02-Dr Ooi-Design of Jacked-In Piles & Case Studies in Singapore

Design of Jacked-in Piles &
Case Studies in Singapore
Presented by:
Ooi Poh Hai
31 August 2015
o Geotechnical Capacity – BS/CP4
o Geotechnical Capacity – EC7
o Consideration of Ground Condition
o Case Study – Site A
o Case Study – Site B
JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

DESIGN
GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY
BS/CP4

DESIGN | GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY
Geotechnical Capacity – BS / CP4
𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑏
𝑄𝑎 = (FS = 2 -3 , 2.5 is generally adopted)
𝐹𝑆
𝑄𝑠 𝑄𝑏
𝑄𝑎 = +
1.5 3.0
Qa = allowable geotechnical capacity,
Qs = total ultimate shaft resistance
Qb = total ultimate end bearing

Geotechnical Capacity – BS / CP4
𝑄𝑠 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿𝑓𝑠
𝑓𝑠 = 𝐾𝑠 × 𝑆𝑃𝑇𝑁 (𝑘𝑃𝑎) (Ks = 2 – 5, fs limited to 200kPa)
𝑄𝑏 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑓𝑏
𝑓𝑏 = 40 × 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑆𝑃𝑇𝑁 (𝑘𝑃𝑎) (Kb = 6 – 9, fb limited to 18MPa)
* The Ks and Kb values are recommended values for driven piles in CP4

DESIGN
GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY
EC7

Geotechnical Capacity – EC7
DA1, Load Combination 1
1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 ≤ 𝑅𝑠,𝑘 + 𝑅𝑏,𝑘

DA1, Load Combination 2 LC2 normally govern geotechnical capacity
1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.3𝑄𝑘 ≤ 𝑅𝑠,𝑘 /𝛾𝑠 + 𝑅𝑏,𝑘 /𝛾𝑏 , or

1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.3𝑄𝑘 ≤ (𝑅𝑠,𝑘 +𝑅𝑏,𝑘 )/𝛾𝑡
Gk = Characteristic permanent action
Qk = Characteristic variable action
Rs,k = Characteristic shaft resistance
Rb,k = Characteristic end bearing


“Alternative Method”

o Resistance calculated from characteristic soil properties, such as by correlation with SPTN
o The characteristic resistance then divided by a model factor of 1.4 or 1.2
o Allowable pile capacity is then computed by:
DA1, LC1: 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 ≤ 𝑅𝑠,𝑘 + 𝑅𝑏,𝑘
DA1, LC2: 1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.3𝑄𝑘 ≤ 𝑅𝑠,𝑘 /𝛾𝑠 + 𝑅𝑏,𝑘 /𝛾𝑏 , or
1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.3𝑄𝑘 ≤ (𝑅𝑠,𝑘 +𝑅𝑏,𝑘 )/𝛾𝑡

Equivalent FS (assuming Gk:Qk ratio of 75:25) – DA1 C2

Model Factor 1.4, Model Factor 1.4, Model Factor 1.2, Model Factor 1.2, BS / CP4
with SLS without SLS with SLS without SLS
verification verification verification verification
Total 2.26 2.56 1.94 2.19 2.5
Shaft Resistance 1.96 2.26 1.68 1.94 1.5
End Bearing 2.26 2.56 1.94 2.19 3.0
• Designs by EC7 generally gain lower equivalent FS in total resistance and end
bearing compared to BS/CP4, but higher FS on shaft resistance
• Factors on total resistance and end bearing are the same. Hence consider
partial factor on shaft resistance and end bearing always gain higher capacity

From Static Load Test

o Ultimate resistances are measured by field ultimate load tests. (The piles shall be
installed by the same installation method)
o Characteristic resistance is then derived from the measured mean and minimum
resistance by applying 1 & 2 factor. The 1 & 2 factor drops with the increase in
number of tested piles

From Static Load Test
Equivalent FS of Total Resistance (assuming Gk:Qk ratio of 75:25) – DA1 C2

No. of Test Pile With SLS With SLS Without SLS Without SLS BS / CP4
verification (mean. verification (min verification (mean verification (min
value) value) value) value)
1 2.50 2.50 2.83 2.83
2 2.37 2.17 2.69 2.47
3 2.29 1.98 2.60 2.25

2.5
4 2.23 1.85 2.52 2.10
≥5 2.18 1.74 2,47 1.97
• Equivalent FS generally < 2.5 and dropping with number of tested piles

DESIGN
CONSIDERATION OF
GROUND CONDITION

GROUND CONDITION
o Jacked-in Pile suitable for any ground condition?
o The design, site implementation and performance of end products are highly
dependent on ground condition
o Detailed desk study is essential to identify any potential issues based on the SI of each
site
o Examples….

GROUND CONDITION
o Thick layer of soft ground
o Jacked-in (displacement) piles could

cause ground movement and damage
to adjacent structures / properties
o Need pre-boring / relief holes?
o Foundation stability of jacked-in

machine shall be checked

GROUND CONDITION
o Potential short piles with sudden set
o Predominantly end bearing piles
o Installed pile could be heaved by the

jacking actions of adjacent piles,
causing separation of pile base and
hence lost in end bearing
o Re-tapping?

GROUND CONDITION
o Interbedded hard layer
o Piles could be terminated on the hard

layer
o It is crucial to evaluate long term pile

group settlement
o Need pre-boring

GROUND CONDITION
o Boulders in soils
o Piles could be terminated on boulders
o Pre-boring will be required
o Pile group settlement shall be checked

CASE HISTORIES
CASE HISTORY: SITE A

CASE HISTORY | SITE A
o Residential development with 8 Blocks of 14-storeys tower
o Jacked-in Spun Piles.  500mm & 600mm, with WL = 1700kN & 2300kN, mixed with
300x300 RC piles with WL= 1000kN for light structures
o Total number of piles ~ 1000
o Estimated pile length = 20m to 32m, with Ks = 3.5 & Kb = 8.0
o Geotechnical capacity = (Qs+Qb)/2.5 & Qs/1.5+Qb/3.0
o Jacked to 2WL with 30 seconds holding time in 2 cycles.
o “Set” criteria = <5mm downward movement in between 2 cycles

o Typical pile layout of 1 block. Largest pile group – 16 piles

o Ground condition – Bukit Timah Granite Formation with thick layer of GVI / GV (N < 50)
Approx. pile
toe level

o Pile Load Test – 6 nos. of ULT loaded to 3WL, 10 nos. of WLT loaded to 2WL
o Stiff load – settlement behavior, with pile head settlement < 6mm at1 WL, < 16mm at 2WL &
< 20 mm at 3WL
Settlement
Reference Diameter Penetration Max test
1 X WL 2 X WL
Load
ULT-1 600 mm Spun pile 31.5 1.60 3.20 7.55
ULT-2 600 mm Spun pile 30.3 3.80 6.85 10.92
ULT-3 600 mm Spun pile 35.6 4.45 9.05 15.05
ULT-4 600 mm Spun pile 34.8 2.60 6.60 10.80
ULT-5 600 mm Spun pile 28.0 1.75 6.20 10.95 Load settlement
ULT-6 600 mm Spun pile 34.8 4.45 7.35 11.35
SLT P37/7C1 500 mm Spun pile 25.7 4.50 8.40
response of ULT is
SLT P78/8C7 500 mm Spun pile 25.7 3.55 8.85 stiffer than WLT.
SLT 538/P44A 500 mm Spun pile 30.7 4.25 7.00
Installation effect???
SLT P267/7LC2 600 mm Spun pile 33.4 4.50 9.85
SLT P-300 600 mm Spun pile 33.4 4.65 14.60
SLT P161/6SC1 600 mm Spun pile 33.5 4.15 9.25
SLT P221/8LC1 600 mm Spun pile 30.4 1.70 16.05
SPT P798/2LC1 600 mm Spun pile 33.4 4.95 10.80

o Load Settlement Graph for ULT

Load
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
4
Pile head Settlement
ULT-1
6
ULT-3
8 ULT-4
10
12
14
1WL 2WL
16

Load Settlement Graph for WLT
Load
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0
4
P161
Pile head Settlement
6 P221
8 P330
~9mm P762
10 P798
~12.5mm
12
14
16
18
• If FS = 2.0 was considered in design, the WL = 2900kN. Pile head settlement

at 1WL & 1.5WL will be about 9mm and 12.5mm

CASE HISTORIES
CASE HISTORY: SITE B

CASE HISTORY | SITE B
o Residential development with 4 Blocks of 5-storeys tower
o Jacked-in RC Precast Piles. Pile size = 250x250 & 300x300, with WL = 620kN &
900kN respectively
o Total number of piles ~ 750
o Estimated pile length = 8m to 18m, with Ks = 3.5 & Kb = 9.0
o Geotechnical capacity = (Qs+Qb)/2.5 & Qs/1.5+Qb/3.0
o Jacked to 2.2WL with 30 seconds holding time in 2 cycles.
o “Set” criteria = <5mm downward movement in between 2 cycles

o pile layout of. Largest pile group – 18 piles

o Ground condition – Bukit Timah Granite Formation overlying by soft sandy clay, thin layer
of GVI / GV layers above competent layer

o Pile Load Test – 2 nos. of ULT loaded to 3WL, 10 nos. of WLT loaded to 2WL
o Short & predominantly end bearing piles. Prone to pile heaving
o Pile head coordinates & levels of selected piles (49 nos. of piles) were monitored
o Heaving of >10mm to 60mm have been recorded
o A few affected piles are selected for WLT

o Pile Load Test – 2 nos. of ULT loaded to 3WL
o Stiff load – settlement behavior, with pile head settlement < 5mm at1 WL, < 10mm at
2WL
Settlement
Max test
Reference Diameter Penetration Max test
load 1 X WL 2 X WL 2.5WL
Load
ULT-1 250 X 250 RC pile 23.8 190.0 2.60 8.25 10.00 15.05
ULT-2 300 X 300 RC pile 14.7 270.5 4.15 9.00 13.00 45.85

Load Settlement Graph for ULT
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Load
0
10
20
ULT-1 (250X250)
Settlement
ULT-2 (300X300)
30
40
50
60

o Out of 10 nos. of WLT, 8 nos. completed with satisfactory results, with pile head
settlement < 6.5 mm at 1WL, < 17mm at 2WL
Max test Settlement

Reference Diameter Penetration Remark
load 1 X WL 2 X WL
SLT-BC4-5 300 X 300 RC pile 13.0 180.0 4.80 9.70
SLT-BC9-4 300 X 300 RC pile 9.5 180.0 6.20 14.70

SLT-BC10-3 300 X 300 RC pile 11.0 180.0 2.70 7.50
SLT-BC11-5 300 X 300 RC pile 15.0 180.0 4.70 9.30
SLT-BC21-3 300 X 300 RC pile 12.3 180.0 3.75 14.75

SLT-BC67-7 300 X 300 RC pile 15.6 180.0 6.20 14.10
SLT-LW2-2 300 X 300 RC pile 20.9 180.0 5.55 16.80
SLT-SW4-9 300 X 300 RC pile 19.4 180.0 5.90 12.70
180.0 28.75 1st Test

SLT-BC11-4 300 X 300 RC pile 17.6 8.30
180.0 13.15 Re-test
170.5 6.75 40.00 1st Test

SLT-BC22-1 300 X 300 RC pile 10.5
180.0 11.50 Re-test

Load Settlement Graph for WLT
Load
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
BC4-5
4
BC9-4
6 BC10-3
BC11-5
Settlement
8 BC21-3
BC62-7
10
LW2-7
12 SW4-9
14
16
18
IN STEP . WITH YOU

o 2 nos. of WLT recorded excessive settlement at 2WL (> 25mm)
o Re-tests were carried out.
Max test Settlement

Reference Diameter Penetration Remark
load 1 X WL 2 X WL
SLT-BC4-5 300 X 300 RC pile 13.0 180.0 4.80 9.70
SLT-BC9-4 300 X 300 RC pile 9.5 180.0 6.20 14.70

SLT-BC10-3 300 X 300 RC pile 11.0 180.0 2.70 7.50
SLT-BC11-5 300 X 300 RC pile 15.0 180.0 4.70 9.30
SLT-BC21-3 300 X 300 RC pile 12.3 180.0 3.75 14.75

SLT-BC67-7 300 X 300 RC pile 15.6 180.0 6.20 14.10
SLT-LW2-2 300 X 300 RC pile 20.9 180.0 5.55 16.80
SLT-SW4-9 300 X 300 RC pile 19.4 180.0 5.90 12.70
180.0 8.30 28.75 1st Test

SLT-BC11-4 300 X 300 RC pile 14.6
180.0 3.0 13.15 Re-test
170.5 6.75 40.00 1st Test

SLT-BC22-1 300 X 300 RC pile 10.5
180.0 3.5 11.50 Re-test

Load Settlement Graph of SLT-BC11-4
Load
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
5
8.3mm
10
15
BC11-4
Settlement
20 BC11-4 Re test
25
30
35
40
45
• After approximate 15mm of “softer” response, pile capacity “pick-up” again.

From pile heave monitoring, this pile suffer ~ 27mm of heaving before test.

Load Settlement Graph of SLT-BC22-1
Load
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
6.75mm
10
20
BC22-1
Settlement
BC22-1 Re test
30
40
50
60
• A short 10.5m pile and the 1st pile to be installed in a group. Monitored pile heaving ~
40mm. Behaviour of end bearing more similar to virgin loading instead of reloading
response expected for jacked-in piles

02-Dr Ooi-Design of Jacked-In Piles & Case Studies in Singapore

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02-Dr Ooi-Design of Jacked-In Piles & Case Studies in Singapore

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Design of Jacked-in Piles &

Case Studies in Singapore

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – BS / CP4

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – BS / CP4

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – EC7

DA1, Load Combination 1

1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 ≤ 𝑅𝑠,𝑘 + 𝑅𝑏,𝑘

1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.3𝑄𝑘 ≤ 𝑅𝑠,𝑘 /𝛾𝑠 + 𝑅𝑏,𝑘 /𝛾𝑏 , or

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – EC7

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – EC7

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – EC7

o The characteristic resistance then divided by a model factor of 1.4 or 1.2

o Allowable pile capacity is then computed by:

DA1, LC1: 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 ≤ 𝑅𝑠,𝑘 + 𝑅𝑏,𝑘

DA1, LC2: 1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.3𝑄𝑘 ≤ 𝑅𝑠,𝑘 /𝛾𝑠 + 𝑅𝑏,𝑘 /𝛾𝑏 , or

1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.3𝑄𝑘 ≤ (𝑅𝑠,𝑘 +𝑅𝑏,𝑘 )/𝛾𝑡

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – EC7

Equivalent FS (assuming Gk:Qk ratio of 75:25) – DA1 C2

Total 2.26 2.56 1.94 2.19 2.5

Shaft Resistance 1.96 2.26 1.68 1.94 1.5

End Bearing 2.26 2.56 1.94 2.19 3.0

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – EC7

From Static Load Test

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

Geotechnical Capacity – EC7

From Static Load Test

Equivalent FS of Total Resistance (assuming Gk:Qk ratio of 75:25) – DA1 C2

1 2.50 2.50 2.83 2.83

2 2.37 2.17 2.69 2.47

3 2.29 1.98 2.60 2.25

≥5 2.18 1.74 2,47 1.97

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

o Jacked-in Pile suitable for any ground condition?

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

o Thick layer of soft ground

o Jacked-in (displacement) piles could

o Need pre-boring / relief holes?

o Foundation stability of jacked-in

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

o Potential short piles with sudden set

o Predominantly end bearing piles

o Installed pile could be heaved by the

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

o Interbedded hard layer

o Piles could be terminated on the hard

o It is crucial to evaluate long term pile

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

o Piles could be terminated on boulders

o Pre-boring will be required

o Pile group settlement shall be checked

JACKED-IN PILE IN STEP . WITH YOU

CASE HISTORY: SITE A