Fully-controlled Bridge Rectifier

In the fully-controlled rectifier configuration, the average DC load

voltage is controlled using two thyristors per half-cycle.
Thyristors SCR1 and SCR4 are fired together as a pair during the
positive half-cycle, while thyristors SCR3 and SCR4 are also fired
together as a pair during the negative half-cycle. That is
180o after SCR1 and SCR4.
Then during continuous conduction mode of operation the four
thyristors are constantly being switched as alternate pairs to maintain
the average or equivalent DC output voltage. As with the half-
controlled rectifier, the output voltage can be fully controlled by
varying the thyristors firing delay angle (α).
An Inductive (RL) Load:
Figure 1 shows the bridge rectifier with the addition of an inductive load.
The load current tends to keep flowing since the inductor induces a
voltage that acts to oppose an increase or decrease in current. Therefore,
SCR keeps conducing even though the voltage may have fallen to zero.
The current maintains conduction in the SCR even after the voltage
across the SCR has reversed.
When the inductance is small or the delay angle α is kept large,
the DC output current reaches zero every half cycle at (π + β), as shown
in Figure 2. During this period, neither pair of SCRs is on, nor therefore
is the current said to be discontinuous.
The average values of the output voltage is:
𝛽 𝛽
1 1
𝑉𝑜(𝑎𝑣𝑔) = 2 ∫ √2𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 2 ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 2𝜋 𝛼
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜(𝑎𝑣𝑔) = 𝜋 (cos(𝛼) + cos ( 𝛽))

Figure(1) the bridge rectifier

with(RL)Load
Figure(4) waveforms continuous mode Figure (2) wa veform of discontinuous
mode small inductive load

If the load inductance is assumed to be large or α becomes small,

the load current cannot reach zero and it flows continuously, Therefore,
one pair of SCRs is conducting at all times. The current is said to be
continuous. During the positive half –cycle, SCR1 and SCR2 conduct .
Applying KVL around the loop containing, Vs, SCR1 and SCR2 at an
instant when is > 0(between α and (π-α)) gives
Vs=VSCR1-VSCR2
Hence, VSCR1=0 since SCR1 is conducting, therefore VSCR2 =-vs, which
means that SCR2 is reverse-biased. Applying KVL around the i m p
containing VS, SCR1, the load, and SCR4 gives
Vs=VSCR1+vo+VSCR4
Again SCRl and SCR4 are conducting and have zero voltage across them.
Therefore, vo = vs (during the interval from α to π). During the negative
half-cycle, the source voltage vs ≤ 0. The preceding equations do not
change form, although some of the quantities change sign.
Now, since vs is negative, SCR2 and SCR3 me forward-biased and will
turn on when they receive a gate signal. Load current still flows in the
same path through SCR1 and SCR4 until SCR2 and SCR3 are triggered.
Therefore, from π to (π+α), the load voltage is negative since vs ≤ 0. At
(π+α), SCR2 and SCR3 are triggered, which supplies a voltage vo = -vs to
the load. The average value of this output voltage varies with α:
1 𝛼+𝜋 2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜(𝑎𝑣𝑔) = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝜔𝑡 = cos (𝛼)
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋
The average value of output current is given by:
𝑉𝑜(𝑎𝑣𝑔) 2𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑜 (𝑎𝑣𝑔) = = cos (𝛼)
𝑅 𝜋
If the load circuit has an EMF the output average current is given by:
𝑉𝑜 (𝑎𝑣𝑔) − 𝐸𝑏
𝐼𝑜 (𝑎𝑣) =
𝑅
The average and rms values of the thyristor current are given by:
𝜋+𝛼
𝐼𝑜 (𝑎𝑣)
𝐼𝑡ℎ (𝑎𝑣) = ∫ 𝐼𝑜 (𝑎𝑣)𝑑(𝜔𝑡) =
𝛼 2
𝛼+𝜋 𝐼𝑜(𝑎𝑣)
𝐼𝑡ℎ(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = √∫𝛼 (𝐼𝑜(𝑎𝑣))2 =
√2
The rms value of the supply current is given by:
1 𝜋+𝛼 2
𝐼𝑠(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = √ ∫ 𝐼 𝑜(𝑎𝑣)𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝐼𝑜(𝑎𝑣)
2𝜋 𝛼
The average value of the supply current equal zero because its positive
part area equal to its negative part. But the average for half cycle is equal
to the average of load current.
The output power is given by:
Po = I o (av) Vo( av)= I2 o (rms )R
If the load circuit has an EMF the output average Power is given by:
Po = I o(av) V o(av) = I2o(rms) R + E Io(av)
The input power factor is given by:
𝑃𝑜 𝐼𝑜(𝑎𝑣)𝑉0(𝑎𝑣)
𝑃𝐹 = =
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠(𝑟𝑚𝑠)
Note that when a becomes lager than 90o the average value of output
voltage becomes negative. This means that from 90o to 180°, power flows
from the DC load side to the AC source side and the circuit operates as an
inverter. When rectification and inversion are obtained from one
converter, the process is called two-quadrant operation and the
converter is called a full converter. :
‫وفي الصفحات القادمة تطبيق البرنامج على برنامج المحاكاة‬
Simulink:
 ‫ا لصورة اعاله ل )‪( Vin , Iin , Vo , Io‬ا‬

‫الصورة اعال ه رسم موجة تيار االخراج (تيار الحمل)‬

‫ومبين انه مستمر وليس منقطع وهذه المربعات ادناه تبين قيم موجة‬
‫التيار )‪)Io‬‬
 (1 & 2) (Pulse Generators) ‫الصورة اعاله تبين رسم موجة‬

(iSA) ‫الصورة اعاله‬

The rectifier works in the continuous mode because the

minimum output current does not equals to zero
𝜔𝑡−𝛼𝑓
𝑉𝑝 2sin (𝛼𝑓 −∅) −
𝑖 (𝜔𝑡) = |𝑍|
[sin(𝜔𝑡 − ∅) + −
𝜋 𝑒 tan ∅ ]
(𝑒 tan ∅−1 )
Is give imin > 0 .
.‫وهذا ايضا ً مبين من رسم موجة التياراعلى وادنى قيمة‬
Z = 10+j100π *0.05 = 18.621∟57.52 Ω
)iSA , iSA` ,iSB , iSB`) ‫الصورة ادناه فيها رسم موجة التيار ل‬
This results below from the example:
Vo,dc = 140 v Vo,rms = 220 v Vo,ac = 169.7 v
Io,dc = 14 A Io,rms = 14.7 A Io,ac = 4.63 A
RF vo = 1.212 RF io = 0.33 PF = 0.668
This results below of Simulink:
Vo,dc = 138.4 v Vo,rms = 219 v Vo,ac = 169.7 v
Io,dc = 13.84 A Io,rms = 14.85 A Io,ac = 4.582 A
RF vo = 1.226 RF io = 0.331 PF = 0.6637
References:
• POWER ELECTRONICS Converters, Applications, and Design.(NED MOW,
TORE M. UNDELAND, WILLIAM P. ROBBINS)
• INTRODUCTION TO MODERN POWER ELECTRONICS (Andrzej
M.Trzynadlowski)
• Integrated Power Electronic Converters and Digital Control (Power
Electronics and Applications Series) by Ali Emadi & Alireza Khaligh & Zhong
Nie & Young Joo Lee.
• Power Electronics: Circuit Analysis and Design by Issa Batarseh & Ahmad
Harb