Formulas and Equations of Straight Lines

Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
MODULE 3: THE STRAIGHT LINE

Introduction
In this module, we will learn about the basic formulas and the equation of a line.
Topics / Key Concepts
3.1 Angle Between Two Lines

3.2 Division of a Line Segment
3.3 Forming Equation of a Line
- Parallel Lines
- Perpendicular Lines
Basic Formulas
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
Directed distance from a line to a point : d = , the directed distance from the slant
± √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
line Ax + By + C = 0 to the point P1 ( x1 , y1 ), where the denominator is given the sign of B . The
distance is positive if the point P1 is above the line, and negative if P1 is below the line.
The Straight Line
MATHEMATICS MODULE II 1st sem 2020 – 2021 NOT FOR SALE. EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY.
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Simple recall on definition:
Equilateral ∆ - all sides ≅
Parallelogram – two pairs of opposite sides are ≅ and parallel
Square – all sides are ≅ ; has four right angles ; diagonals are ≅
Rectangle – two pairs of opposite sides are ≅ and parallel ; has four right angles
Median of the triangle – a line segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
Centroid – the point of intersection of the medians

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
x = and y =
3 3
AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
Example : Determine the area of the triangle bounded by the straight lines x + 2y = 7 ,
3x ̶ 4y = 1 , and 2x ̶ y + 6 = 0 .
Solution: Solve each pair of equations simultaneously to find the coordinates of the three vertices.
x + 2y = 7
3x ̶ 4y = 1 x = 3 , y = 2
x + 2y = 7
2x ̶ y = ̶ 6 x = ̶ 1, y = 4
3x ̶ 4y = 1
2x ̶ y = ̶ 6 x = ̶ 5 , y = ̶ 4
1 3 ̶1 ̶5 3
A = | |
2 2 4 ̶4 2
1
A = ( 12 + 4 – 10 + 2 + 20 + 12 ) = 20 sq. units
2
Angle Between Two Lines
Two intersecting lines form two pairs of equal angles, and an angle of one pair is the supplement
of an angle of the other pair.
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If 𝝓 is an angle, measured counterclockwise, between two lines, then

𝒎𝟐 ̶ 𝒎𝟏
tan 𝝓 =
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
where 𝒎𝟐 is the slope of the terminal side, and 𝒎𝟏 is the slope of the initial side
Two slant lines are perpendicular, if and only if, the slope of one is the negative reciprocal of the slope
of the other.
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Perpendicularity of two lines occurs, if one line is parallel to the x-axis, and the other is parallel
to the y-axis. The slope of the line parallel to the x-axis is zero , but the line parallel to the y-axis does
not possess slope.
Example : Given vertices A( 3 , ̶ 2 ) , B( ̶ 5 , 8 ) , and C( 4 , 5 ). Find the measures each angle in ∆ ABC .
Solution: Step 1. Find the slope of each side
𝒎𝟐 ̶ 𝒎𝟏
Step 2. Substitute to tan 𝝓 =
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
̶ 5
̶ 7 33
4
tan A = 5 = A = 46˚47ʹ23.68ʺ
1+ ( ̶ )(7) 31
4
̶ 1 5
̶ ( ̶ 4) 11
3
tan B = 1 5 = B = 32˚54ʹ18.87ʺ
1 + ( ̶ 3) ( ̶ 4 ) 17
1
7 ̶ ( ̶ ) 22
3
tan C = 1 = C = 100˚18ʹ17.45ʺ
1+ (7)( ̶ 3 ) ̶ 4
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DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT
Let P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 ) be the extremities of a line segment, and let P( x , y ) be the

midpoint of P1 P2 . From similar triangles, we have
𝑃1 𝑃 𝑃1 𝑀 𝑀𝑃 1
= = =
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑁 𝑁𝑃2 2
hence
𝑃1 𝑀 𝑥 ̶ 𝑥1 1 𝑀𝑃 𝑦 ̶ 𝑦1 1
= = and = =
𝑃1 𝑁 𝑥2 ̶ 𝑥1 2 𝑁𝑃2 𝑦2 ̶ 𝑦1 2
solving for x and y gives

𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
x = , y =
𝟐 𝟐
The abscissa of the midpoint of a line segment is half the sum of the abscissas of the
endpoints; the ordinate is half the sum of the ordinates.
𝑃1 𝑃 𝑥 ̶ 𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑃 𝑦 ̶ 𝑦1
= = r and = = r
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑥2 ̶ 𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑦2 ̶ 𝑦1
solving for x and y gives

x = 𝒙𝟏 + r ( 𝒙𝟐 ̶ 𝒙𝟏 ) , y = 𝒚 𝟏 + r ( 𝒚 𝟐 ̶ 𝒚𝟏 ) note: 0 < r < 1
Example 1. The points P1 ( ̶ 4 , 3 ) and P2 ( 2 , 7 ) determine a line segment. Find :
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(a) the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment

(b) the coordinates of the trisection point nearer P2
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Example 3 : The points A( 2 , ̶ 4 ) , B( 8 , 4 ) , and C( 0 , 6 ) are vertices of a triangle. Find the

coordinates of the point on each median which is two-thirds of the way from the vertex to the midpoint
of the opposite side.
Solution: The triangle and the coordinates of the midpoints of the sides.
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2
Using r = , we get for the medians AD , BE , and CF , respectively
3
2 10 2
x = 2 + (4 ̶ 2)= y = ̶ 4 + ( 5+4)= 2
3 3 3
2 10 2
x = 8 + (1 ̶ 8)= y = 4 + ( 1 ̶ 4)= 2
3 3 3
2 10 2
x = 0 + (5 ̶ 0)= y = 6 + ( 0 ̶ 6)= 2
3 3 3
10
Therefore the medians are concurrent at the point ( , 2).
3
Equation of a Line
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Example : A line with slope 2 passes through the point ( ̶ 3 , 4 ). Find the equation of the line in general
form.
Solution : let m = 2 , x = ̶ 3 , y = 4
By substitution : y = mx + b
4 = 2 ( ̶ 3) + b
10 = b
∴ y = 2x + 10 , in general form : 2x ̶ y + 10 = 0
Example : Write in slope-intercept form. A line with slope ̶ 3 and y-intercept 4 .
Solution : y = mx + b
slope-intercept form: y = ̶ 3x + 4
Example : Express the equation 4x – 3y – 11 = 0 in the slope-intercept form.
Solution : 4x – 3y – 11 = 0
̶ 3y = ̶ 4x + 11
𝟒 𝟏𝟏
slope-intercept form: Y = x ̶
𝟑 𝟑
Example : A line whose x intercept is 3 , and whose y intercept is ̶ 5 . Write the equation in general
form.
𝑥 𝑦
Solution : use the intercept form + = 1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
by substitution + = 1 then multiply the equation by its LCD 15
3 −5
5x ̶ 3y = 15
general form : 5x ̶ 3y ̶ 15 = 0
Example : Write the equation 4x – 9y = ̶ 36 in the intercept form.
Solution : 4x – 9y = ̶ 36 divide the equation by ̶ 36

𝒙 𝒚
+ = 1
−𝟗 𝟒
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Example : Given points A( 3 , ̶ 1 ) and B( ̶ 4 , 5 ) . Write the equation in general form.
Solution : let x1 = 3 , y1 = ̶ 1 , x2 = ̶ 4 , y2 = 5
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
y ̶ y1 = ( x ̶ x1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
5 − ( −1)
by substitution y ̶ ( ̶ 1)= (x–3)
−4− 3
6
y + 1 = (x–3)
−7
̶ 7 (y+1) = 6(x ̶ 3)
̶ 7y ̶ 7 = 6x – 18
0 = 6x + 7y ̶ 11
Learning Task I
A. Reduce each equation to the slope-intercept form.

1) 4x – y = 12
2) x + y + 4 = 0
3) 3x – 4y = 12
4) x + 7y = 11
5) 7x + 3y + 6 = 0
6) 8x + 3y = 4
7) m = 3 , b = ̶ 4
8) m = ̶ 4 , b = 5
𝟐
9) m = , b = ̶ 2
𝟑
10) m = 0 , b = 7
B. Write the equation of the line in general form.

11) A( 3 , 1 ) , m =2
𝟐
12) A( ̶ 2 , 0 ) , m = 𝟑
𝟏
13) A( ̶ 3 , ̶ 6 ) , m = ̶ 𝟐
14) A( 0 , 3 ) , m =0
𝟖
15) A( 0 , 0 ) , m = ̶ 𝟑
16) A( ̶ 3 , 4) , B( 2 , ̶ 2 )
17) A( 0, 2 ) , B( 4 , ̶ 6 )
18) A( 3 , ̶ 2) , B( 3 , 7 )
𝟐 𝟏
19) A( 5 , ̶ 𝟑 ) , B( 𝟐 , ̶ 2)
20) A( ̶ 6 , ̶ 1) , B( 4 , ̶ 1)
The equation of a straight line may be expressed in several different forms such that each form exhibits
certain geometric properties of the line. As we have seen, the slope-intercept form brings into focus the
slope and y intercept, and the point-slope form brings into focus the slope and a point of the line. Now ,
we shall derive two additional forms, each having its advantages in certain situations.
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𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑦 − 𝑦1
Recall : slope = m = = 𝑥2 − where 𝑥2 ≠ 𝑥1
𝒓𝒖𝒏 2 𝑥1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
y ̶ y1 = ( x ̶ x1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
y ̶ y1 = m ( x ̶ x 1 )
We first introduce an alternative form for the point-slope equation. To obtain this form, we substitute
̶ ( A/B) for m , and we have
𝐴
y ̶ y1 = ̶ ( x ̶ x1 )
𝐵
simplifying, we will have
Ax + By = Ax1 + By1
2
Example : Find the equation of the line of slope 5
and passing through the point ( ̶ 3 , 4 ).
2 𝐴
Solution : slope = m = = ̶ ( 𝐵 ) , then A = 2 and B = ̶ 5 ; x1 = ̶ 3 , y1 = 4
5
by substitution 2x – 5y = 2 ( ̶ 3) ̶ 5 (4) = ̶ 26
2x – 5y – 26 = 0
Condition for Parallel Lines : m1 = m2

Condition for Perpendicular Lines : m1 m2 = ̶ 1
Example : The ends of a line segment are at C ( 7 , ̶ 2 ) and D ( 1 , 6 ). Find the equation of the
perpendicular bisector of the segment CD.
Solution : let x1 = 7 , y1 = ̶ 2 , x2 = 1 , y2 = 6
𝑦 − 𝑦 6+2 8 4 3
I. Find the slope : 𝑚𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 1−7 = − 6 = ̶ 3
note : 𝑚⊥𝐶𝐷 = 4
2 1
7+1 −2+6
II. Find the midpoint : ( , )= (4,2)
2 2
3 𝐴
III. To find the perpendicular bisector of CD, the slope will be = ̶ ( ) and passes through the
4 𝐵
midpoint ( 4 , 2 ) . Let A = 3 , B = ̶ 4 , x1 = 4 , y1 = 2 , we have
Ax + By = Ax1 + By1
3x ̶ 4y = 3 ( 4 ) – 4 ( 2 ) = 4
∴ ⊥ bisector of CD : 3x ̶ 4y = 4 or 3x – 4y ̶ 4 = 0
Example : Find the equation of the line through the point ( 2 , ̶ 3) and perpendicular to the line defined
by the equation 4x + 5y + 7 = 0 .
Solution : 5x – 4y = 5 (2) – 4 ( ̶ 3 ) = 22
5x – 4y = 22 or 5x ̶ 4y ̶ 22 = 0
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Example : Find the equations of two lines through A, one parallel and the other perpendicular to the line
defined by the given equation 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 ; A( 4 , 1 )
Solution 1. For parallel : Ax + By = D1 For perpendicular : Bx ̶ Ay = D2
Let A = 2 , B = ̶ 3 , x = 4 , y = 1
By substitution, 2(4) + ( ̶ 3)(1) = D1 By substitution, ( ̶ 3)(4) ̶ 2(1) = D2

5 = D1 ̶ 14 = D2
The equation is 2x ̶ 3y = 5 The equation is ( ̶ 3x ̶ 2y = ̶ 14 ) ( ̶ 1)
Or 2x ̶ 3y ̶ 5 = 0 3x + 2y – 14 = 0
Solution 2. Given equation 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 ; A( 4 , 1 )

Step 1. Find the slope : Step 1. Condition for perpendicular line
2 4 2 3
y= 3x + 3 ; m= 3 m= ̶ 2
Step 2. Solve for y intercept Step 2. Solve for y intercept
y = mx + b y = mx + b
2 −3
[ 1 = ( )(4) + b ] (3) 1 = ( )(4) + b
3 2
3 = 8 + 3b 1 = ̶ 6 + b
𝟓
̶ 𝟑 = b 7= b
Step 3. The parallel line is Step 3. The perpendicular line is
y = mx + b y = mx + b
2 5 −3
[ y = ( 3) x ̶ 3 ] (3) [ y = ( 2 ) x + 7 ] (2)
3y = 2x ̶ 5 2y = ̶ 3x + 14
0 = 2x ̶ 3y ̶ 5 3x + 2y – 14 = 0
Learning Task II
A. In general form, write the equation of the line through the point A with the slope m.
𝟐
1) A ( 1 , 4 ) , m =
𝟑
−𝟓
2) A ( ̶ 4 , 0 ) , m =
𝟑
−𝟕
3) A ( ̶ 6 , ̶ 1) , m = 𝟗
B. In general form, write the equation of the line with x intercept a and y intercept b .
4) a = 2 , b =3
5) a = ̶ 3 , b = 4
6) a = ̶ 4 , b = ̶ 4
𝟒 𝟏
7) a = 𝟓 , b = 𝟐
C. Express in intercept form .

8) x – 4y = 8
9) 9y = 4x + 36
10) 2x = 5y + 9
𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝟓
11) 𝟑 ̶ 𝟐 = 𝟔
𝟑𝒙 𝟓𝒚 𝟑
12) + =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
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D. In general form, find the equations of two lines through A , one parallel and the other
perpendicular to the line defined by the given equation.
13) A( ̶ 1, 2 ) , 2x – y = 0
14) A( 2 , ̶ 3 ) , 8x – y = 0
15) A( 0 , 6 ) , 2x – 2y = 1
16) A( 7 , 0 ) , 9x + y – 3 = 0
17) A( ̶ 4 , 0 ) , 4x + 3Y = 2
18) A( ̶ 1 , 1 ) , y = 1
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
Directed distance from a line to a point : d = , the directed distance from the slant
± √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
line Ax + By + C = 0 to the point P1 ( x1 , y1 ), where the denominator is given the sign of B . The
distance is positive if the point P1 is above the line, and negative if P1 is below the line.
Example : Find the distance from the line 5x = 12y + 26 to the points P1 ( 3 , ̶ 5 ) , P2 ( ̶ 4 , 1 ) , and
P3 ( 9 , 0 ) .
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FAMILIES OF LINES
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Learning Task III
A. Find the directed distance from the line to the point.
1) 12x + 5y + 5 = 0 ; A( 2 , ̶ 1 )
2) 3x – 4y – 16 = 0 ; A( ̶ 4 , 6 )
3) x – y + 3 = 0 ; A( 4 , 5 )
4) x + 4 = 0 ; A( ̶ 1 , ̶ 5 )
B. Find the distance between the two parallel lines.
5) 4x – 3y – 9 = 0
4x – 3y – 24 = 0
6) 15x – 8y – 34 = 0
15x – 8y + 51 = 0
7) 10x – 24y = 117
5x – 12y = ̶ 52
C. Find the equation of the line which passes through the intersection of the given pair of lines and
satisfies the other given condition.
8) 5x + 3y + 2 = 0 and x – y + 2 = 0 ; passes through ( ̶ 2 , ̶ 4 )
9) 2x – y – 5 = 0 and x + y – 4 = 0 ; passes through ( 0 , 0 )
10) 2x – y – 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0 ; the intercepts are equal
11) x – 11y = 0 and 3x + y – 5 = 0 ; a vertical line
References:
• Spiegel, Murray R. ; Moyer, Robert E. ; SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF COLLEGE ALGEBRA 3rd Edition.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2006
• Alferez, Merle ; Duro, Ma.Cecilia ; MSA ADVANCED ALGEBRA with TRIGONOMETRY. GERPRESS
PRINTING, 2002
• Leithold, Louis; THE CALCULUS 7 . HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 1996
• Fuller, Gordon; Tarwarter, Dalton; Analytic Geometry. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1992
• Soto , Soto , Vicencio ; INTEGRATED MATHEMATICS . Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 1990
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Formulas and Equations of Straight Lines

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Republic of the Philippines

MODULE 3: THE STRAIGHT LINE

Topics / Key Concepts

3.1 Angle Between Two Lines

The Straight Line

Simple recall on definition:

Equilateral ∆ - all sides ≅

Parallelogram – two pairs of opposite sides are ≅ and parallel

Centroid – the point of intersection of the medians

AREA OF THE TRIANGLE

Angle Between Two Lines

If 𝝓 is an angle, measured counterclockwise, between two lines, then

Solution: Step 1. Find the slope of each side

DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT

Let P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 ) be the extremities of a line segment, and let P( x , y ) be the

solving for x and y gives

solving for x and y gives

Example 1. The points P1 ( ̶ 4 , 3 ) and P2 ( 2 , 7 ) determine a line segment. Find :

(a) the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment

Example 3 : The points A( 2 , ̶ 4 ) , B( 8 , 4 ) , and C( 0 , 6 ) are vertices of a triangle. Find the

Example : Write in slope-intercept form. A line with slope ̶ 3 and y-intercept 4 .

Example : Express the equation 4x – 3y – 11 = 0 in the slope-intercept form.

Example : Write the equation 4x – 9y = ̶ 36 in the intercept form.

Solution : 4x – 9y = ̶ 36 divide the equation by ̶ 36

Example : Given points A( 3 , ̶ 1 ) and B( ̶ 4 , 5 ) . Write the equation in general form.

A. Reduce each equation to the slope-intercept form.

B. Write the equation of the line in general form.

simplifying, we will have

Condition for Parallel Lines : m1 = m2

By substitution, 2(4) + ( ̶ 3)(1) = D1 By substitution, ( ̶ 3)(4) ̶ 2(1) = D2

Solution 2. Given equation 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 ; A( 4 , 1 )

C. Express in intercept form .

Learning Task III

A. Find the directed distance from the line to the point.

B. Find the distance between the two parallel lines.

7) 10x – 24y = 117

8) 5x + 3y + 2 = 0 and x – y + 2 = 0 ; passes through ( ̶ 2 , ̶ 4 )

9) 2x – y – 5 = 0 and x + y – 4 = 0 ; passes through ( 0 , 0 )

10) 2x – y – 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0 ; the intercepts are equal

11) x – 11y = 0 and 3x + y – 5 = 0 ; a vertical line

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