Power System Operation and Control Lab 02

STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS ON GENERATOR

PARAMETERS

Submitted by

Abdul Ahad

Abdul Wahab Nasir

Mian Sajawal Shah

Submitted to

Sir Naeem Iqbal

Course Title

Power System Operation and Control

Date of Submission: June 13, 2020.

Department of Electrical Engineering

PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES,

ISLAMABAD
 STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS ON
GENERATOR PARAMETERS

2.1. Abstract
Synchronous Generator is an important element of power systems and their protection is
essential. The trend toward a deregulated global electricity market has put the electric utilities
under severe stress to keep the machines continuously in service to give uninterrupted power
supply to the customers. Hence the synchronous generator is the most critical equipment of the
power industry and fault detection is important to prevent outages and black outs. The faults in
the synchronous generator are classified as an internal faults and external faults. The internal
faults are phase to phase and phase to earth faults in stator winding, whereas external faults are
the faults those occur outside the generator which are due to short circuit, over loading and
unbalanced loading.
2.2. Objective
In this Experiment we shall observe;
 How to develop a standalone generator system to supply power to a specific load.
 Effect of different faults on rotor angle, speed and output power of synchronous
generator.

2.3. Background
Generator faults can be considered under the following heads:
2.3.1. Stator Winding Faults

Such faults occur mainly due to the insulation failure of the stator coils. The main types of
stator winding faults are:

 Phase-to-earth faults
 Phase-to-phase faults and
 Inter-turn faults involving turns of the same phase winding.

The stator winding faults are the most dangerous and are likely to cause considerable
damage to the expensive machinery. So, automatic protection is absolutely necessary to
clear such faults in the shortest possible time in order to minimize the extent of damage.

2.3.2. Field Winding or Rotor Circuit Faults

Faults in the rotor circuit may be either earth faults (conductor-to-earth faults) or inter-turn
faults, which are caused by severe mechanical and thermal stresses. The field system is
normally not grounded (i.e., remains isolated from the earth) and, therefore, a single fault
between field winding and rotor body due to insulation breakdown does not give rise to any
fault current.
However, a second earth fault will short circuit some part of the rotor winding and may thereby
develop an unsymmetrical field system, giving unbalanced force on the rotor. This can cause
severe vibration of the rotor with possible damage to the bearings. Thus a single earth fault can
be tolerated for a while but it should not be allowed to continue. Rotor earth fault protection is
provided in case of large generators.

2.3.3. Abnormal Operating Conditions

The abnormal operating conditions that are likely to occur in a generator are:
 Failure of prime mover (turbine) resulting in operation of the generator as a synchronous
motor
 Failure of field
 Unbalanced loading and subsequent heating of generator
 Overloading
 Over-voltage at generator terminals
 Over-speed
 Ventilation failure
 Current leakage in the body of the generator.

2.4. Circuit Diagram

Figure 01: Simulink Circuit Diagram

2.4.1. Task 01: Line to Ground Fault at Phase A
Scope Output

Figure 02: Scope Output L-G Fault

Voltage Output

Figure 03: Voltage Output L-G Fault

Conclusions
The above figure show impact on Voltage, Rotor Angle, Speed and Power of a system
when a line to ground fault acts at phase A from time t=1sec to 1.1 sec. The Figures clearly
show that when fault occurs the voltage supplied to the load drops. This drop in Voltage is
compensated by increase in voltage of other phases that are not at fault.
2.4.2. Task 02: Line to Line Fault b/w Phase A & B
Scope Output

Figure 04: Scope Output L-L Fault

Voltage Output

Figure 05: Voltage Output L-L Fault

Conclusions
In this task we observe impact of line to line fault on the system and now as the fault
is a phase fault the drop in voltage does not reaches zero as in previous case. From the Scope
output it can be observed that the electrical power during fault increases to a much higher
value than in case of L-G Fault. The Rotor Angle of the two phases are affected by fault but
the magnitude is less than that of task 1. The speed is unaffected by the fault.
2.4.3 Task 03: Double Line to Ground Fault
Scope Output

Figure 06: Scope Output LL-G Fault

Voltage Output

Figure 07: Voltage Output LL-G Fault

Conclusion
The above figure show impact on Voltage, Rotor Angle, Speed and Power of a system
when a double line to ground fault acts at phase A & B from time t=1sec to 1.1 sec. The Fault’s
impact is much similar to that of line to line fault. Here also the speed is unaffected.
2.4.4. Task 04: Three Phase to Ground Fault
Scope Output

Figure 8: Scope Output Three Phase to Ground Fault

Voltage Output

Figure 09: Voltage Output Three Phase to Ground Fault

Conclusion
On observation we see that the three phase to ground fault (LLL-G) was more severe
than three phase fault and now the fault effects rotor angle of all three phase simultaneously.
We also observe that there is power surge just before removal of fault.

2.4.5. Task 05: Comparison of Previous Tasks

Conclusion
Upon Comparison of the above tasks it was found that:
 Rotor angle is most affected in case of single line to ground fault. In case of three phase
fault the all three phases effect rotor angle.
 The Speed of Synchronous Generator is unaffected by induced fault.
 Fluctuation in power during fault occurrence is most for three phase fault followed by
double line to ground fault and then least for single phase fault.