Lam Nguyen

Annotate the text and Name: __________________________

answer the questions. Date: ___________
5/16 Period: _______
2
Plant cells are enclosed in a cellulose cell wall. The cell wall and function of a typical plant cell and its organelles. Also see
protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive the following pages where further information is provided on the
water uptake. It does not interfere with the passage of materials organelles listed here but not described.
into and out of the cell. The diagram below shows the structure
Mitochondrion: 1.5 µm X 2-8 µm.
Mitochondria are ovoid structures
bounded by a double membrane.
They are the cell energy
Starch granule: Carbohydrate transformers, converting chemical
stored in amyloplasts (plastids energy into ATP.
for specialized storage). ----b-Jb'-f-1'-fr�.,c--=-,-,-i=:
P lastids are unique to plants. Cytoplasm: A watery solution
Non-photosynthetic plastids containing dissolved substances,
usually store materials. enzymes, and the cell organelles
-_ Large e�nttl:il vacuote; and structures. The site of
translation in the cell.
.l!Sqally filledwithanaql!e()tis

. :1ii\0�iriitii1t:�tt.\J?
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Chloroplast: Specialized comprises a network of tubes and
plastids, 2 µm x 5 µm, · - fq(ictlon'in stbrag'�, w�ste •· flattened sacs. ER is continuous
containing the green pigment
chlorophyll. They contain
. dt1jpo��i, a:ritt groyvth>; - _- with the plasma membrane and
the nuclear membrane and may
dense stacks of membranes be smooth or have attached
(grana) within a colorless ribosomes (rough ER).
stroma. They are the sites for
photosynthesis and occur Nuclear pore: 100 nm diameter.
mainly in leaves.
Nuclear membrane: A double
layered structure penetrated by
holes (nuclear pores).
Cell wall: A semi-rigid Nucleus: A conspicuous
structure outside the plasma organelle containing most of the
membrane, 0.1 µm to several cell's DNA, 5 µm diameter.
µm thick. It is composed
mainly of cellulose. It supports Nucleolus
the cell and limits its volume. Ribosomes: These small (20 nm)
structures manufacture proteins.
Plasma membrane: Ribosomes are made of ribosomal
Located inside the RNA and protein. They may be
cell wall in plants, free in the cytoplasm or
3 to 10 nm thick. associated with the surface of the
endoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi apparatus

1. The two photographs (left) show plant cells as seen by a light

microscope. Identify the basic features labelled A-D:
Nucleus
A:
Cell wall
B:
Cytoplasm
C:
Chloroplast
D:

2. Cytoplasmic streaming is a feature of eukaryotic cells, often

clearly visible with a light microscope in plant (and algal) cells.

(a) Explain what is meant by cytoplasmic streaming:

Cytoplasmic streaming is the term used for cytoplasm transporting
nutrients, proteins, and other things by moving.

(b) For the Elodea cell (lower, left), draw arrows to indicate
cytoplasmic streaming movements.
3. Describe three structures/organelles present in generalized plant cells but absent from animal cells (also see page 92):
Starch granules are plastids that store carbohydrates, and are unique to plants.
(a)
Chloroplasts are specialized plastids that contain chlorophyll, and are needed for photosynthesis.
(b)

(c) Cell walls are structures outside the plasma membrane and are composed of cellulose, which animal cells do not have.
Annotate the text and
answer the questions.
Animal cells, unlike plant cells, do not have a regular shape. In
fact, some animal cells (such as phagocytes) are able to alter their
shape for various purposes (e.g. engulfment of foreign material).
The diagram below shows the structure and function of a typical
animal cell and its organelles. Note the differences between this
cell and the generalized plant cell. Also see the previous page
and following two pages, where further information is provided on
the organelles listed here but not described.

Vacuoles: Smaller than Lysosome: A sac bounded by a single

those found in plant cells. membrane. They are pinched off from the
Golgi apparatus: A series of Golgi apparatus and contain and transport
flattened, disc-shaped sacs, stacked enzymes that break down food and foreign
one on top of the other and matter. Lysosomes show little internal structure
connected with the ER. The Golgi but often contain fragments of material being
stores, modifies, and packages broken down. Specialized lysosomes are
proteins. It 'tags' proteins so that generally absent from plant cells.
they go to their correct destination.

Nuclear pore: A hole in the

nuclear membrane. It allows Centrioles: Structures associated with
communication between the nuclear division. They are composed
nucleus and the rest of the cell. of microtubules, but appear as small,
featureless particles, 0.25 µm
diameter, under a light microscope.
They are absent in higher plant cells
Nucleolus: A dense, solid
and some protists.
structure composed of
crystalline protein and nucleic
acid. They are involved in Nuclear membrane
ribosome synthesis.

Ribosomes: These small

structures may be free in the
cytoplasm or associated with the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum: A site of protein synthesis. Plasma membrane

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

ER without ribosomes. It is a site for
lipid and carbohydrate metabolism,
including hormone synthesis.
Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria):
An organelle bounded by a double
membrane system. The number in a
cell depends on its metabolic activity.

1. The two photomicrographs (left) show several types of animal cells.

Identify the features indicated by the letters A-C:
Nucleus
A:
Plasma membrane
B:
Nucleus
C:

2. White blood cells are mobile, phagocytic cells, whereas red blood cells
are smaller than white blood cells and, in humans, lack a nucleus.
Neurons (nerve cells) in the spinal cord
(a) In the photomicrograph (below, left), circle a white blood cell and a
red blood cell:

(b) With respect to the features that you can see, explain how you
made your decision.
A big difference between red and white blood cells is that red blood
cells don't have a nucleus, while white blood cells do and are capable

i
ill
of mobility.

White blood cells and red blood cells (blood smear)

3. Name and describe one structure or organelle present in generalized animal cells but absent from plant cells:
The lysosome is a sac bound together with a membrane. They contain and transport enzymes that break down food and other
foreign objects. Specialized lysosomes are not in plant cells.