NON-HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM OF

LINEAR EQUATIONS
Prof. Dr. Shailendra Bandewar
Non - homogeneous System of linear equations
A system of equation
a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1n xn  b1

2/16/2021
a21 x1  a22 x2  ...  a2 n xn  b2

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

.
am1 x1  am 2 x2  ...  amn xn  bm
where b1 , b2 , ..., bm not all zero
is called non homogeneous system of linear
equations
2
This system may or may not be consistant
Definition : Augmented matrix
 a11 a12 . a1n b1 
a 

2/16/2021
 a . a b2 
 A b   . . . .
21 22 2 n

. 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

 
 am1 am 2 . amn bm 
is called as Augmented matrix
Condition for consistancy :
The system of equation is consistant iff
   A b      A
3
Types of solution
Unique solution
If   A b     A  n  Number of unknowns,

2/16/2021
then unique solution.

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

Infinitely many solutions
If   A b     A  r  n ( Number of unknowns),
then infintely many solutions.
Number of free varables: in case of infintely many solutions
n  r variables are free variables.
Which variables are free : Non  pivote.

4
Relation between solution of homogeneous
and nonhomogeneous system :
Consider The homogeneous system

2/16/2021
x  y  0; 2 x  2 y  0

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

its solution is x  y  k
if we consider the nonhomogeneous system
x  y  1; 2 x  2 y  2
its solution is x  1  k , y  k
i.e solution of non-homgeneous system is
obtained by shifting the origin of homogeneous 5

system.
2/16/2021 Prof. Shailendra Bandewar
6
The General solution of Nonhomogeneous
system Ax  b is
x  xh  x p ,

2/16/2021
where xh is a solution of Ax  0

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

and x p is a solution of Ax  b
called as particular solution.
Example 1 : consider the system
x1  2 x2  3x3  1
2 x1  x2  x3  2
7

x1  x2  4 x3  1
Solution : In matrix form
1 2 3  x1  1 
Ax  b, where A   2 1 1 , x   x2  , b   2 

2/16/2021
1 1 4   x3  1 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

1 2 3 1
Consider  A b    2 1 1 2  ( Augmented matrix)
1 1 4 1 
1 2 3 1
R2  2 R1 , R3  R1   A b   0 3 7 1
0 3 7 1

8
 1 2 3 1
R3  R2   A b   0 3 7 1 
0 0 0 0 

2/16/2021
  A b     A  2  3(number of var iables )
 system is consistant and has infinite solution.

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

Equivalent system is
x1  2 x2  3x3  1
 3 x2  7 x3  1
let x3  k (A free variables as it is nonpivote variable)
1
 x 2   1  7 k 
3
2 5 5
x1  1  2 x2  3x3  1  1  7 k   3k   k 9
3 3 3
 5 5  5  5 
3  3 k  3  3 
     
 1   1  7
 x   1  7 k     k   x p  xh

2/16/2021
 3   3  3
     
 k    0 1 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

     
where xh is a solution of Ax  0
and x p is a solution of Ax  b.

10
Example 2 :
Investigate the values of a and b so that the equations
2 x  3 y  5 z  9; 7 x  3 y  2 z  8; 2 x  3 y  az  b

2/16/2021
have  i  no solution  ii  unique solution
 iii 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

infinite solutions.

2 3 5 : 9
Solution : [ A : B ]   7 3 2 : 8 
 2 3 a : b 
2 3 5 : 9 

R2  3R1  [ A : B ]   1 6 17 : 19 
11
 2 3 a : b 
 1 6 17 : 19 

R12  [ A : B]   2 3 5 : 9 
 2 3 a : b 

2/16/2021
1 6 17 : 19 
R2  2 R1 , R3  2 R1  [ A : B]  0 47 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

15 39 :
0 15 a  34 : b  38
1 6 17 : 19 
R3  R2  [ A : B]  0 15 39 : 47 
0 0 a  5 : b  9 

12
i) For no solution [ A]  [ A : B]
if a  5  0 & b  9  0, then [ A]  2 and [ A : B]  3

2/16/2021
ii) for unique solution [ A]  [ A : B]  3,

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

if a  5  0, then [ A]  [ A : B]  3.

iii) for inf inite number of solutions [ A]  [ A : B]  3,

if a  5  0 and b  9  0, then [ A]  [ A : B]  3.

13
Example 3 : For what vlaues of a, the system
x  2 y  3z  4; 3x  y  18 z  2; 4 x  y  (a 2  1) z  a  2
has (i ) No solution (ii ) Unique solution (iii ) Infinite solutions

2/16/2021
Solution : The given system can be written as
Ax  b

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

1 2 3  4 
where A   3 1 18  , b   2 
 4 1 a 2  1  a  2 
Consider the augmented matrix
1 2 3 4 
 3 1 18 
 A b  
 2 
14
 4 1 a 2  1 a  2 
 1 2 3 4 
R2  3R1 , R3  4 R1   A b   0 7 27 10 
0 7 a 2  11 a  14 

2/16/2021
1 2 3 4 
R3  R2   A b   0 7 10 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

27
0 0 a 2  16 a  4 
Case 1: For a  4  0 and a  4  0,   A b     A  3
 system has a unique solution.
Case II : For a  4  0,   A b     A
 system do not have a solution.
Case III : for inf inite solution 15

a  4  0 and a  4  0 as   A b     A  3.
Example 4 : Investigate for consistency of the following
equations and if possible find solutions
w  x  3 y  3z  3;  5w  2 x  5 y  4 z  5;

2/16/2021
3w  4 x  7 y  2 z  7; 2w  3x  y  11z  1;

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

Solution : Given system can be written as
Ax  b
 1 1 3 3 3 
 5 2 5 4 5
 A b   3 4 7 2 7 
 
 2 3 1 11 1 
16
R2  5R1 , R3  3R1 , R4  2 R1 
1 1 3 3 3 
0 3 10 11 11 

2/16/2021
 A b  0 7 16 11 25 
 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

0 5 5 5 5
1 1 3 3 3 
0 1 1 1 1
1
R2  R4   A b    
5 0 7 16 11 25
 
0 3 10 11 10 
17
 1 1 3 3 3 
0 1 1 1 1
R3  7 R2 , R4  3R2   A b    
0 0 9 18 18 
 

2/16/2021
 0 0 7 14 7 
1 1 3 3 3 
0 1 1 1 1

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

1 1
R3 , R4   A b    
9 7 0 0 1 2 2 
 
 0 0 1  2 1 
1 1 3 3 3 
0 1 1 1 1
R4  R3   A b    
0 0 1 2 2 
 
 0 0 0 0 1
  A b     A 18

 System of equations are inconsistant

Example 5 : Investigate for consistency of the following
equations and if possible find solutions
w  x  3 y  3z  3;  5w  2 x  5 y  4 z  2;

2/16/2021
3w  4 x  7 y  2 z  7; 2w  3x  y  11z  1;

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

Solution : Given system can be written as
Ax  b
 1 1 3 3 3
 5 2 5 4 
2
 A b   3 4 7 2 7
 
 2 3 1 11 1
19
R2  5 R1 , R3  3R1 , R4  2 R1 
1 1 3 3 3 
0 3 10 11 17 

2/16/2021
 A b  0 7 16 11 25

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

 
0 5 5 5 5
1 1 3 3 3 
0 1 1 1 1
1
R2  R4   A b    
5 0 7 16 11 25
 
0 3 10 11 17 
20
 1 1 3 3 3 
0 1 1 1 1
R3  7 R2 , R4  3R2   A b    
0 0 9 18 18 
 

2/16/2021
 0 0 7 14 14 
1 1 3 3 3 
0 1 1 1 1

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

1 1
R3 , R4   A b    
9 7 0 0 1 2 2 
 
 0 0 1  2 2 
1 1 3 3 3 
0 1 1 1 1
R4  R3   A b    
0 0 1 2 2 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 
  A b     A  3 21

 System of equations are consistant

Equivalent system is
w  x  3 y  3z  3

2/16/2021
x  y  z  1
y  2z  2

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

Let z  k , be free variable
 y  2  2k , x  1  3k , w  5  3k
 5  3k   5  3
1  3k  1  3 
x    k   x x .
 2  2k   2  2  p h

     
k  0  1  22
Example 6 : Find a 2 by 3 system whose complete solution is
 x   2 1 
X   y   1   k  2
 z   0  1 

2/16/2021
Solution : We wanted to find A such that
 x   2

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

    
   y   1 
    
 z  0 
let z  k
we wanted y  1  2k
 sec ond row has to be 0, 1, 2
and x  2  k
 First row must be 1, 0,  1
23
1 0 1
 A  .
0 1 2 
Example 7 : Find A nad B such that
1 
  0
(a) The only solution to Ax  3 is   .

2/16/2021
5 1

1 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

1   
(b) The only solution to Bx    is 3 .
 3  
5 
Solution : (a)A must be 3  2 matrix such that
 a1 a2  1 
b  0  
 1 b2     3  a1 , b1, c1 can be any real numbers
 c1 1
c2  5 24

and a2  1, b2  3, and c2  5.
  a1 1

 A   b1 3 
 c1 5

2/16/2021
1 

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

  1 
(b) B 3   
5  3

 B must be 2  3 matrix
We don ' t have unique solution as  ( B)  2.

25
Analysis of electrical Network

In this section basic laws of electrical circuit are

discussed. You will learn how these laws can be used

2/16/2021
to obtain the system of linear equations whose
solution yields the currents in the system.

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

There are three basic quantities associated
with electrical circuit. Electrical potential (E-Volts),
resistance (R-ohms), and current (I-ampere).
Electrical potential (called as voltage drops
between two points) is associated with two points in
an electrical circuits and is measured by connecting
those points to a device called a voltmeter.
The flow of current in an electrical circuits is
governed by three basic laws.
26
.

The flow of current in an electrical circuits is

governed by three basic laws. V  IR

2/16/2021
Ohms law: The voltage drop across a resistor is the product of
current passing through it and its resistance

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

Kirchhoff’s current law: The sum of currents
flowing into any point equals the sum of the currents
flowing out from the point.

Kirchhoff’s voltage law: Around any closed loop,

the algebraic sum of voltage drops is zero.

Note: A current passing through the resistor produces a positive

voltage drop if it flows in the positive direction of the loop and negative 27
voltage drop if it flows in the negative direction of the loop.
Example 7: Find the unknown currents I1 , I 2 , and I 3
in the circuit shown in the figure.

2/16/2021
Prof. Shailendra Bandewar
28
Applying Kirchhoff ’s current law to the po int s b,  and a yields
I1  I 2  I 3 (Point b)
I 2  I 3  I1 (Point a)

2/16/2021
 I1  I 2  I 3  0 ...(1)
Applying Kirchhoff ’s voltage law and Ohms law to loop 1

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

in the figure yields
R 1I1  R 3 I3  V1 ...(2)
Now applying to loop  2  , we get
R 2 I 2  R 3 I3  V2 ...(3)
Expressing equations 1 ,  2 , and  3 in matrix notations
as follows
29
 1 1 1   I1   0 
R 0 R3   I 2   V1 
 1
 0 R2  R3   I 3  V2 

2/16/2021
Solving the linear systems yields the solution

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

In particular if we set
V1  30V , V2  50V . R1  7, R2  11, and R3  3
we get
570 590 20
I1  A, I 2  A, and I 3   A.
131 131 131

30
Examples :
1. Find the conditions on a1 , a2 , a3 and a4 such that
the system

2/16/2021
1 3   a1 
2 6  x a 
     2  are consistant. solve it.

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar


 2 5   y   a3 
   
 4 12   a4 

31
2. Investigate the values of  and  such that the system
x  y  z  6, x  2 y  3 z  10, x  2 y   z  
has i ) No solution ii ) A unique solution

2/16/2021
iii ) An infinite number of .

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

32
3. For what values of a the system of equations have
x  y  z  1; x  3 y  az  2; 2 x  ay  3 z  3
i ) No solutions ii ) Unique solutions

2/16/2021
iii ) infinitely many solutions.

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

33
4. Investigate for consistency of the following equations
and if possible find solutions :
(i) x  y  z  6; x  y  3z  1: 15x  3 y  9z  21

2/16/2021
(ii) 2x1  x2  2x3  x4  6, 6x1  6x2  6x3  12x4  36,

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

4x1  3x2  3x3  3x4  1, 2x1  2x2  x3  x4  10.

34
REFERENCES

2/16/2021
 Linear algebra and its applications, By Gilbert
strang, Cengage Learning India Edition. (Fourth
Edition)

Prof. Shailendra Bandewar

 Linear algebra and its applications, By David
C. lay, Pearson (Third Edition).
 Advanced Engineering Mathematics, by Erwin
Creyszig,

35