Konu PŬĂƌLJŽƚ,ƺĐƌĞzĂƉŦƐŦǀĞĞŬŝƌĚĞŬ

OGM
%û<2/2-û6¿Q¿I
zĂLJŦŶdĂƌŝŚŝ 08.01.2021
MATERYAL
ORTAÖĞRETİM GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ

ÖKARYOT
KONU HÜCRE
“.$5<27+˜&5(<$3,6,9(„(.ý5'(.
PŬĂƌLJŽƚŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌ͕ƉƌŽŬĂƌLJŽƚ ŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌĞŐƂƌĞĚĂŚĂďƺLJƺŬǀĞŐĞůŝƔŵŝƔŽůƵƉĕŝĨƚŬĂƚůŦnjĂƌůĂĕĞǀƌŝůŝĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŒĞ
“.$5<27+˜&5( YHhayvanlaržOHPLQHGžKLOFDQO¿ODU²NDU\RWK¸FUH
ve njĂƌůŦŽƌŐĂŶĞůůĞƌĞsahiptir. Protista, bitki, mantar ve hayvanlar ąůĞŵŝŶĞĚąŚŝůĐĂŶůŦůĂƌƂŬĂƌLJŽƚŚƺĐƌĞ
“NDU\RWK¸FUHOHUSURNDU\RWK¸FUHOHUHJ²UHGDKD \DS¿V¿QDVDKLSWLU“NDU\RWK¸FUHOHUGHK¸FUH]DU¿VL-
LJĂƉŦƐŦŶĂƐĂŚŝƉƚŝƌ͘PŬĂƌLJŽƚŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌĚĞ͖ŚƺĐƌĞnjĂƌŦ͕ƐŝƚŽƉůĂnjŵĂve çekirdek (genetik materyal) ortak
SORULAR
E¸\¸NYHJHOLÅPLÅROXS£LIWNDWO¿]DUOD£HYULOL£HNLUGH½H WRSOD]PDYHçekirdek JHQHWLNPDWHU\DORUWDNRODUDN
ŽůĂƌĂŬďƵůƵŶĂŶLJĂƉŦůĂƌĚŦƌ͘
YH]DUO¿RUJDQHOOHUHVDKLSWLUProtistabitkimantar EXOXQDQ\DS¿ODUG¿U 1.
+¸FUH£HNLUGH½LLOHLOJLOL
` `
*UDQ¸OO¸ „HNLUGHN]DU¿ „HNLUGHN]DU¿
HQGRSOD]PLN „HNLUGHNV¿Y¿V¿
Çekirdek
*UDQ¸OO¸
HQGRSOD]PLN
„HNLUGHNV¿Y¿V¿
Çekirdek
,7¸P²NDU\RWK¸FUH£HÅLWOHULQGHELUWDQH
Çekirdekçik Çekirdekçik
retikulum
Kromatin
retikulum
Kromatin £HNLUGHNEXOXQXU
*ROJLD\J¿W¿ 5LER]RPODU *UDQ¸OV¸]
,,%²O¸QPH\OHROXÅDQ\DYUXK¸FUHOHUHNDO¿WVDO
HQGRSOD]PLN 5LER]RP *UDQ¸OV¸]
“NDU\RW
+¸FUH 3HURNVL]RP retikulum HQGRSOD]PLN
ELOJLQLQDNWDU¿OPDV¿QGDQVRUXPOXGXU
iskeleti
3HURNVL]RP
retikulum
K¸FUHOHU
HOHPDQODU¿
+¸FUH ,,,+¸FUHE²O¸QPHVLHVQDV¿QGD£HNLUGHNGH
Kloroplast iskeleti DQD
E²O¸Q¸U
HOHPDQODU¿
N¿V¿PGDQ
LIDGHOHULQGHQKDQJLOHULGR½UXGXU"
ROXÅXU
$<DOQ¿],   %<DOQ¿],,
Çekirdek,
&,YH,,   ',YH,,,
Sitoplazma,
(,,YH,,,
+¸FUH]DU¿
CEVAP: E

2.
$ÅD½¿GD£HNLUGHN]DU¿LOHLOJLOLYHULOHQ
Mitokondri *ROJLD\J¿W¿ ifadelerden hangisi \DQO¿ÅW¿U?
6DOJ¿NRWXOX
/L]R]RP Koful
+¸FUH]DU¿
$*UDQ¸OV¸]HQGRSOD]PLNUHWLNXOXP
*H£LW +¸FUH]DU¿ 6LWRSOD]PD
6HQWUR]RP Mitokondri WDUDI¿QGDQROXÅWXUXOXU
0HUNH]LNRWXO 0LNURW¸E¸O
+¸FUHGXYDU¿ 6LWRSOD]PD %„LIWNDWO¿ROXSLNL]DUDUDV¿QGDERÅOXN
EXOXQXU
PŬĂƌLJŽƚŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌϯĂŶĂŬŦƐŦŵĚĂŶŽůƵƔƵƌ͗ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬ͕^ŝƚŽƉůĂnjŵĂ͕,ƺĐƌĞnjĂƌŦ
„(.û5'(.18./(86 D„HNLUGHN=DU¿ ELUOHÅWLULOHUHNULER]RPODU¿QE¸\¸N &˜]HULQGHULER]RPEXOXQXU
%LUK¸FUHGHNL£HNLUGHNVD\¿V¿YH „HNLUGHN]DU¿£LIWNDWO¿ROXSEXLNL YHN¸£¸NDOWELULPOHULVHQWH]OHQLU '3RUODU¿QE¸\¸NO¸½¸ULER]RPDOWELULPOHULQLQ
£HNLUGH½LQE¸\¸NO¸½¸K¸FUHQLQWLSLQH ]DUDUDV¿QGDELUERÅOXNEXOXQXU„HNLU- „HNLUGHN£L½LQE¸\¸NO¸½¸YHVD\¿V¿ JH£HELOHFH½LE¸\¸NO¸NWHGLU
YHJ²UHYLQHJ²UHGH½LÅLU*HQHOGHELU GHN]DU¿Q¿Q¸]HULQGHD£¿O¿SNDSDQPD K¸FUHQLQDNWLYLWHVLQHED½O¿G¿U3URWHLQ (+¸FUHE²O¸QPHVLV¿UDV¿QGDHUL\HUHNND\EROXU
<7Z<;Eh<>h^Ϳ
K¸FUHGHELUDGHW£HNLUGHNEXOXQXUNHQ \HWHQH½LQHVDKLSULER]RPODU¿QE¸\¸N VHQWH]K¿]¿\¸NVHNRODQK¸FUHOHUGH CEVAP: A
paramesyumED]¿PDQWDUK¸FUHOH- YHN¸£¸NDOWELULPOHULQLQGHJH£HELOH- £HNLUGHN£LNVD\¿V¿DUWDELOLU
ŝƌŚƺĐƌĞĚĞŬŝĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŬƐĂLJŦƐŦǀĞĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŒŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺŚƺĐƌĞŶŝŶƚŝƉŝŶĞǀĞŐƂƌĞǀŝŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŒŝƔŝƌ͘'ĞŶĞůĚĞ
riLQVDQODU¿QNDUDFL½HUYH£L]JLOLNDV FH½LE¸\¸NO¸NWHporlarYDUG¿U„HNLU- £.DO¿W¿P0DWHU\DOL ďͿĞŬŝƌĚĞŬ^ŦǀŦƐŦ
3.
ďŝƌŚƺĐƌĞĚĞďŝƌĂĚĞƚĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŬďƵůƵŶƵƌŬĞŶparamesyum,
K¸FUHOHULQGHELUGHQID]OD£HNLUGHN ďĂnjŦŵĂŶƚĂƌŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌŝ,
GHN]DU¿K¸FUHE²O¸QPHVLV¿UDV¿QGD ŝŶƐĂŶůĂƌŦŶŬĂƌĂĐŝŒĞƌve
“NDU\RWK¸FUHOHULQ£HNLUGHN'1$ÜV¿ ĞŬŝƌĚĞŒŝŶŝĕŝŶŝĚŽůĚƵƌĂŶƐŦǀŦĚŦƌ͘ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬƐŦǀŦƐŦŶŦŶŝĕĞƌŝŒŝŶĚĞйϱϬ-ϴϬŽƌĂŶŦŶĚĂƐƵ͕йϯϵŽƌĂŶŦŶĚĂ
ƉƌŽƚĞŝŶ͕йϭϬŽƌĂŶŦŶĚĂE͕йϭŽƌĂŶŦŶĚĂŝƐĞZE͛ůĂƌ͕ŶƺŬůĞŽƚŝƚůĞƌ͕dW͕ŵŝŶĞƌĂůůĞƌǀĞĚŝŒĞƌŵĂĚĚĞůĞƌ
+¸FUH£HNLUGH½LYHN¿V¿PODU¿LOHLOJLOL
ĕŝnjŐŝůŝŬĂƐŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌŝŶĚĞďŝƌĚĞŶĨĂnjůĂĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŬďƵůƵŶĂďŝůŝƌ͘ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬ͕ďĂnjŦŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌĚĞŚƺĐƌĞLJĂƔĂŵŦŶŦŶ
EXOXQDELOLU„HNLUGHNED]¿K¸FUHOHU- HUL\HUHNND\EROXUE²O¸QPHWDPDP- ²]HOSURWHLQOHUHVDU¿O¿KžOGHNLkroma-
bulunur.

c) Çekirdekçik ,„HNLUGHNV¿Y¿V¿Q¿Q\R½XQOX½XVLWRSOD]PDGDQ
ĞƌŬĞŶĞǀƌĞůĞƌŝŶĚĞŵĞǀĐƵƚŬĞŶƐŽŶƌĂĚĂŶŬĂLJďŽůƵƌ͘PƌŶĞŒŝŶŵĞŵĞůŝůĞƌŝŶŽůŐƵŶĂůLJƵǀĂƌŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌŝ͕ŬŦƌŵŦnjŦ
GHK¸FUH\DÅDP¿Q¿QHUNHQHYUHOHULQ- ODQG¿NWDQVRQUD\HQLGHQ\DS¿O¿U tin DG¿YHULOHQ\DS¿ODUKDOLQGHEXOX- ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬĕŝŬDNA, RNA ve proteinden ŽůƵƔƵƌ͘ĂƌƐŦz ďŝƌLJĂƉŦĚŦƌ͘ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬĕŝŬƚĞƌZE͛ůĂƌŝůĞƉƌŽƚĞŝŶůĞƌ
ďŝƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůĞƌĞŬƌŝďŽnjŽŵůĂƌŦŶďƺLJƺŬǀĞŬƺĕƺŬĂůƚďŝƌŝŵůĞƌŝƐĞŶƚĞnjůĞŶŝƌ͘ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬĕŝŒŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺǀĞƐĂLJŦƐŦ GDKDD]G¿U
GHPHYFXWNHQVRQUDGDQND\EROXU E„HNLUGHN6¿Y¿V¿ QXU%²O¸QPHV¿UDV¿QGDNURPDWLQGHNL ŚƺĐƌĞŶŝŶĂŬƚŝǀŝƚĞƐŝŶĞďĂŒůŦĚŦƌ͘WƌŽƚĞŝŶƐĞŶƚĞnjŚŦnjŦLJƺŬƐĞŬŽůĂŶŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌĚĞĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŬĕŝŬƐĂLJŦƐŦĂƌƚĂbilir.

ŬĞŵŝŬŝůŝŒŝŶĚĞŝůŬŽůƵƔƚƵŒƵĂŶĚĂĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŬůŝĚŝƌ͘ƵŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌŬĂŶĂŐĞĕŵĞĚĞŶƂŶĐĞĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŒŝŶŝĚĂŚĂƐŽŶƌĂ ĕͿ<ĂůŦƚŦŵDĂƚĞƌLJĂůŝ ,,„HNLUGHN£LNWHULER]RPODU¿QE¸\¸NYHN¸£¸N

“UQH½LQmemelilerin olgun alyuvar
ƚƺŵorganellerini kaybeder.
K¸FUHOHULN¿UP¿]¿NHPLNLOL½LQGHLON
„HNLUGH½LQL£LQLGROGXUDQV¿Y¿G¿U
„HNLUGHNV¿Y¿V¿Q¿QL£HUL½LQGH
'1$HÅOHQHUHN\R½XQODÅ¿UYHkromo-
DOWELULPOHULVHQWH]OHQLU
PŬĂƌLJŽƚŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌŝŶĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŬE͛ƐŦ͕ƂnjĞůƉƌŽƚĞŝŶůĞƌĞƐĂƌŦůŦŚąůĚĞŬŝkromatin ĂĚŦǀĞƌŝůĞŶLJĂƉŦůĂƌŚĂůŝŶĚĞ
]RPODUDG²Q¸Å¸U
ďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘ƂůƺŶŵĞƐŦƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬƌŽŵĂƚŝŶĚĞŬŝEĞƔůĞŶĞƌĞŬLJŽŒƵŶůĂƔŦƌǀĞkromozomůĂƌĂĚƂŶƺƔƺƌ͘

ROXÅWX½XDQGD£HNLUGHNOLGLU%XK¸FUH- RUDQ¿QGDVXRUDQ¿QGDSURWHLQ
,,,1¸NOHLNDVLWYHSURWHLQGHQPH\GDQDJHOHQ
,ƺĐƌĞĕĞŬŝƌĚĞŒŝϰĂŶĂŬŦƐŦŵĚĂŶŽůƵƔƵƌ͗ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬnjĂƌŦ͕ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬƐŦǀŦƐŦ͕ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬĕŝŬ͕<ĂůŦƚŦŵŵĂƚĞƌLJĂůŝ
OHUNDQDJH£PHGHQ²QFH£HNLUGH½LQL RUDQ¿QGD'1$RUDQ¿QGDLVH JHQHWLNPDWHU\DOHNURPDWLQDG¿YHULOLU
(kromatin).
GDKDVRQUDW¸PRUJDQHOOHULQLND\EH- 51$ÜODUQ¸NOHRWLWOHU$73PLQHUDOOHU „HNLUGHN=DU¿
YHULOHQLIDGHOHUGHQKDQJLOHULGR½UXGXU"
GHU YHGL½HUPDGGHOHUEXOXQXU $<DOQ¿],   %<DOQ¿],,
ĂͿĞŬŝƌĚĞŬĂƌŦ
+¸FUH£HNLUGH½LDQDN¿V¿PGDQ c) Çekirdekçik &,YH,,   ',,YH,,,
ROXÅXU„HNLUGHN]DU¿„HNLUGHN „HNLUGHN£LN'1$51$YHpro- (,,,YH,,,
ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬnjĂƌŦ͕ĕŝĨƚŬĂƚůŦŽůƵƉďƵŝŬŝnjĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂďŝƌďŽƔůƵŬďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬnjĂƌŦŶŦŶƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞĂĕŦůŦƉ
V¿Y¿V¿„HNLUGHN£LN.DO¿W¿PPDWHU\DOL teindenROXÅXU=DUV¿]ELU\DS¿G¿U
Po
rla
r
CEVAP: D
ŬĂƉĂŶŵĂLJĞƚĞŶĞŒŝŶĞƐĂŚŝƉƌŝďŽnjŽŵůĂƌŦŶďƺLJƺŬǀĞŬƺĕƺŬĂůƚďŝƌŝŵůĞƌŝŶŝŶĚĞŐĞĕĞďŝůĞĐĞŒŝďƺLJƺŬůƺŬƚĞ
NURPDWLQ „HNLUGHN£LNWHU51$ÜODULOHSURWHLQOHU
porlar ǀĂƌĚŦƌ͘ĞŬŝƌĚĞŬnjĂƌŦ͕ŚƺĐƌĞďƂůƺŶŵĞƐŝƐŦƌĂƐŦŶĚĂĞƌŝLJĞƌĞŬŬĂLJďŽůƵƌ͖ďƂůƺŶŵĞƚĂŵĂŵůĂŶĚŦŬƚĂŶ
ƐŽŶƌĂLJĞŶŝĚĞŶLJĂƉŦůŦƌ͘