What Causes Turbo Failure & The

Symptoms You Should Be Looking Out For

July 25, 2019 at 9:10 AM

A turbocharger, also known as a turbo, is an additional system used by car manufacturers to

boost engine power. Turbos are commonly used to deliver the same level of power in smaller
cars that's usually found in larger cars.

Almost all manufacturers now offer a turbocharged model in their line-up. It means they can
provide smaller engines that produce the same power output while also increasing fuel
efficiency. For example, Ford have replaced their old 1.6-litre petrol engine with the new 1.0-
litre turbo EcoBoost unit.

How Does A Turbo Work?

In order for a car engine to produce power that drives the wheels, it combines fuel and air.
Turbos add more air into the mixture by using the exhaust to spin an air pump (or compressor).

The air pump then pushes extra air into the engine's cylinders, allowing them to burn more fuel
per second, and produce more power than a normally-aspirated unit.

Turbos run at incredibly high speeds (up to 250,000rpm) which means they operate under huge
pressures and temperatures. Typically, a turbocharger will be paired with cooling systems to cool
the oil and hot air.

Turbo Failure Symptoms

There are a number of signs you can look out for to tell if your turbocharger has blown:

POWER LOSS

If you notice that your car isn't accelerating as powerfully as it used to, or is slow to react to your
input, this might be a sign that your turbo is failing.

Similarly, a turbocharged car that struggles to maintain high speeds or isn't able to reach
speeds it once could may be experiencing turbo failure.

WHINING ENGINE

One of the unexpected advantages of a turbocharger is that it actually makes the engine quieter
because it muffles the sound of air intake.
However, if you start to hear a loud, whining noise - a bit like a dentist's drill or police siren - it's
a potential symptom of turbo failure.

As the fault gets more serious, the noise will get worse. If you notice a whining from your
engine, you should get a professional mechanic to have a look at your car.

EXHAUST SMOKE

When oil leaks into the exhaust system, it produces a distinctive blue/grey smoke as it burns off.
This could be caused by a crack in the turbo housing or damaged internal seals.

If this symptom is caused by the turbocharger, you're more likely to see these discoloured fumes
as the engine revs increase shortly after idling.

CHECK ENGINE LIGHT

The computer diagnostics on most modern cars are able to pick up turbo faults and the check
engine light will appear on the dashboard to notify the driver.

However, the check engine light doesn't solely indicate turbo failure - you will need a
professional mechanic to perform further checks to diagnose the exact nature of the engine
problem.

What Causes Turbo Failure?

Turbochargers are extremely reliable. In fact, less than 1% of warranty inspections find a fault
with the turbo itself; instead, blown turbos are normally the result of problems with engine
lubrication or the introduction of foreign objects.

OIL/LUBRICATION

Engine oil is essentially the life blood of your car. It works to lubricate key moving parts, protect
them from corrosion and keep them cool while in use.

In terms of the turbocharger, it needs a constant flow of clean, quality oil. A lack of oil (oil
starvation), incorrect grade of oil or poor quality oil will lead to a build up of contaminants in the
engine (oil contamination). This can cause abrasive damage to the inside of the turbo.

It's important that the engine oil and oil filter are both replaced at the manufacturer's
recommended intervals.

DAMAGED SEALS

If the seals between the compressor and the engine become worn or cracked, oil will leak into the
exhaust system. As a result, the turbo has to work harder to increase air pressure.
This problem is also known as over-speeding. Ultimately, it will reduce the efficiency and the
boost delivered by the turbo.

FOREIGN OBJECTS/DEPOSITS

A turbocharger is essentially made of two fundamental components: the compressor at the front
and the turbine at the back. Sometimes, foreign objects such as dust particles, dirt, leaves and
small stones can enter the turbo, either via the compressor inlet or turbine inlet.

If the foreign object enters the compressor housing, it often comes from the air filter. In contrast,
if the foreign object causes damage to the turbine, the problem usually originates from the engine
itself.

The efficiency of the turbo will be reduced if foreign objects start to damage the compressor
wheels or turbine blades. To prevent this happening, your air filter should be serviced and
replaced regularly. You should also check your turbo for debris.

WEAR & TEAR

Turbos are designed to last the lifetime of the vehicle (or around 150,000 miles); however, it's
possible for them to wear out over time depending on how hard you drive the car and the original
build quality of the turbo.