Introduction to 3 phase induction motors

Definition:
The three-phase induction motors are the most widely used electric
motors in industry. They run at essentially constant speed from no-load to
full-load. However, the speed is frequency dependent and consequently
these motors are not easily adapted to speed control. We usually prefer
d.c . motors when large speed variations are required. Nevertheless, the
3-phase induction motors are simple, rugged, low-priced, easy to
maintain and can be manufactured with characteristics to suit most
industrial requirements.
NO-LOAD TEST :
induction motor on no-load ,to show the relationship between
(a) Applied voltage and speed,
(b) Applied voltage and stator current
(c) Applied voltage and power factor
(d) Applied voltage and power input
Brief theory : In No-Load Test, a rated, balanced ac voltage at a rated
frequency is applied to the stator while it is running at no load, and input
power, voltage, and phase currents are measured at the no-load
condition. And to discuss the effect of variation of applied voltage on the
speed, power input, power factor, stator current of an induction motor
running on no-load. The effect of change of applied voltage on the above-
mentioned quantities are explained as follows :
(a) Effect on Speed : Speed remains practically constant until very low
voltage are reached. Unless heavily loaded, the speed of an induction
motor is affected very little by fluctuations of voltage.
(b) Effect on Stator Current : As applied voltage is increased, stator
current rises gradually on account of the increase in magnetizing current
required to produce the stator flux. The component of the stator current
which provides the ampere-turns balancing the rotor ampere-turns will
steadily diminish as the rotor current decrease with the increase in rotor
speed. The increase in the magnetizing
component is however, more than sufficient to balance this decrease. At
very low voltages the induction is so low that almost the whole of the
stator current is employed in balancing the rotor current. At normal
voltage the rotor current requires only a small proportion of the stator
currents to balance them. The higher saturation of the magnetic circuit
requires a much stronger magnetizing current to maintain the air-gap
flux.
(c) Effect on Power Factor : As explained above, the magnetizing
component of the stator current becomes larger as the voltage increase.
Thus, there is a continuous increase in the power factor angle and hence
a fall in power factor.
Frictional losses of the motor are practically constant as the speed does
not change with voltage. The loss component of the stator current, IW is
due to frictional losses and iron-losses. As voltage is increased, iron-loss
component and magnetizing component of stator current will increase.
The increase in magnetizing current will be more than the increase in
iron-loss component of stator current. Thus there will be a fall in power
factor as the voltage is increased.
(d) Effect on Power Input : No-load power input is spent in overcoming
both iron and frictional losses. As stated earlier, frictional losses are
nearly constant at all voltages (until the motor speed falls rapidly), while
the iron-losses continue to increase with the increase in the applied
voltage.
In fig(1), by extrapolating the power input curve to the left until it
cuts the ordinate of zero voltage, when there can be no iron-loss, it is
possible to make a rough estimate of the power spent in friction and
windage.
The effect of change of stator input voltage on the above-mentioned
quantities are shown graphically.

Fig(1) Effect of change of applied voltage on speed, Rotor current, Stator

Current, Power factor and power input of an induction motor running on
no-load.
 Fig(2)

Pn1 represents …
• Hysteresis and Eddy current losses(core losses)
• Windage and Friction losses(rotational losses)
• Copper losses in stator and rotor (usually small at no load)
No load means approximately, n = ns so
s=0
Remember the phase values depends on
whether the connection is Y or ∆
Vinl = input line voltage
Pinl =total 3-phase input power at no-
load
Fig(3) I0 = no load input line current.
Vip = input phase voltage
Pinl = √3 Vinl I0 cosΦ0 Eq(1)

Iµ = I0 sinΦ0 Eq(3) , Iω = I0 cosΦ0 . Eq(2)

Eq(4)
Rotational loss = W0 – S1 Eq(6)
Where,
Eq(5)
S1 = stator winding loss = Nph I2 R1 Eq(7)
Nph = Number phase
Core loss = 3GoV2 Eq(8)
The various losses like windage loss, core loss, and rotational loss are
fixed losses which can be calculated by
Stator winding loss = 3Io2R1 Eq(9)
Xnl = Xm + X1 Eq(10)
S = V1nl * I1nl Eq(11)
𝑄 = √[|𝑆 2 | − 𝑃2 ] Eq(12)
Xnl = |V1nl|2 / Q1nl Eq(13)
Since X1 << Xm we can sometimes assume …. Xm = Xnl
To obtain on load current and its power factor angle  no load test is
performed at rated voltage and frequency. Let the readings of ammeter,
voltmeter and two watt meters connected in the circuit be, I0, V0, W01
and W02 respectively during no load test. Then,
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜙 = √3 01 02 Eq(14)
𝑊01 +𝑊02
Hence, no load power factor angle  can be calculated from the readings
of two watt meters. No load current, I0 has been directly measured by the
ammeter.

Fig(4) The no-load test of an induction motor.

(a) test circuit. (b) the resulting equivalent
circuit.
Note that at no load the motor’s impedance is
essentially R1+ j (X1+XM).
So:
The no load test of I.M is similar to the open circuit test of single-phase
transformer, why?
Like the open-circuit test on a transformer, the no-load test on an
induction motor gives information with respect to exciting current and
no-load losses. This test is ordinarily performed at rated frequency and
with balanced polyphase voltages applied to the stator terminals.
Readings are taken at rated voltage, after the motor has been running
long enough for the bearings to be properly lubricated. We will assume
that the no-load test is made with the motor operating at its rated
electrical frequency fre and that the following measurements are
available from the no-load test:
Vini = The line-to-neutral terminal voltage[V]
I1,nl = The line current [A]
Pa=The total polyphase electrical input power [W]
And all This is explained in the previous pages above
Why an induction motor at no-load operates at very low power factor?
The current drawn by an induction motor running at no load is largely a
magnetizing current. So, no-load current lags the applied voltage by a
large angle. Therefore, the power factor of a lightly loaded induction
motor is very low.

Simulink ‫الصورة اعاله تبين ربط الدائرة في ال‬

Example : A 400 V, 40 hp, 50 Hz, 4 pole delta-connected induction motor
gave the following test data.
No-load test : 400 V, 20 A, 1200 W
Solution :
𝒘𝟎
No-load power factor, cos∅0 =
√𝟑𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟎

1200
=
1.732∗400∗200

cos∅0 = 0.0866

References:
• Principles of Electrical Machines (V.K.MEHTA ,POHITMEHTA)
• ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS FIFTH EDITION
Stephen J. Chapman BA£ Systems Australia
• Electric Machinery Sixth Edition A.E.Fitzgerald , Charles
Kingsley,Jr , Stephen D . Umans Chapter 6 pole phase Induction
Machines
• Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems Sixth Edition
Theodore Wildi
• DESIGN OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES Juha
Pyrhonen ¨ Tapani Jokinen Valeria Hrabovcov
• PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC MACHINES AND POWER ELECTRONICS
THIRD EDITION DR. P. C. SEN