1. Impulse response?

The impulse response is generally a short duration time domain signal. For CTS it is
dirac delta function and for DTS it is delta function.
2. Base band signal?
It is the transmission signal which consists of more than single frequency components
i.e, from 0 Hz to higher frequency component.
3. Cutoff frequency?
It is the frequency at which the energy flowing through the system begins to be
reduced rather than passing through.
4. Application of AM?
Broadcast transmissions
Long, medium, short wave bands
5. Application of FM?
 Fm radio broadcasting
 EEG
 Telemetry
 Seismic prospecting
6. Duo binary coding?
It is a type of encoding in which the modulator drive signal can be produced by
adding one bit delayed data to the present data bit.
7. Bit rate?
Transmission of number of bits per second
8. Baud rate?
Number of signal units per second
9. Advantages of CMOS?
 Low static power consumption
 Reduce the complexity of the circuit
 High noise immunity
10. Examples of micro controller?
 Altera
 Atmel
 Cypress semi conductor
 Raspberry pi
11. Examples of micro processor?
 Intel 8085
 Intel 8086
 Intel Pentium
 AMD processor
12. Reverse saturation current?
The reverse current in a semi conductor diode caused by diffusion of minority
carriers from the neutral regions to the depletion regions.
13. Applications of varactor diode?
 Voltage controlled oscillators
 Rf filters
 Frequency and phase modulators
14. Thermal stability?
The material to resist the action of heat and to maintain its properties such as strength,
toughness, or elasticity at given temperature.
15. Why gain b.w product is constant?
The gain B.W product is constant because it is the product of two constants, the op-
amp open loop gain and the corner frequency.
16. Central limit theorem?
When independent random variables are added their properly normalised sum tends
toward a normal distribution even if the original variables themselves are not
normally distributed.
17. Drawbacks of communication system?
 Noise limitation
 Bandwidth limitation
 Equipment limitation
18. Slope overload?
The large error between the staircase approximated signal and the original signal.
19. Phased array antenna?
In this the power from the transmitter is fed to the antennas through phase shifters,
controlled by a computer system, which alter the phase electronically, thus steering
the beam of radio waves to a different direction.
20. Directivity?
The directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given
direction of the antenna to the radiation intensity arranged overall directions.
21. Ideal op-amp characteristics?
 Infinite input resistance
 Zero output impedance
 Infinite open loop gain
 Infinite bandwidth
22. Random signal?
The random signal is characterised by its lack of predictability unlike a deterministic
signal whose value at any instant is known, the value of a random signal at any instant
is not known.
23. Source encoding?
The process of efficiently converting the output of analog or digital source into a
sequence of binary digits is known as source encoding.
24. Reflex klystron?
It is an oscillator in which the electron beam is reflected back through the cavity
resonator by a repelling electrode having a negative voltage used as a microwave
oscillator.
25. Butterworth filter?
The butter worth filter is a type of signal processing filter designed to have a
frequency response as flat as possible in the passband.
26. Propagation constant?
It is the change undergone by the amplitude and phase of the wave as it is propogates
in a given direction.
27. CMRR?
Common mode rejection ratio is the ratio of common mode gain to differential moe
gain.
28. Phase locked loop?
It is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the
phase of an input signal.
29. Demorgan’s theorem?
The theorem explains that the complement of the product of all the terms is equal to
the sum of the complement of each term.
30. Single stub matching?
It is widely used to match any complex load to a transmission line. They consist of
shortened or opened segments of the line, connected in parallel or series.
31. Phase velocity?
The speed of propagation of a sine wave or a sinusoidal component of a complex
wave equal to the product of its wavelength and frequency.
32. Group velocity?
The velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the wave’s amplitudes known
as the envelope of the wave propagates through space.
33. Drift velocity?
It is the average velocity attained by charged particles such as electrons in a material
due to an electric field.
34. Variance?
It is calculated by taking the average of squared deviations from the mean.
35. Types of random processes?
 Deterministic and non-deterministic
 Stationary and non stationary
 Ergodic and non-ergodic
36. Poly-weiner criterion?
Gives the frequency domain condition on the magnitude of the transfer function of the
LTI system.
37. Moore’s law?
The number of transistors in a dense IC doubles about every two years.
38. Carson’s rule?
It defines the approximation bandwidth requirements of communication system
components for a carrier signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad
spectrum.
39. Aperture effect?
In flat top sampling due to the lengthening of the sample amplitude distortion as well
as a delay of T/2 was introduced. This is called as aperture effect.
40. Greyscale image?
In which the value of each pixel is a single sample representing only an amount of
light.
41. Frequency synthesizer?
A frequency synthesizer is an electronic circuit that generates a range of frequencies
from a single reference frequency.
42. Desirable characteristics of low noise amplifier?
 Noise figure
 Gain
 Bandwidth
 Dynamic range
43. Phase detector?
Which generates a voltage signal which represents the difference in phase between
two signal inputs. It is an essential element of the PLL.
44. Mutually exclusive events?
The events are said to be mutually exclusive or disjoint if they both cannot occur at
the same time
Ex: tossing a coin, deck of cards
45. Pre emphasis and de emphasis?
Pre emphasis is used to improve signal quality at the output of a data transmission. It
is done at the transmitter.
De emphasis means attenuating the frequencies at which they are boosted. It is done
at the receiver. The purpose is to improve SNR of FM reception.