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E X PERI MENT
NO .21
A N D LOSSESOF A DC SHUNTMOTOR
E F F IC IE N C Y

P U R P OS E :

To discnver the charactenstic change in efficiency of a DC motor as it is loaded.

To discover the components of lossesin a motor generator set.

P E R F OR MA N C EOB JE C T IVES:

Upon successful completion of thin slperiment, the student will be able to:

1. Determine the source and magnitude of Iossesin a DC shunt motor.

2. Compute the efficiency of a shunt motor.

B R I E F IN G:

The electrical power supplied to a DC motor is converted to mechanical power delivered by

the shaft. Before this conversion takes place, some of the electrical power is used up by the
resistances of the armature coil and the field coil.
These are known as the copper losses.
After the conversion, some of the mechanical power is used just to turn the shaft, itself. This
power, used to overcome windage and friction, is called stray power loss.

A generator receives mechanical power at its shaft and delivers electrical power at its ter-
minals. As we learned in Experiment 9, the generator, too, loses power both electrically and
mechanically.

In this experiment we will meas,ur€ both the electrical power in to the motor and the electri-
cal power out frpm the generator, and compute the overall efficiency of the motor generator
wL-

vonrficienq= tf;lT,:*:' * roo

" rower tn

Of the copper losses, the power used by the motor's field coil is constant. A constant voltage
is maintained across the freld so that a constant current flows through the field coil. The
power used by the motor's armature resistance fPa : IfRd, however, is variable. The arma-

o1 1
ture current increases as the load increases. Stray power losses, the power it takes just to run
the motor driving the generator without any load, is constant regardless of load. We are going
to qse a separately excited generator, so there won't be any generator field loss. The gener-
pp.
ator's armature loss, however, will be proportional to the load current squared (Pa = 1f

By computing the variable losses and adding them to the frxed losses, we can determine the
totai losses at any load.

M A CHI N ES R EQU IR E D :

DM-100A DC Machine oPerating as a motor.

DYN-100-DM Dynamometer operating as a Senerator.

P O W E R R EQU IR E D :

0-125volt variableDC, 5 amPs

0-150 volt variableDC, 1.amp

METERSREQUIRED:

0-150 volt DC volrneter

O-150volt DC voluneter
0-2.5 amp DC ammeter
0-2.5 amp DC ammeter
0-0.5 amp DC ammeter

ADDITIONALMATERIALREQUIRED:

MGB-100-DG Bedplate
RL-100A Resistance Load Bank

P R O GR A MP [A N :

NOTE: The DYN-100-DM dynamometer is being used as the DC generator for this experi-
ment. It will be referred to as simply the generator.

Step 1. Place Lhe two machines on the bedplate with the motor on the left and the gener-
ator on the right.

Step 2. Couple the machines tightly using the rubber coupling. If the rotor locking device
is atbached to the generator, be sure to remove it. Be sure the rubber coupiing hts
snugiy inside both flanges.

2r-2
 Step 3. Clamp the machines tightly to the bedplate. Place the coupling guad over the
coupling and the shaft guards over the motor and geuerator shafts.

Step 4. Temporarily connect a voltmeter and ammeter to the shunt field of the motor as
shown in Figure 21-1.
1EA

I6"r)
+

o - 15 0 v DC
SH U N T V A R.
FIfLD
TE S UP P L Y

2
Figure2t-l

Step 5. Have someone check your connections to be sure they are correct. Then turn ON
the main AC and the 0-150 volt generator field excitation supply circuit breakers
only.

Step 6. T\rrn the knob on the 150 volt supply until there is 125 volts across the freld. Read
and r^ecordthe field current in Table 21-1 of TEST RESULTS. Note: You may
wish to use the 0-1 amp scale for a mone accurate reading. Turn off the main AC
and 0-150 volt circuit breakers.

Step 7. Connect the motor as shown in Figure 21-2. Note that this is a shunt motor con-
nection and that the shunt field rheoetat is not being used. Turn the knob of the
0-125 volt supply fully counterclockwise to its zero output position. Power should
remain OFF,
>IA K I
S W I T CH MOT OR LOA D 2.5A GfN E R A TOR

tT
o- 125vD c
V A RIABLE 1 5 OVD C
'r50v
VAR
S U P PLY ( q
io lPPl Y
'--l sHrJr'rT
f
i:

6:____<

Figure 21-2

21-3
 Step 8. Connect the generator as shown in Figure 21-2. Note that this is a separateiy
excited generator connection and that the shunt freld rheostat is not being used.
Make sure all of the toggle switches on the Ioad bank are in the downward (OFF)
position.

Step 9. Have someone check your connections to be sure they are corect. Then turn ON
the main AC, the 0-125 volt, the 0-150 volt, and the motor circuit breakers.

Step 10. Start the motor by slowly turning the knob of the 0-125 volt supply clockwise until
there is 125 volts applied to the motor.

Step 11. Adjust the knob of the 0-150 volt generator s<citation supply until the output volt-
age ofthe generator is 115 volts.

Step 12. Read, and record in Table 21-2 of TEST RESIILTS, the applied voltage, 0/d the
total motor curreut (Ir) the generator terminal voltage (Eil and the load current
(Ir).

Step 13. Load the generator by switching ON leg 1 on the resistance load bank.

Step 14' Re-adjust the 125 volt supply, if necessary,until there is 125 volts applied to the
motor.

Step 15. Repeat Steps 11 and 12.

Step 16. Add load to the generator by switching ON lep 2 and 3 on the resistance load
bank.

Step 17. Repeat Steps 14 and 1b.

step 18. Tlrn oFF all circuit breaker switches. Disconnect all reads.

TEST RESULTS:

Vr X lp Pt-r
125V
X X
TABLE21-1 - MOTORFIELDLOSS

q1 A
L\-a
 NO LOAD LOAD#1 LOAD#2
APPLIEDVOLTAGE(VA) 125V 125V 125V
(IT)
TOTALGURRENT
In (lr - lr)
VOLTAGE
GENERATED (Et-) 115V
LOADCURBENT(ld OA

TABI.E 21-2

NO LOAD
INPUTPOWER(Prru)= TOTALLOSSES(Pror)
MOTORARMATURELOSS (Pn,tuq)
FIXEDLOSSES(Prx) : Pr-r+ Pr-sp

TABLE21.3

LOAD #1 LOAD#2
INPUTPOWER(PrH)
POWEROUT(Pow)
LOSS(PMr-c)
MOTORARMATURE
GENERATOR LOSS(Per_a)
ARMATURE
TOTALLOSSES(Pror)

TABLE21.4

LOAD#1 LOAD #2
TOTALLOSSES(Pror)
EFFICIENCY

TABLE21.5

2t-5
D E . B R I E F IN G:

i. Compute the fixed copp€r ioss in the motor field fmm the equation: P11. = Vr x Ir,
R€cord your answer in Table ZI-L of TEST RESULTS.

2. Compute the arrrature current in the motor for each of the three load conditions
from the eouation:

Ie=It-Ir

R€cord your answer in Table 2I-2 of TEST R.ESIILTS.

3. At no-load there is no power out (Pout). Therefore all of the power in goes to
makes up losses. Since there is no current in the generator armature, the gener-
ator does not have any copper loss at no-load. The Iossesat no-load then are the
freld loss (computed in 1 above), the copper loss in the motor armature (PuuJ and
the stray power loss (Pr,sp) in the motor-generator set.

I. Compute power in, PIN.

PTOT= PIN = Va Ir

IL Compute motor armature copper loss, Py6.

Pu l e= Ie 2R o

NOTE: If you do not know the resistance of the arrnature of the motor you are using,
follow the plan of Experiment No. 1 to find it.

I[. Compute the total copper loss,Pcop.

pcop = h; + prrna

fV. Computethe stray powerlossPmp

PL S p= P ru-P cop

V. The total fixed losses, PFD(, are the shunt field copper loss, Ptr. and the srray
power loss, PLsp.

L ), -l)
 PFD(=Pu+Prcp

In Table 2I-3 of TEST RESLILTS, record the computed values of power in (Pn+)
and total losses (Ptor) (which are the same at no load), the motor armature loss
Gln,AJ and the fixed losses(Prd.

4. Using the data for each of the load steps you recorded in Table 21-2 of TEST
RESULTS compute the power in, power out, motor s.rmature loss, and the gener-
ator armature loss. Compute the total lossesby summing up the fixed and variable
Iosses. Assume the resistance of the generator armature to be the same as the
motor armature. The equations you will use are as follows:

PIN : Va Ir

Pout = El Il

Pur.e = Gd2 Re (Mor)

PcLA = 0il2 Ra (GEN)

P ror=P rx + P m. a + P c t a

R€cordthesecomputationsin Table 2I-4 of TEST RESLILTS.

5. Computethe total lossesfrpm the equationPToT = PrN - Pout. Computethe

overallefficiencyfor the two Ioad stepsfmm the equation:

voE,ff : Pour/Pnv x 100

R€cordthesevaluesin Table 21-5 of TEST RESULTS.

QUIC K QUIZ:

1. The copper loss in the motor's shunt freld is classified as:

a. A variable loss
b. A stray power loss
c. A fixed loss

91 .7
2. The copper loes in the motor's amature is classified as:

a. A variable loss.

b. A stray power loss,

c. A fxed loss.

3. The mechanical power loes due to windage and friction is classified as:

a. Copper loss, variable,

b. Stray power loes, fxed.

c. Stray power loss, variable.

4. As the load on a DC shunt motor increases, its efficienry:

a. increases.
b. Decteases.
c. Stap the same.

5. At any load, input power minus output trpwer equals:

a. The fxed loeses.

b. The variable losses.
c. Total of fixed and varirable loeses.

2L-8