,.

GAS TECHNOLOGY

on pyk-(1.mdative (k
Production Curves
J.’ t!, BRUNS
MEMBE;: AIME
PHILLIPS PETROLEUM CO.
M. J. FET~OVICH
&ARTIESVlllE, OKLAc
JUNIOR MEAIBER AfME
V, C, MEITZEN

Abstract t’ormed in which a typied gm ticid was produced suhjcct

The rvla![aa.rhip between p/z mu! cumulative ~ra.vpto-
ductim for typical gas reservcdrs was studied by calcu-
lating pt’essure response to various Inodef 0! gas proriuc-
Iion and waler encroach}nent. Water etrcroachment nA-
mis ccmsidered were Schilthais, Hor,st simplified and van
E\~erciitlgc’tl-Hllrst.In the mitilod, the assumptions normal-
ly tttade in water efrcroachntent crrlcalations were accepted.
Normally, pressures are measured and the gas reserves
cinti water cncroaci~ment found implicitly. Conversely, in
this work various encrortciunent, factors, reserves and res-
c>rvoir-aquifer .qcometry wet-e a.s.wuuecianti tile pressures
.soivec!implicitly.
The results SIICWthe spectrum of p/z shapes that can
i~c expected for real reserwirs, With nortnai encrottch-
nwnt rates fot- cit)sed aquifers the p/z chart exhibits the
typical infiectir.y rtt early titnes. This has sometimes been
interpreted as all measurement error. IWese studies have
shown that a new iook shotdd be taken at interpretation.
!t is rather tiangerws to extrgpolatc “straight-iine” p~z
cilarls i} ettcro(ichnlent front ml aquijw is ,suspectc[i.
Introduction
A common method of predicting gas reserves is the
graphical solution to the gas m~terial balance equation.
A special case of th. material balance equation is linear
in p/z with cumulative gas production (Gp) which pre-
dicts the initial in-place gas when p/z is extrapolated to
zero. Derivation of this form is based on the equation of
state, corrected for compressibility (pV = znRT), a@
particul~rly, on the reservoir being closed (no water en-
croachment), A straight line on the p/z chart results when
these conditions hold. However, an apparent straight line
on the chart does not assure that the reservoir is closed.
Many’ of the curves show a rapid decline in the early stages
to various forms of water encro~chment. These runs were
specifically designed to eiimiruite measurement errors hy
calculating pressures at the inner boundary of the aquifer.
The resuitant p/z charts were thus made uvailable for study
and direction in predicting reserves and to indicate the
curvature that can be expected in additicm to that caLIwf
by normai measurement error.
Solution of the Basic Equation for P/=
The basic equation solved for i) and p/z is derived in ‘
Appendix A, his
K. S[p.t)
G,,=G,+~z~;,. , . . . . . . (i)
G,, and G,. are the apparent and real values of original gas
in place and are derived by assuming a closed reservoir
for G., and one open t~ an aquifer for G., The function
S(p,r) is defined by three nlethods—Schilthuis. Hurst
simplified or van Everdingen-Hurst,’ ‘ The definitions. of’
these functions are given in Appendix B.
Eq. 1 is the iinear function that is commonly piottwl
(G. vs S(p,t) /B –B, ) with the intercept predicting the
original gas in place and slope predicting the water en-
croachment factor.”” This is- a graphicai solution of Eq.
1 when histories on pressure and cumulative productions
are known, In some cases the equation has been rear-
ranged so a plot can be made such that the encroach-
ment factor is predicted by the intercept and the reserve
by the slope.’
In the calculations presented in this paper, in-place
values, water encroachment factors, rock fluid properties,
and cumulative production were set. Eq. I was solved
implicitly for p/z.
‘i’heequivrdent of Eq; 1 internmofp/zis

~ z,
T~.,
“.
.
of production after which they flatten out. Confusion arises-
~.. to.wh~ther these characteristics are Causecitotaliy bY G,-–Gp
pressure measurements. To answer this question in part,
a series of controlled mathematical experiments was pcr-
-—
Orisrinst, msnus.wirk
—.
received In Society of Petroleum
Juty 1S, 19S4, Rev18dm&nusc1.ipt received IW,
‘Er)ginecrs 01TIcIc2
Z 1966. PaPer rlresentd
at SP ES!lth Anmml lldl Meetinu hetd In Houston, kcx,, Oct. 11-14, IWX.
—..—.
piz = +
8
. -. . -——
8Rerermw%xiven
“[ 1’ ‘ - T., p, K,s(p,t)
-... —.-. .
w end nf WIIW,
,: (2)’

%Ydi Wti, 1965 2$s7

. . . .. . ... . .
-. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .
 Setting K. S (p,t) = O (no water encroachment), pro- assumed for runs shown in Figs, 4 through 9, and the
cluces the Iineti form. Obviously, whether the p/z curve aquifer was assumed closed and radial. Combinations of
is linear or not when K. S(p,t) + O depends upon the three variations inrelative aquifer size, two water compres-
S(p,t) function, sibilities and nine aquifer permeabilities were represented
The cumulative productions were determined from pro- in the runs,
duction rates calculated from wellhead operating curves Curves with inflections, which have been observed in
subject to the maximum a110wab1es,8The wellhead curve practice, were produced for the closed aquifers.
is defined by In most cases the families of”curves appear to approach
a common slope at zero time. At zero time thk slope
q,, = C(p.,,h’–p,,’)”, , , ? . . . . (3) will represent the p/z line for no water encroachment,
where q,, = the production rate,” Mscf/D Runs with the Schilthuis method and Hurst-simplified
C=’the performance coefficient method converge at or near a horizontal line as water
encroachment factors increase, This means that pressure
p.,.,, = the wellhead shut-in pressure, psia :
drops in the aquifer sire approaching zero.
p,, = the tubing flowing pressure
In the van Everdingen-Hurst runs the curves respond
n = the back-pressure exponent. to the mobility (k/p) and compressibility of the water,
and the relative size of the aquifer. For R./l?. of 1.5,
Shut-in wellhead pressures were determined after the
reservoir pressure p was chosen by calculating the static
TABLE I—FIELD CONDITIONS
head by the method of Cullender and Smith? The stat%
Area = 2,500 acre%
head was subtracted from P to give P,.,.
Pay=loo ft
A general flow scheme of the calculation technique is POrOslfy=O.25
given in Fig, 1, and the field conditions are given in Connate water =0.3
Original BHP= 5,000 P5!C
Table 1.
Formation temperature = 250F
Compressibilities were interpolated from the 1952 API Depth = 10,000 ft
tables, Tables 2 and 3 list conditions that were varied for Gas Grnvlty =0.68 [No N:, Co: w HS.)
(Rodlu#=34,7 X I@ sa ft
individual runs,
I nlflal wellheod shut.in pressure= 4,200 psia
Wollheod shut.in temperature= I DOF
Discussion of Results Back-pressure curve slope=O.7
Open fww potential =74.4 MM scf/D
Minimum wellhead flowlnB pressure= 100 p$la
The results of the calculations are shown in Figs. 2
Maximum allowable tleld rok = 47.2 MM scflD
through 9. All of the curves show p~z as a function of —
cumulative gas produced and are labeled with the num-
bers corresponding to the data in Tables 2 and 3. Each TASLE 2—VARIASLE CONDITIONS FOR RUNS I THROUGH 14
plotted point represents two years. Type
Run Encr;c.;F& Encroachment
Fig. 2 gives the results when the aquifer was assumed -—No...- .. —.. Facler
——
. ..-——. .
to be unlimited, or when original aquifer pressure was as- 1 5,900
sumed to remain constant at some outer boundary (Schil- 2 ? 18,000

thuis). As the encroachment factor was increased the 3 Schllth& 36,000

4 [<u ft/p51/ye9r} 59,000
pressure was maintained at ahigber and higher level. The s Radial I nFmlte 100,000
dotted line at the bottom represents no encroachment and 6 200,000
the top dotted line shows complete pressure maintenance 7 ..—
J“ S90,000

~yavery active waterdrive. 8 25,000

9“ ‘T 90,000
Fig. 3 shows the results of increasing the Hurst simpli- 10 Huwt Simplified ‘- “ 150,000
tied encroachment factor from 2.5 X10’ to2.5X10a(cUft) 11 [w ft In [m@bl/pSVyed 250,0LM
In (me)/psi/year, 12 Radla[ In flnlte 340,000
13 ~. 610,000
The van Everdingen-Hurst ericroachrnent fabtors were 14 2,500,000

s
_— ____

TABLE 3—vARIABLE CONDITIONS FOR RUNS 15 THOUGH 38

Roll-a A&: D!mendanle%s
Type .af Aquifer Time w Reel Waler
Run Encroachment Radius to ubl lit y Tfme Ratio COmfip#l~ I i ty
No.
— —. factor ----
Field Radius
— — J@_ —. (I /year} -.-—— .-
——
15 I .5 1 .089 3. OXIO. ”
1.5 .s9 3, OX1O,B
16
17 ‘J 1.5 Ii; S.9 3.0 x lo~t
● I 1s 5.0 .0s9 3.0 x I 0-”
10 ,89 3.0 x I 0-1’

E
NE 19 van Everdlneen
CALCULATE u 100 S.9 3.0 x IO-11

T
TN 20
21
Hurst Radial Flnlte
I 000 89. 3.0 x 10-’1
ST d=Ga-&-* 22 16,350 cu ft/pd 1i:; 1 ;::9 3.0 x I O-11
23 10,0 3.oxlo-~
i I 0.0 1:8 8.9 3,0 XI0-”
10.0 1000 3.0 x 10-”
10.0 10000 8% 3.0 x 10-”
1.5 10 .0s9 30 XI0.”
100 .89 3oilo J
Is
i:: 10 :;:9 30x 10-c
dko? NO 5.0 30 XI04
5,0 % .35 3OX1O4
YES 5,0 1 fg .89 30 XI0.” “
, * 10.0
15.s
.009
Jgl
30 XT0-”
3OX1O.”
10.0
10.0 51.5 30X IO”
10.0 100 .s9 3OX1OO
10.0 1000 8.9 30 Y 10 -’)
S9 . 30.:10 ‘1
Fig. l--Sohltion nf Eq. A-12 for P/s. . 10.0 ! 0000

WI! J’fmNAI. O,F Ps’r2tOI. Effsr ‘2 E(:NNO1. OCY

. . . . ,.
. .
.. ,.-. .. .
.,. ‘.

,.-.

>
n.,.

,,
-- PIZ(PS IA)
/i 150QQ
5000 –- - -. P[#K%Y
RuN NO. SYMSOL @llLLIOARCICS)

k
4000
[CU. Fr/PSl/TEAR) 4000 22 0 I
5900 23 ● 10
1$000 24 0 100
woo 36000 3000 25 ● 1000
\
59000 26 A 10000
\
\ NQ.000
2000 2000 WArER COMP=3.0Xlf6 l/P$l
\ 200.000
IF \ POROSITY =O.25
590900
\ VISCOSITY=I,Q CPS
1000 \ 1000 RES RAOIUS=5860 FT.
\
‘\ PAY 100 Ft.
\ I

\
, OJ
00 100 200 300 400 m 000 100 800 900 Iwo 100 zoo 300 400 500 600 700 600 900 1000
CUMULATIVf OAS PROOUCEO(BSCF) CUMULATIVE OAS PRODUCCO(BSCFJ

Fig. 2--Cssrves of p/z for gas reservoirs with water influx, Fig. 6--Curves of p/z forgszs reservoirs with wz3Eer influx,
Schilthuis method. van Everdhtgen-Hurst method, finite, RJR, = 10.

+PIZ(PSIAI -p/z(psla) “
t S.OQQ _--- .------*- WATSR
i 5000 AQUIFER
ENC#l/:lJ{ENT PERMEABILITY
RuN
—— NO. SYMBOL OAILLIOARCIES)

h
RuN
.— NO. SYMBOL [CU. FT ln(MQ)/PSl/YRl
4000 4000 \ 21 0 10
\ M ● [00 ,
80 25000 \
\
9* Sowo \
&?wo 10 u INDOOO 3000 \ WATER ~o Mp : ~oxlo-o ,,p$l
\ 250900 \
\ II , \
240.000 POROSITY RO.25
\ 12 a \
2000 2000 vISCOSITY:I.O cPS
IS . 6[0.000 \
.’\; \ RES RADIUS =5680 PT
\ 14 v 2500.000
R \ \ PAY 100 F1
-\ .,
\
Iouo \ 1000 \
\.

,o~4:’5io
t
;~o ,;O 6;0 1-
900 1000 00 100 200 300 400 500 600
CUMULATIVE OAS ?R00UCE0[s3cF)
700
\
600 900 [000
,
CUMULATIVE GAS PROOUCEO(BSCF)

Fig. 3—Cnrves of p/z forgus reservoirs with water influx, Fig, 7—Cszrves of p/z for 3SSMreservoirs with water infltlx,
Hurst simplified method. wsn Everdhsgen-Huwt methnd, fink, R,,/R, = 1.5.

- P/ Z(PS IA) ~P/Z(?S IA)

t 5000 AQuIFER ~5wo AQuIFER
PERMEABILWV PERMEABILITY

h
u. ~ (MILLIOARCIt3~ u. m (MILLIOARCIES)
4000 15 0 I 4000 \ 29 0 10
\
16 ● 10 \ 30 ● 18
17 0 100 \ 31 . 22.3
3000 . 3004 \
\ 32 # 100
WATER WMP=3.OXIO* l/PSl \
PoRoslrY=o.25 \ WATER COMP:30XlQ_0 l/PSl
\.
‘3000 VISCOSITY=LO CPS 2040 POROSITY =O.25
\
RES RAOIUS:5660 FT \ VISCOSITY%O CPS
\
b \ RES RAOIUS=5660 FT
1000 1000 ‘\ PAY 100 FT.
t
I
\\
t
‘\
1 J 00
?0 100 zoo Soo 400 Soo 600 100 600 900 woo 100 200 300 400 500 Soo 100 600 900 low
CUMULATIVE OAS PROOUCEO(USCFJ CUMULATIVE GAS PROOUCEO(8SCF)

. k’ig. *Curves of p/z forges reservoir swilh waler influx, Fig. Wurves of p/5 for fyss reservoirs with wuter influx.
van Evcrdhsgen.Httrst, finite, ffa/R, = 1.5. van Everdingen-Hurst method, finite. RJR, = 5.

-P/Z(PS IA) ~P/Z(PSIA)

t 5020
AQUIFER +5000 AQUIFER
PERMEABIL;lY PERMEASILITV
RuN NO. SYMBOL (~ RW NO. SYMiOL [MILL IOARCWS1

.R
4000 . 18 0 I 4000 ~, S3 o 10
19 ● 10 \ S4 ● 15.6
20 u 100 \ 35. . 3M
3000 . Sooo \ 100
21 s 1000
\ w 8
\\ “Slh low
WATER COMP:3.0 X1150 l/PSl Sa ● 10000
2000 - PoROSITY=O.2S 2000 \
\
VISCQSITY=I.O CPS \ WATER cOMP = 30 X Iti” I (PSI
XES RAOPJ2=5060 FT. \
\ \ POROSITV = 0.25
1000 - PAY 100 FT. 1000 \ VISCOSITVCLO CPS
\ \
\ RES RAON2S= 5SS0 FT.
.-. . -. .,\ PAYIOO FT. --- ‘-
0; \
00 100 200 300 400 $00 600 700 Soo 900 1000 100 zoo Soo 400 Soo 000 700 000 900 1000
CUMLILATIVE GAS PROOUCEO(8SCFI cuMuLAnvE
MSPROOUCEO
h3scFJ
Fig. 5-Cr2sws of p/rs for gas reservoirs wish wzster influx, Fig. 9-Ctzrves of p z for gas reservoirs with water influx.
van Everdingen-Hnmt method, finite, RJR. = 5. vsm Everdingen- L urst method, finite, Rm/Rr = 10.

MA22CH, 196S MM
,,
. .
,.. .. . . . . . . . .
., . . . . . .- . -,. . . . .. . .-, .. . . . . . . .-
 .-

thc effect Of the uquifcr is negligible for a given water , -P/21 PslA)

compressibility regardless ot’ the permeability (Fig. 4). \ ma ES TIMAiW

SESCRVE AT
However, for a higher water compressibility an effect is Gp 300ESC[
felt for comparable rnobilities (Fig, 7). 4004 1? 1.5 415
596
In general the pressure is maintained itt higher levels as 990
the water compressibility, aquifer size or water mobility 30W -
is increased, Yet, even with increases in mobility an ex-
treme curve was approached for the closed aquifers (Runs 2000 -
25 and 26, Fig, 6), In these cases pressure drops in the
aquifer were small and theshapes were controlled by the ~..
1000 - -<
wsster compressibilities, \
--’;
\
\ \ .
100 W 300 400 Soo 600 700 600 QS4 IWO
Conclusions ‘D
CUMULATIVE GAS PROOUCEO(BSCF)

Fig. 10 illustrates the increasing error that occurs if a Fig. 10—ComptIrisonof p/z curves for lt~~.reusillgt~qttifer
p/z curve is extrapolated with no regard foi water en- sizes, vssn F.verdingsm-Hmwt, rssdial ftnite.
croachment. As the relative size of the aquifer increases
from R,,/R, = 1.5 to 10, the error incressses from a negli- APPENDIX A
gible amount to an estimate of over 100 per cent of the
actual initial gas in place. Thk estimate would be made Derivation of the Basic Equations
after 65 per cent of the initial gas in place is produced.
This Ietids to the principal conclusion that it is danger- The apparent reserves for a’ gas field are those deter-
mined when no water encroachmel(r is assumed, or,
ous to extrapolate piz, crtarts on a straight line without
considering the possibility of water influx. V,, =V,,,, . . . . . . . . . . (A-1)
Ransperforrned here eliminated n~easuremente rrorand
the curved portions were prod,uced under realistic produc- where Vp, is the original pore volume, cu ft.
tion schedules. Thus, curved portions at the start of pro- V,, is the pore volume containing gas at some later time.
duction history cttnbecaused bytheunsteady-state nature
of the aquifer and not solely by nleasurement errors. SO, V,, = (G. -GJB: . . . . . . , . (A-2)
[hese curved portions should not be neglected, but ought
“to be regarded as an indication of possible water en- VP, =G,, B,,,, . . , , . . . . ,’ (A-3)
croachment. Where G. = the apparent original gas in place, scf
These results make a case for accelerated early pro- G, = cumulative gas produced, scf
duction so that the inflections will be accentuated, per-
mitting better early estimates of gas in p}aCe. J30i and B. are the gas formation volume factors. cu
ft/scf.
Acknowledgment p., 1’, z,
fl,,, =--p~. . 0 . . . . . . [A-4)
The authors ihank the Phillips Petroleum Co. for per-
mission to publish this work, Special thanks are due ~ = P.r Tz
R. V, Smith for his cooperation and assistance. v [A-5)
n.......’.”
Rcf’crentxw Substituting Eqs. A-2 and A-3 into Eq. A-1 and solving
for G, gives
1.,5,11 R.’J.: ‘“; icti!e
ilthuis: f)i[ and I{eservoir Ilnwgy”, Trms,,
.-\lJIE [1926) 118,33. B
2,uu1 ~Yerdhsgen. A. f?. nnd Hor.t, W’.: “’”McApp[iration of the
h]~lflcc”~rans[f)rlllntion:0 Flow f.+olbnsin Krservoirs’., Trar1.s.,
When water encroachment
G.=
()
G/, ~......,

is considered, Eq, A-1 is re-

(A-6)

l\1ME(19w) 186, 305.

placed by
3,Hmw, W.: %rater ]nfjux JIItISu Reservoir und Its Applirutirm
to the Equatinn of Volumetric BAmre.”, Truns., AIJIE (19$3) VP~VPi–W’. . . . . . . . . . (A-7)
151, 57,
to account for the water influx W’,.
4,von Everdinge]l, H.wsd JlrJlal~on, .f. J.:
A. F., ’~inll]\ert~ltltl, E.
..Appliratirm of the Mumial IMance Kquntirm to u Partial Under these conditions, G. in Eqs. A-2 and A-3 .is de-
Wfi[fir l)rive Reserwsir’”, ‘fruns., AIME (1953) 198, 51. fined as G, (real initial in place gas), or, .
5.~irsmt, .S. J.: Oil lt~.wrroirEngineering, 2nrf Ed. SIrCruw-Hill v, = (Gr-G,J&, . . . . . . . (A-8)
Ro[]k(:o., [!lc., Ne\[~ork [1958) 60tt,
and
6. Stanley, L“T.: “Cnrw-FWing Cuts 31atRrial 13altuwe CIElcnlti- V., =G,B., . . . . . . . . . . (A-9)
.tiorrs’”, fcr. Eng. (Aug., 19frl) 90.
Substitution of Eqs. A-8, A-9, Eind
?. Ht,l,l.xrd, R.\I. and Elenllaas; j. R.: “l)etermiuing &rs-Filled
}~,;e ~olunle in ~ Wuter.l)rivti Gas Storage. Reservoir’., .lwro W.= K. S(P,I) . . . . . . . :A-10)
‘. /~c/,’ft,c/t. (April, 1964)383.
into Eq, A-7 gives
%lprir!i; T. (1,: Petroleum Prod[4ctiult.,
/1ur]d6uok, Vol. 11, Mr. .
Graw-f-[ill flock Cu., Inc., New York (1962) .?0. G@ ‘“K, S(p,I)
G,.=— (B. -.B., ) – (A-1 1)
9. Cullender, M. H. and Smith, R. ;’.: .’l%xctiral Solution of (k. (B.–B,*) .
Flow Equatkonsfor Wells and Ptpelineswidl l,:trge’~en~per~tilre
(;ra,{ie[~ts”’,Trrltl.s,,AllIE (1956) 207,281. where K, is the water encroachment factor and S(P,t)

YJU J4J1’ax,\L 0s.’ PE’rao LKI’n “rEcnxot. oGi’

. ..
 .-

TABLE 4 Stabilized
Mlddle,R~nse of . . Eavallon B-1 O—A Constants Slate Val,uei
-lra , Above the
R.IR, From 10 A, Aa A> Mlddla Range
.——
,1206 0.7 – 0.02255975 -0.02485001 ‘0.007970778 —- fl.;;f:;:7 ;,::::3;9
#41B 0.3852062 - 0.09b2b595 -0.004754153
.815 ::: y:~j;g;3 0.05396428 -0.01234595 I :534s77 ::$;j::~
1.33 11.0 y;$;m;:3 0.00S44525b 1.5746b7
1.12 25.0 0:41788s4 0.03704V49 1,6306S2 5:b50575
2.05 34.0 - 2.231692 3:177286 0.06444b76 2.7790S2 7.499222
2,b3 046.0 - 6,108747 5.413047 0,Q92a5701 :,:;;:;; 9.61949S
3aOb bO,O - 6.429S05 4.82360B 0.03632684 .97S6b
11
5.85 I !0.0 -34.90326 12.44925 0.1044283 20:5S242 17,48006
8,48 ! 60.0 –43.331 30 17.84979 0.1043855 39,952b0 ;;.WM;
*.29 240.0 - N ,4a727 19.26185 0.0822B036 50,46776
9.9b 280.0 -31.9’7260 8.612722 - 0.0s1 74990 29:9bb7b
38,52328
14.52 3b0.O -20.55106 0.6903652 –0,2079732 4Q.14654
37.02682
—.— ____ .— .-—-. ——. .—........——. ——-.——— -..—

is a function of pressure and time and describes the un- Infinite Radial SySiem
steady-state water influx. (0.01 < M,,, < 10’)
Subtraction of Eq. A-11 from Eq. A-6 results in the qL/,,, = G (Alln-W1+it:)ln~trff)’+.43(lnJltti)~ * ,ti(lnAft, i) 1+ .4J)
basic equation
where A, = 0.647692
K. S(tM)
‘“ = ““ + (f?<,-B!,,) . “ ‘ ‘ “ “ ‘A-12) A, = 0.0177318

A,, = – 0.000273739 I
APPENDIX B ‘
Definition of S( P,I) A, = –0.431S125 ;’ 10” .
Srbil:hnis Method A, = 0.4506432.

s(p,t) = ! Ap, At,, . . . .. . ‘. . (B-1)”

ic~ Y>.
- Finite Rndinl Systems

~pr + The finite radial systems are defined by the infinite

—p,-,
where Ap, = p, -– .-— 2’”..
)

”””’ (B-2) radial Eq. B- lG, where At,,,> 0.01 and less than the mid-,
dle rwtge defined in Table 4. In the middle rnnge the,~
and At, =ti —tj., . . . . . . . . . (B-3) dimensionless flow k defined by an equation of the, same;
,- form m Eq, I3-10, but with constants shown in Table 4!
where n = number of pressure points Table 4 also gives the steadystate values applicable above
f, = time in years the middle range. ***
p = aquifer preswr’re (inner boundary) psia.

,.
,,
.
Hmwt-Simplified Method

:
Ap, At,
.s(/2,?) = -. (B-4 )
iZ2-’”””””
where Ap, and AI, are still defined by Eqs. B-2 and B-3

&
van Everdingen-Hurst Method
w-l
S(W) = & Ap, qa,,t;, . . . . . . . (B-5)
where
~p, = P,+l-PL (B-6)
2“”””””’””
fori= I, and J. R. BRUNS (left) is a senior nuzthcvnatical en,qimwr in
PI+l–P,-I the Phillips Petroleum Co.’s ‘Computing Dept. For tile past
~p, =z, ..,... .i (B-7)
seven years he has worked irr,)esetw[r engineering cotn-
puter applications. He has a l)!l in chentical engineering
fori=i ton-1.
from the U. of Mi.r.souri, an MS in chemical engineering
qAr,,, is the dimensionless flow rate and is a function of front [llinoi.r Institute of Technology, and a Master of Gas
M,,, (the dimensionless time increment) and aquifer geome- Technology degree jront the Institnte of Gas Technology.
try+ M. ~. ~ETKOVICH (right) is a re.wt’voir engineering and wzs
technology analyst in the Reservoir attd Production Project
k At Group of Phillips. He graduated front the U. o{ Pittsbut’@
2,309 ——
At,,, = (B-8)
( C#Ipc,,(Rrr– ) ‘ “ ‘ “ in 1954 with a ES degree in petroleutn and natural gas en-
gineering and soon joined Phillips. V. C. MIE~z~N (center.)
with k in millidarcies, t‘in years, + a fraction, p in cpi
C,rin l/psi,_R. in ft.. - .. .. .. .. . is a senior electronic conlputer progranuner for Phillips at
. .. . . .. llar~lesville, Okla. Hg. joined Phillips after wc+!w W! Bs ,,-
qir,,, is defined under the.following conditions. All Aft,,< degree in petroleum engineering from The U. of Texas itt
0.01, or the linear system . 1960. He worked as a stafl engineer in the Paak Valley,
Okia., Area Ofjlce hejore joini!t.c the Computer Dept. in
qAt,,, = 2~Atd,/x. . . . , . , . . (B-9) 1963.

,M.tsI~U,1963 291

! ,,
. . .. . ..= .. . .. .. . . . . .
_-, -. . ,.. ,.
—.A