonideal
resistance.
Boost
Converter 0.2 We can also cascade boost stages
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
combine these with interleaving.
D
(b)

10 Vo / Vs vs. D
8
Ideal
is
Vo / Vs
converter: h⫽ ⫽
Introduction 4
V o >R ⫹ (Vo>R) 2>(1 ⫺ D)rL
2
1 ⫹ rL 3R(1 ⫺ D)24
Switching
2 Nonideal
Power
D
Buck Step
Down
1.0
Design Con-
The Boost
Efficiency
0.6
converter
The Buck 0.4

Nonideal
resistance.
Boost
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
(b)

10 Vo / Vs vs. D
8
Ideal
is
Vo / Vs
converter: h⫽ ⫽
Introduction 4
V o >R ⫹ (Vo>R) 2>(1 ⫺ D)rL
2
1 ⫹ rL 3R(1 ⫺ D)24
Switching
2 Nonideal
Power
D
Buck Step
Down
1.0
Design Con-
The Boost
Efficiency
0.6
converter
The Buck 0.4

Nonideal
resistance.
Boost
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
(b)

10 Vo / Vs vs. D
8
Ideal
is
Vo / Vs
converter: h⫽ ⫽
Introduction 4
V o >R ⫹ (Vo>R) 2>(1 ⫺ D)rL
2
1 ⫹ rL 3R(1 ⫺ D)24
Switching
2 Nonideal
Power
D
Buck Step
Down
1.0
Design Con-
The Boost
Efficiency
0.6
converter
The Buck 0.4

Nonideal
resistance.
Boost
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
(b)

10 Vo / Vs vs. D
8
Ideal
is
Vo / Vs
converter: h⫽ ⫽
Introduction 4
V o >R ⫹ (Vo>R) 2>(1 ⫺ D)rL
2
1 ⫹ rL 3R(1 ⫺ D)24
Switching
2 Nonideal
Power
D
Buck Step
Down
1.0
Design Con-
The Boost
Efficiency
0.6
converter
The Buck 0.4

Nonideal
resistance.
Boost
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
(b)

Outline
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers

Down
Converter

siderations
The Boost
The Buck
Boost
Converter

The Buck Boost Converter: Schematic
Another basic switched-mode converter is the

buck-boost converter shown in Fig. 26.
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
The output voltage of the buck-boost converter can be
Switching either higher or lower than the input voltage.
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers id
Buck Step
Down +
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
_
The Boost +
converter Vd iL
The Buck vL C vo R
Boost
Converter _ _ L
+
io
Figure 26: The Buck Boost Converter: Circuit.

The Buck Boost Converter: Schematic
Another basic switched-mode converter is the

buck-boost converter shown in Fig. 26.
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
The output voltage of the buck-boost converter can be
Switching either higher or lower than the input voltage.
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers id
Buck Step
Down +
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
_
The Boost +
converter Vd iL
The Buck vL C vo R
Boost
Converter _ _ L
+
io
Figure 26: The Buck Boost Converter: Circuit.

The Buck Boost Converter : Operation
iD Analysis for the Switch Closed When
the switch is closed, the voltage across
+ +
iC
+
the inductor is
The DC/DC
Vs iL Vo
di L
converter:
vL vL ⫽ Vs ⫽ L
- - dt
Introduction -
di L Vs
Switching ⫽
Power (a) dt L
Supplies :
DC Choppers The rate of change of inductor current
Buck Step + + + is a constant, indicating a linearly
Down Vs iL
Converter
vL = Vs
-
Vo
increasing inductor current. The
- -
Design Con- preceding equation can be expressed
siderations
(b)
as
The Boost ⌬ i L ⌬ i L Vs
converter ⫽ ⫽
⌬t DT L
The Buck
+ + +
Boost
Converter Vs vL = Vo Vo Solving for ∆iL when the switch is
-
- - closed gives
Vs DT
( ⌬ i L)closed ⫽
(c) L

+ +
iC
+
the inductor is
The DC/DC
Vs iL Vo
di L
converter:
vL vL ⫽ Vs ⫽ L
- - dt
Introduction -
di L Vs
Switching ⫽
Power (a) dt L
Supplies :
Down Vs iL
Converter
vL = Vs
-
Vo
- -
siderations
(b)
as
converter ⫽ ⫽
⌬t DT L
The Buck
+ + +
Boost
-
- - closed gives
Vs DT
(c) L

+ +
iC
+
the inductor is
The DC/DC
Vs iL Vo
di L
converter:
vL vL ⫽ Vs ⫽ L
- - dt
Introduction -
di L Vs
Switching ⫽
Power (a) dt L
Supplies :
Down Vs iL
Converter
vL = Vs
-
Vo
- -
siderations
(b)
as
converter ⫽ ⫽
⌬t DT L
The Buck
+ + +
Boost
-
- - closed gives
Vs DT
(c) L

iD Analysis for the Switch Open When the
switch is open, the current in the
iC
+ + + inductor cannot change
The DC/DC iL Vo
Vs
converter:
vL
- instantaneously, resulting in a
Introduction - -
forward-biased diode and current into
Switching
Power (a)
the resistor and capacitor.
Supplies :
DC Choppers In this condition, the voltage across the
Buck Step + + + inductor is
Down Vs iL di L
vL = Vs Vo
Converter
- - vL ⫽ Vo ⫽ L
- dt
Design Con-
siderations di L Vo
(b)
⫽
The Boost dt L
converter
The Buck
Again, the rate of change of inductor
+
Boost
Vs
+ + current is constant, and the change in
Converter vL = Vo Vo
- - - current is
⌬ iL ⌬ iL V
⫽ ⫽ o
(c)
⌬t (1 ⫺ D)T L

iC
The DC/DC iL Vo
Vs
converter:
vL
Introduction - -
Switching
Power (a)
Supplies :
Down Vs iL di L
vL = Vs Vo
Converter
- - vL ⫽ Vo ⫽ L
- dt
Design Con-
siderations di L Vo
(b)
⫽
The Boost dt L
converter
The Buck
+
Boost
Vs
- - - current is
⌬ iL ⌬ iL V
⫽ ⫽ o
(c)
⌬t (1 ⫺ D)T L

iC
The DC/DC iL Vo
Vs
converter:
vL
Introduction - -
Switching
Power (a)
Supplies :
Down Vs iL di L
vL = Vs Vo
Converter
- - vL ⫽ Vo ⫽ L
- dt
Design Con-
siderations di L Vo
(b)
⫽
The Boost dt L
converter
The Buck
+
Boost
Vs
- - - current is
⌬ iL ⌬ iL V
⫽ ⫽ o
(c)
⌬t (1 ⫺ D)T L

iD
+ +
iC
+
Solving for ∆iL when the switch is
The DC/DC
converter:
Vs iL vL Vo closed gives
- -
Introduction - Vo(1 ⫺ D)T
(⌬ i L)open ⫽
Switching L
Power (a)
Supplies : For steady-state operation, the net
DC Choppers
change in inductor current must be
Buck Step + + +
Down Vs iL vL = Vs Vo
zero over one period:
Converter
- - - ( ⌬ i L)closed ⫹ (⌬ i L)open ⫽ 0
Design Con-
siderations Vs DT Vo (1 ⫺ D)T
(b) ⫹ ⫽0
The Boost L L
converter
The Buck Solving for Vo ,

+ + +
Vo ⫽ ⫺Vs a b
Boost D
Converter Vs vL = Vo Vo
- - - 1⫺D
(c)

iD
+ +
iC
+
The DC/DC
converter:
- -
(⌬ i L)open ⫽
Switching L
Power (a)
DC Choppers
Buck Step + + +
Converter
- - - ( ⌬ i L)closed ⫹ (⌬ i L)open ⫽ 0
Design Con-
(b) ⫹ ⫽0
The Boost L L
converter

+ + +
Vo ⫽ ⫺Vs a b
Boost D
- - - 1⫺D
(c)

iD
+ +
iC
+
The DC/DC
converter:
- -
(⌬ i L)open ⫽
Switching L
Power (a)
DC Choppers
Buck Step + + +
Converter
- - - ( ⌬ i L)closed ⫹ (⌬ i L)open ⫽ 0
Design Con-
(b) ⫹ ⫽0
The Boost L L
converter

+ + +
Vo ⫽ ⫺Vs a b
Boost D
- - - 1⫺D
(c)

iD
iC
+ + +
The DC/DC
converter:
Vs iL vL Vo The required duty ratio for specified
- -
Introduction - input and output voltages can be
Switching expressed as
Power (a)
Supplies : | Vo |
DC Choppers
D
Vs | Vo |
Buck Step + + +
Down
Converter
Vs iL vL = Vs Vo The average inductor voltage is zero
- - -
for periodic operation, resulting in
Design Con-
siderations VL Vs D Vo (1 D) 0
(b)
The Boost
converter Solving for Vo also yields,
Vo ⫽ ⫺Vs a b
The Buck
D
+ + +
Boost 1⫺D
- - -
(c)

iD
iC
+ + +
The DC/DC
converter:
- -
Power (a)
Supplies : | Vo |
DC Choppers
D
Vs | Vo |
Buck Step + + +
Down
Converter
- - -
Design Con-
(b)
The Boost
Vo ⫽ ⫺Vs a b
The Buck
D
+ + +
Boost 1⫺D
- - -
(c)

iD
iC
+ + +
The DC/DC
converter:
- -
Power (a)
Supplies : | Vo |
DC Choppers
D
Vs | Vo |
Buck Step + + +
Down
Converter
- - -
Design Con-
(b)
The Boost
Vo ⫽ ⫺Vs a b
The Buck
D
+ + +
Boost 1⫺D
- - -
(c)

We have seen that, with the switch

on, the inductor current increases
The DC/DC
converter: while the diode is maintained off.
Introduction
Switching When the switch is turned off, the

Power
Supplies :
diode provides a path for the inductor
DC Choppers current.
Buck Step
Down Note the polarity of the diode that
Converter
results in its current being drawn from
Design Con-
siderations
the output.
The Boost
converter
The buck-boost converter waveforms
The Buck
are depicted in Fig. (b).
Boost
Converter The condition of a zero volt-second
product for the inductor in steady
state yields


The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
Supplies :
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
the output.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
state yields


The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
Supplies :
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
the output.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
state yields


The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
Supplies :
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
the output.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
state yields


The DC/DC
Introduction

Power
Supplies :
Buck Step
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
the output.
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
state yields

The Buck Boost Converter: Continuous
Conduction Mode
The output voltage has opposite polarity from the
The DC/DC
source voltage.
converter:
Introduction Output voltage magnitude of the buck-boost converter
Switching can be less than that of the source or greater than the
Power
Supplies : source, depending on the duty ratio of the switch.
DC Choppers
Buck Step
If D = 0.5, the output voltage is larger than the input;
Down
Converter
and if D < 0.5, the out-put is smaller than the input.
Design Con- Therefore, this circuit combines the capabilities of the
siderations
The Boost
buck and boost converters.
converter
Polarity reversal on the output may be a disadvantage
The Buck
Boost in some applications, however.
Converter
Note that the source is never connected directly to the
load in the buck-boost converter.

Conduction Mode
The DC/DC
source voltage.
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Converter

Conduction Mode
The DC/DC
source voltage.
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Converter

Conduction Mode
The DC/DC
source voltage.
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Converter

Conduction Mode
The DC/DC
source voltage.
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Converter

Conduction Mode
The DC/DC
source voltage.
converter:
Power
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Converter

Conduction Mode
Energy is stored in the inductor when the switch is
closed and transferred to the load when the switch is
The DC/DC
converter: open.
Introduction
Switching
Hence, the buck-boost converter is also referred to as
Power an indirect converter.
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Power absorbed by the load must be the same as that
Buck Step
Down supplied by the source, where 2
Converter Vo
Po ⫽
Design Con- R
siderations
The Boost
Ps ⫽ Vs I s
converter
V o2
The Buck ⫽ Vs I s
Boost R
Converter

Conduction Mode
The DC/DC
converter: open.
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter Vo
Po ⫽
Design Con- R
siderations
The Boost
Ps ⫽ Vs I s
converter
V o2
The Buck ⫽ Vs I s
Boost R
Converter

Conduction Mode
The DC/DC
converter: open.
Introduction
Switching
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Converter Vo
Po ⫽
Design Con- R
siderations
The Boost
Ps ⫽ Vs I s
converter
V o2
The Buck ⫽ Vs I s
Boost R
Converter

Conduction Mode
Average source current is related to average inductor
current by
The DC/DC Is ⫽ IL D
converter: resulting in
Introduction V o2
Switching
⫽ Vs I L D
Power
R
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Substituting for Vo using and solving for IL , we find
V o2 Po Vs D
Buck Step IL ⫽ ⫽ ⫽
Down Vs RD Vs D R(1 ⫺ D)2
Converter
Maximum and minimum inductor currents are
Design Con-
siderations determined
⌬ iL Vs D V DT
The Boost Imax ⫽ IL ⫹ ⫽ ⫹ s
converter 2 R(1 ⫺ D)2 2L
The Buck
Boost ⌬ iL Vs D Vs DT
Converter Imin ⫽ IL ⫺ ⫽ 2⫺
2 R(1 ⫺ D) 2L
For continuous current, the inductor current must
remain positive.
Conduction Mode
current by
Introduction V o2
Switching
⫽ Vs I L D
Power
R
Supplies :
DC Choppers
V o2 Po Vs D
Converter
Design Con-
⌬ iL Vs D V DT
The Buck
2 R(1 ⫺ D) 2L
remain positive.
Conduction Mode
current by
Introduction V o2
Switching
⫽ Vs I L D
Power
R
Supplies :
DC Choppers
V o2 Po Vs D
Converter
Design Con-
⌬ iL Vs D V DT
The Buck
2 R(1 ⫺ D) 2L
remain positive.
Conduction Mode
current by
Introduction V o2
Switching
⫽ Vs I L D
Power
R
Supplies :
DC Choppers
V o2 Po Vs D
Converter
Design Con-
⌬ iL Vs D V DT
The Buck
2 R(1 ⫺ D) 2L
remain positive.
Conduction Mode
To determine the boundary between continuous and
discontinuous current mode, Imin is set to zero, resulting
The DC/DC
converter: in (1 ⫺ D)2 R
Introduction (Lf )min ⫽
Switching
2
Power
Supplies :
Such that (1 ⫺ D)2R
DC Choppers L min ⫽
2f
Buck Step
Down where f is the switching frequency.
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Conduction Mode
To determine the boundary between continuous and
discontinuous current mode, Imin is set to zero, resulting
The DC/DC
converter: in (1 ⫺ D)2 R
Introduction (Lf )min ⫽
Switching
2
Power
Supplies :
Such that (1 ⫺ D)2R
DC Choppers L min ⫽
2f
Buck Step
Down where f is the switching frequency.
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

Conduction Mode
In the continuous current mode we have:
The DC/DC vL
converter:
Introduction
Switching
t
Power id
Supplies :
DC Choppers + ton toff
Buck Step
Down Ts
_ iL
Converter +
Vd iL
= +
Design Con- vL C vo R
siderations L
_ _
+
t
The Boost io vsw
converter
The Buck Vo D I o = (1 − D) I L
Boost
=
Vd 1 − D
Converter I d = DI L t
Figure 27: The Buck Boost Converter: Continuous Conduction

Mode.

The Buck Boost Converter: Boundary
Between CCM and DCM
Relationship between currents at the boundary.
The DC/DC
converter: TsV o
Introduction V0=constant I LB = (1 − D)
2L
iL T s Vo
Switching I oB = (1 − D) I LB = 2L (1 − D 2 )
Power
Supplies : IL=ILB
DC Choppers
t
Buck Step
Down vL
Converter
Design Con- A Vd
siderations t
The Boost
B -Vo
converter
ton toff
Area A =
The Buck
Area B
Boost Ts Undeland, Power Electronics
Converter
Figure 28: The Buck Boost Converter: Boundary Between CCM
and DCM.

The Buck Boost Converter: DCM
The red line shows the boundary between CCM and

The DC/DC
DCM.
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
Supplies : I oB,max =
TsV0 • Boundary
2L
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down • CCM
Converter
Design Con-
siderations
The Boost
• DCM
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter
Figure 29: The Buck Boost Converter: Boundary between CCM

and DCM.

The Buck Boost Converter: DCM
At the boundary between CCM and DCM

The DC/DC
converter: vL
Introduction
Switching
Power id t
Supplies :
DC Choppers + Ts
Buck Step
Down ton ∆1Ts ∆ 2Ts
_
Converter + iL
Vd iL
Design Con- vL C vo
siderations L
_ _
+
= +
The Boost io t
converter
vsw
The Buck Vo D I o ∆1
Boost = = ( no losses)
Converter Vd ∆1 Id D
t
Figure 30: The Buck Boost Converter: DCM.

The Buck Boost Converter: Output Voltage
Ripple
At the boundary between CCM and DCM (IL = 0)
The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction iC Area Q1 =
Switching Area Q2
Q2
Power
Supplies :
DC Choppers Q1 t For CCM
-Io
Buck Step ton toff ∆Q1 I o DTs
Down ∆V o= =
Converter C C
∆V o DTs DTs
Design Con- vo => = =
siderations
Vo RC τ RC
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter t
Figure 31: The Buck Boost Converter: Boundary between CCM
and DCM.

Ripple
The output voltage ripple for the buck-boost converter
is computed from the capacitor current waveform of
The DC/DC Fig. 31.
ƒ ⌬Q ƒ ⫽ a bDT ⫽ C⌬ Vo
converter: Vo
Introduction
R
Switching
Power Such that Vo
Supplies :
DC Choppers OR
Buck Step
Down
Converter
As is the case with other converters, the equivalent
Design Con-
series resistance of the capacitor can contribute
siderations significantly to the output ripple voltage.
The Boost
converter The peak-to-peak variation in capacitor current is the
The Buck same as the maximum inductor current.
Boost
Converter

Ripple
The DC/DC Fig. 31.
converter: Vo
Introduction
R
Switching
Power Such that Vo
Supplies : Vo DT Vo D
DC Choppers ⌬ Vo ⫽ ⫽
RC RCf
Buck Step
Down OR ⌬Vo D
Converter ⫽
Vo RCf
Design Con-
siderations As is the case with other converters, the equivalent
The Boost
converter
The Buck significantly to the output ripple voltage.
Boost
Converter The peak-to-peak variation in capacitor current is the
same as the maximum inductor current.

Ripple
The DC/DC Fig. 31.
converter: Vo
Introduction
R
Switching
Power Such that Vo
RC RCf
Buck Step
Down OR ⌬Vo D
Converter ⫽
Vo RCf
Design Con-
The Boost
converter
Boost

Ripple
The DC/DC Fig. 31.
converter: Vo
Introduction
R
Switching
Power Such that Vo
RC RCf
Buck Step
Down OR ⌬Vo D
Converter ⫽
Vo RCf
Design Con-
The Boost
converter
Boost
⌬ Vo,ESR ⫽ ⌬ i C rC ⫽ IL, max rC

The DC/DC
converter:
Introduction
Switching
Power
End of lecture.
Supplies :
DC Choppers
Buck Step
Down
Converter
Design Con-
Questions ?
siderations
The Boost
converter
The Buck
Boost
Converter

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Power Electronics

Dr. T. Marisa <tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw>

Department of Electrical Engineering

Buck Step 3 Buck Step Down Converter

Design Con- 4 Design Considerations

EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -2- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -7- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -7- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -7- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -7- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -8- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -8- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -8- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -8- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -9- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -9- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -9- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -9- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -9- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -9- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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EE420 Dept. of Electrical Engineering -9- T. Marisa | tmarisa@eng.uz.ac.zw

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