INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Moss is a non-vascular plant which came from the family of bryophytes. The

plant is usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick that

is attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched. On the record, it is listed

that there are approximately 12 000 mosses that are found on this planet. Mosses can

be seen in mossy places or in wet places such as forests, wetlands and on a much

elevated places.

Mosses are important for a tons of reasons and from many different aspects of

life here on Earth. For insects and other invertebrates, mosses can be a provider of a

great habitat and source of food. At a larger scale, mosses perform a number of

purposes that help ecosystems perform effectively such as filtering and retaining

water, stabilizing the ground and removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Humans also utilize moss to cater survival needs, such as the use of semi-decomposed

Sphagnum moss in the Northern Hemisphere. Mosses and other kinds of bryophytes

also give a big contribution to the economy since it can be an indication of air

pollution. A mat of moss is composed of variety of it that is group together to increase

their absorption and preservation of water. Moss is also a source for various

secondary metabolites such as terpenoid, flavonoid, bibenzyles, and also other

compounds like fatty acid (Asakawa, 2007) that can be a great source of medicine.

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Secondary metabolites have shown to possess various biological effects. They have

been described as antibiotic, antifungal and as an antiviral.

In Miguel River, San Isidro, Quezon Bukidnon a lot of mosses are present in

the place. In the study, researchers will collect mosses within the area with the use of

random sampling. The chosen moss undergo phytochemical screening, which is the

Erythrodantium Latifoluim. The aim of this study is to know the phytochemicals and

bioactive compounds that can be seen in moss. Standard procedures are used to find

the phytochemical and bioactive constituents.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals and bioactive

compounds found in the most abundant type of moss upon collected in Miguel River,

San Isidro, Quezon, Bukidnon.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions.

a. what are the phytochemicals present in the moss?

b. what are the bioactive compounds that can be seen in the moss?

c. is the moss possibly be an alternative source of medicine?

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 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to know the phytochemicals and bioactive

compounds found in Erythrodantium Latifoluim.

1. Find out the phytochemicals present in the moss.

2. Examine the bioactive compounds that can be seen in the moss.

3. Know if the moss can possibly be an alternative source of medicine.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study could certainly help the following

For the community, the study conducted plays a big role in our community

especially to the people living in it. By this study, people can be aware of the

bioactive compound the moss have and which they can look forward to as a medicinal

plant.

For the amateur biologists, this study is favourable to those young biologist

who are exploring the world of biology, specifically the bryophytes. This study would

be one of their support to their wanted experiments or activities towards the moss

which is one of the bryophytes.

For us, researchers. The study conducted help us researchers to gain more

knowledge regarding bryophytes. By this study, we are able to know the

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phytochemicals and bioactive compounds mosses are containing. Through this study,

we researchers are now much more knowledgeable about the mosses, not just by their

physical appearance but also their chemicals inside.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is conducted only for a certain bryophyte which is the moss that can be

found in Miguel River, San Isidro, Quezon, Bukidnon. Not all collected mosses

undergo phytochemical screening, only the most abundant type of the species which

is the Erythrodantium Latifoluim. The research was conducted on August 10 2019.

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 Definition of Terms

Alkaloid, any of a class of naturally occurring organic nitrogen-containing bases.

Alkaloids have diverse and important physiological effects on humans and

other animals.

Bioactive compound, is any compound present in the foods of humans, animals, or

plants that has an effect on the organism consuming it.

Bryophytes, are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land

plants: the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. They are characteristically

limited in size and prefer moist habitats

Flavonoids, are a group of plant metabolites thought to provide health benefits

through cell signalling pathways and antioxidant effects. These molecules are

found in a variety of fruits and vegetables.

Mosses, are non-vascular plants in the land plant division Bryophyta. They are

typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, this plant is usually composed of simple

leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be

branched or unbranched. The plant is the main focus of this study.

Phytochemical, it is the term used to the active compounds found in plants.

Saponins, are a diverse group of chemicals, which derive their name from their ability

to form soap-like foams in aqueous solutions.

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Secondary Metabolites, are organic compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants

which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or

reproduction of the organism.

Tannins, are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind and precipitate

proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and

alkaloids.

Terpenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals

derived from terpenes.

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 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Moss Morphology

With over 12,000 species recognized worldwide, the Bryophyta, or

mosses,

are the most speciose of the three phyla of bryophytes. The other two phyla are

liverworts and hornworts. The term “bryophytes” is a general, inclusive term for these

three groups though they are only superficially related. Mosses are widely distributed

from pole to pole and occupy a broad range of habitats. Like liverworts and

hornworts, mosses possess a gametophyte-dominated life cycle; the persistent

photosynthetic phase of the life cycle is the haploid, gametophyte generation.

Sporophytes are matrotrophic, permanently attached to and at least partially

dependent on the female gametophyte for nutrition, and are unbranched, determinate

in growth, and monosporangiate. The gametophytes of mosses are small, usually

perennial plants, comprising branched or unbranched shoot systems bearing spirally

arranged leaves. They rarely are found in nature as single isolated individuals, but

instead occur in populations or colonies in characteristic growth forms, such as mats,

cushions, turfs, or wefts. While uniform in general life-history features, mosses show

extensive morphological and anatomical diversification in both gametophyte and

sporophyte organization. Currently, mosses are classified into five morphologically

distinct superclasses that are circumscribed as follows: Superclass I, comprising only

Takakia; Superclass II, for Sphagnum and Ambuchanania Seppelt & H. A. Crum;

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Superclass III, with Andreaea and Acroschisma Lindley; Superclass IV, comprising

only Andreaeobryum; and Superclass V, all the peristomate mosses, comprising most

of the diversity of mosses. Although molecular data have been undeniably useful in

identifying the phylogenetic relationships among moss lineages, morphological

characters continue to provide definition of systematic groupings and are diagnostic

for species identification. This chapter is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise on

the complexities of moss morphology, but is aimed at providing the background

necessary to use the keys and diagnostic descriptions of this flora. (Crandall-

Stotler&Bartholomew-Began, 2007)

Global Moss Diversity

We (Barthlott et al., 2012) have analysed the global patterns of moss

species diversity based on a dataset created from checklists, online databases, and

herbarium records. We collected more than 100 000 distribution records for over 400

different geographical units and standardized species taxonomy using the TROPICOS

database of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Maps of overall moss species richness, as

well as individual maps for taxonomic orders of mosses, are provided. Based on our

dataset, we did not find a general latitudinal gradient of increasing moss diversity with

decreasing latitude. Several areas of temperate broadleaf forests, boreal forests, and

tundra show relatively high species richness that is comparable to tropical regions.

Centres of moss diversity include the northern Andes, Southeast Asia, Mexico, and

Japan, as well as the Himalaya region, Madagascar, the East African Highlands,

central Europe, Scandinavia, and British Columbia. Our dataset presents the first

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collection of moss species inventories with global coverage. It contributes to

documentation and understanding of global biogeographic patterns in mosses, helps to

identify gaps in floristic knowledge, and could prove to be a valuable resource to aid

taxonomic and systematic revisions or assessments of species and genera, by quickly

and easily supplying an overview of the geographic distribution of a given taxon.

The Evolutionary Diversity of Mosses

Mosses (division Bryophyta) are characterized by the dominance of haploid,

poikilohydric gametophytes, and relatively persistent sporophytes that are dependent

on the gametophyte generation. Because they are poikilohydric, tend to be desiccation

tolerant, and have primarily ectohydric water uptake mechanisms, the ecological

requirements of mosses tend to differ from those of vascular plants. (Bell, et.al, 2018)

reviews research on phylogenetic relationships and morphological and ecological

diversity among mosses. Ancestral character state reconstructions illustrate the

evolution of habitat preferences and the relationships between these and

morphological variation. These reconstructions reveal the convergent evolution of

both epiphytic and aquatic habitat preferences, as well as several reversals from

epiphytic to other terrestrial habitats. Morphological character states connected to

ectohydry, such as lack of water-conducting stem central strands, may be more prone

to adaption driven by environmental conditions, while connections between

endohydry and environmental conditions remain ambiguous and require further study.

The distribution of the most elaborate endohydric water-conducting structures may be

phylogenetically determined rather than resulting from adaptation to habitats. Among

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the early diverging lineages in the Bryophyta, shifts to cladocarpy may be connected

to epiphytic lifestyles. We discuss ecological drivers of aspects of plant architecture

including acrocarpous, pleurocarpous and cladocarpous perichaetial positions, and

sporophytic reductions, the latter being common in dry, frequently disturbed

terrestrial environments and in epiphytic habitats, but also occasionally found in

aquatic habitats.

Preliminary Assessment of Moss Flora

The preliminary assessment of moss flora in Mt. Nebo through alpha

taxonomy was recorded. Results of the study revealed forty-two species belonging to

twenty eight genera and sixteen families. tthe moss species collected in Mt. Nebo,

Valencia City, Bukidnon revealed that family Hypnaceae has the highest number of

species among the sixteen families with six species namely: Ectropothecium

buitenzorgii (Bel.) Mitt., E. ferrugineum (C. Mull.) Jaeg., E. striatulum Dix. ex Bartr.,

Isopterygium minutirameum (C. Mull.) Jaeg., Isopterygium sp. and Trachythecium

micropyxis (Broth.) Bartr. Family Mniaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Phylloginiaceae and

Racopilaceae are the least families with only one species. Of these forty-two species

collected, two species remained Unidentified but were properly described according

to its observed morphological character. One species of forty-two is considered to be

endemic in the Philipppines namely Ectropothecium ferrugineum (C. Mull.) Jaeg. as

reflected base on the assessment of bryophytes conducted by (Azuelo et al. 2010) in

Mt. Kitanglad Natural Park, Bukidnon. Preliminary assessment of moss flora in the

study area constitute variability of species in relation to families such that species

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count are lesser compared the result of the study conducted by Azuelo (2010)

and

Lubos (2010) in two highest peak in Bukidnon namely Mt. Kitanglad and Mt.

Kalatungan respectively. The low species count of mosses in the study area confirmed

the report and observation of Tan, Lubos, and Schwarz (2010) that mosses grow best

in moist with increasing altitude. This would summarize the findings of the study that

the diversity of mosses is greatly affected by the elevation and climatic condition that

disfavors the survival of non-vascular plants. The continuous human exploitation in

the area as well may lead to habitat loss that affects species abundance.

Phytochemicals

The term “phytochemical” refers to a wide variety compounds produced by

plants. They are found in fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, and other scientist have

identified thousands of phytochemicals. Although only on small fraction has been

studied closely. Some phytochemical have either antioxidant or hormone like action.

Available scientific evidence does not support claims that taking phytochemical

supplements is helpful as consuming the fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, from which

they are taken. Wang et. al., (as cited by Balagulan, Galvizo, & Navale, 2018)

Phytochemical are promoted for the prevention and treatment of many health

conditions, including cancer, heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. There is

some evidence that certain phytochemicals may help prevent the formation of

potential carcinogens (substances that cause cancer), block the action of carcinogens

on their target organ or tissues, or act on cells to suppress cancer development.

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Phytochemicals may protect human from a host diseases. They are non-nutritive plant

chemicals that have protective or diseases preventive properties. Plants are

particularly an interesting source of important substances since they provide

chemicals with structures that are not likely to be synthesized in the laboratory.

Second metabolites or phytochemicals are compound that protect plants against

various threats from their environment. The threats could be from insects,

microorganism, neighbouring plants and herbivores. Plant produce these chemicals to

protect itself but recent research demonstrates that many phytochemical can protect

human against disease.

Phytochemical Screening of Two Tropical Moss Plants

The results of the qualitative phytochemical screening of the two moss plants

indicated the presence of medically active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids,

phenols, saponin and steroids. Phenol was absent in Barbula indica. All the

phytochemical constituents are of higher percentage crude yield in Barbula indica

except for phenol which could not be detected in it. However, the quantity of phenols

obtained in Thuidium gratum was minimal (0.055%). The results of the

phytochemical screening and quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents of

the two moss plants have indicated high contents of flavonoids, saponin and alkaloids.

The percentage quantity crude yield of phenols obtained in this study (0.055%) is

lower than those obtained by who worked on the phytochemical screening of some

medicinal higher plants. But the value tends to agree with those obtained in S. dulcis

(0.04%), S. acuta (0.08%) and T. procumbens (0.06%) in a research investigatory.

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However, the values obtained for saponin are higher than those obtained while the

values obtained for flavonoids in this study tend to agree with the results. The value

obtained for alkaloids in T. gratum was comparable to that of S. acuta in and P.

crassipes while the value obtained for B. indica is comparable to S. augustifolia.

Steroids were found to be present in the two moss plants. It is worthy of note that

steroidal compounds are of importance and interest in pharmacy due to their

relationship with such compounds as sex hormones. Research reports have it that, the

presences of these phytochemical constituents suggest medicinal values [18-20].

Therefore, the moss plants can be seen as a potential source of useful drugs and drug

additives both in ethnomedicine and synthetic drugs production. The

antimicrobial activities of these plants are currently being investigated (Adebiyi et. al)

Phytochemical Composition and Fungicidal Potential of Moss against Spore

Germination Process of Fungus

Different concentrations of plant extracts showed gradual reduction for the

growth of H. Turcicum and significant reduction was observed from 10 to 100 per

cent concentration. Investigation of the antifungal properties of acetonic crude extract

of P. Revoluta on the growth parameters of H. turcicum showed significant reduction

in spore germination and hyphal length. Percentage of spore germination was

decreased from 75.55 to 30 from 10 to 100 per cent extract concentration. Hyphal

length was maximum (102.29µm) in 10 per cent and minimum (29.22µm) in 100 per

cent extract concentration. In methanolic extract highest (95.55) percentage of spore

germination was observed in the control whereas, 71.11 per cent was observed at 10

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percent. Lowest (16.66) percentage was found in 100 per cent concentration of the

extract. Hyphal length was measured 84.02µm at 10 per cent while 18.26µm at 100

per cent, highest (142.48µm) hyphal length was measured in the control. Acetonic and

methanolic extracts were made individually to evaluate their antifungal effectiveness.

Even though both the extracts showed different levels of antagonistic activity in

opposition to the fungal strain, the methanolic extract was assessed best in

comparison to other extract. The possible reason behind this might be the varying

solubility of various plant metabolites in different solvents, in this manner differential

antifungal activity was observed. Alcoholic extract of moss was active against

phytopathogenic fungi. Extract of certain Bryophytes such as Plagiochasma

articulatum, Anthoceros longii, Fissidens bryoides showed antibiotic property against

Agrobacterium tumifacians. Antifungal activity of a moss was determined against

certain Phytopathogenic fungi. Effect of liverwort R.gangetica against F.moniliforme

and found cold water extract more effective than boiled water extract. Antibiotic

activity of 52 species of the Bryophytes tested against 12 microorganisms. Solubility

data and antibiotic spectra of the active plants indicated the occurrence of the variety

of antibiotic substances among bryophytes Bryophytes extract consist bioflavonoids

as the antimicrobial substances. Phytotochemical analysis and antimicrobial Activity

of moss Bryum celluiare (Hook.)(Bryales: Bryaceae) against test fungi Drechslersa

maydis (Drech.) and Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn) the causal organisms of

leaf Blight of Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae) and Leaf spot of wheat respectively and

reported that B. cellulare is a store house of various bioactive compounds. Some of

the antifungal compounds showed antifungal property against selected test fungi

Crude aqueous and ethanolic extract of B. cellulare strongly inhibited spore

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germination and mycelia growth of fungus C. lunata [20]. Malformation such as

stunting of growth, curling and dying of tip of fungal hyphae was also reported which

affects the growth of fungus. (Deora&Suhalka, 2016)

Phytochemical Screening of Lawn-Forming Moss Hyophila Involuta

The present study, Soxhlet extraction method was used to obtain crude

extracts by using the successive solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone,

ethanol and water..The result of the plant extract shows that the highest yield

was obtained in the chloroform extract followed by water, petroleum ether,

acetone and ethanol. The data of preliminary screening of phytochemical

analysis of secondary metabolites of all the five extracts of Hyophilainvoluta.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis of extracts of Hyophilainvoluta revealed

presence of alkaloids saponins, tannins, phenols, glycosides and flavonoids. The pet

ether extract showed positive for alkaloids, steroids, tannins, glycosides, saponins,

terpenoids, flavonoids and shows negative forphenols. The chloroform extracts

shows the presence of only few in alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids, the remaining

secondary metabolites were absent. In acetone extract shows the positive result on

alkaloids, tannin, glycosides and saponin remaining secondary metabolites were

absent. In ethanolic extract, it shows the positive result in alkaloids, steroids, tannins

and flavonoids. However, during the analysis of methanol extract reveals the absence

of all secondary metabolites. While comparing pet ether extract shows the maximum

secondary metabolites and minimumor nil in water extract (Table 2). Our results

corroborateswith the results of Tanwar et al. (2012) and Nasreen et al.(2010), they

15
also reported the presence of above phytochemicals in Tinospora cordifolia .The

different pharmacological actions of T.cordifolia like other medicinal plants can be

attributed to the presence of array of secondary metabolites in it, alkaloids,

flavonoids, phenols, steroids, saponins, glycosides etc. Alkaloids have been

associated with medicinal uses for centuries and one of their common biological

properties is their cytotoxicity. The availability of specific phytochemicals in plant

gives it specific medicinal properties. Therefore, presence of above phytochemicals

inH. involutacan is correlated with its medicinal potential. Similar reports on

phytochemical composition of various medicinal plants were made earlier by

many workers (Koche et al.,2010). However, it is very essential to isolate the

bioactive fractions from these major groups so that it can be used further in designing

specific drugs.

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 METHODOLOGY

These chapter contains the following; Entry Protocol, research Design,

location and duration of the Study, Physical Parameters, Materials, Data Gathering,

and the Schematic Diagram.

Entry Protocol

A letter was sent to the Barangay Captain Mr. Arellano Basco of Barangay

San Isidro, Quezon, Bukidnon. A letter was also sent to the Natural Product Research

and Development Center (NPRDC), Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag

Bukidnon.

Research Design

The investigatory project operated qualitative research method to document

the phytochemicals of moss inhabiting in Miguel, San Isidro, Quezon, Bukidnon. The

researcher established survey or alpha taxonomy in gathering the data of moss in

Miguel River, San Isidro, Quezon, Bukidnon. The gathering of data was done by

recording the moss seen in the river or along the river banks. With an elevation up to

288.5 m. or 945.5 ft. above sea level. It has the coordinates of 7.7043̊ latitude and

125.055̊ longitude. The needed data that was gathered and recorded during the

sampling period. Only one species will undergo the phytochemical analysis. The

17
selected species is the species which is very abundant in the sampling field. The

species selected for the phytochemical analysis is Erythrodontium Latifolium from the

family Intodontacacae and also from the genus Erythrodontium. This qualitative

analysis will only test five Phytochemicals. These test are Flavonoids, Tannins,

Saponins, Alkaloids and Terpenoids.

Location and Duration of the Study

The study was conducted in Miguel River, San Isidro, Quezon, Bukidnon. This

river is connected to the water source of Quezon, Bukidnon the Mantalugan River.

Field site survey of moss was conducted within the potential areas. Site validation was

done to determine the occurrence of vegetation (type) and associated habitats and

established sample at approximately 7.6973, 125.0589 in the island of Mindanao.

Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 288.2 m. or 945.5 ft. above mean sea

level. It has the coordinates of 7°44’ latitude and 125°06’ longitude. The study area is

surrounded with many bryophytes along with its numerous rivers and mini waterfalls

and many rock formation that gives habitat to the different organisms (Naive, 2017).

Physical Parameters

Temperature, humidity, altitude and elevation was recorded. The temperature

and humidity was obtained using atmospheric thermometer. For humidity, dry and

wet bulb was used to record the amount of moisture in the air in the study site.

18
Altitude and elevation in the study site was obtained using Global Positioning System

or the GPS coordinator application.

Materials

The study will use the several materials in the conduct field such as;

a. Field notebook – use to record the collected data.

b. Pen -- use to record the data.

c. Pencil -- use to record the data.

d. Camera or android phone – use to take photos of the moss.

e. Newspaper – use to store the collected specimen.

f. Trash bag – use to store the all collected specimen.

g. Forceps- use to clean the collected specimen.

h. Herbarium packets -- use to store the collected specimen.

Data Gathering

The data gathered on the moss was recorded in the field notebook. Ecological

condition, description of location and description of the moss species were also

recorded in record notebook. Pertinent field data like collection number, habitat and

description were noted down on the tag labels and on the field notebook for

identification purposes. Fresh moss were collected in the river and placed on a clean

container. The collected moss were then identified with the help Dr. Andrea Azuelo

of Collage of Education.

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 Preparation of Extracts

The Erythrodontium Latifolium (moss) collected in the sampling site, will be

used for extraction. The moss was placed in a beaker and weighted in an electronic

weighing scale. The weighted specimen was then powdered using mortar and pestle

and soaked in 100 ml. Ethanol for 24 hours. It was then filter using 9 cm. Filter paper.

The extract was then placed in an air-tight glass container for preservation.

Phytochemical Analysis

Test for Flavoniods

In determining the presence of Flavanoids, Shinoda test was performed. 3 pcs

of Magnesium turnings was added to the 3 ml. Ethanolic extract and the test tube was

placed in the beaker full of distilled water and then place in the hotplate for heating.

After the extract reaches its boiling point Concentrated HCI was added to the extract

slowly. Yellow- orange coloration indicates the presence of flavanoids.

Test for Saponins

In determining the presence of Saponins, froth/Foam test was performed. 2 ml.

of distilled water was added in a 1 ml. Ethanolic extract and shaken vigorously for 2

minutes. Froth or foam should persist for 10 minutes for positive result.

Test for Alkaloids

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 In determining the presence of Alkaloids, dragendorff’s test was performed. 1

ml. of 1molar H2SO4 was added in 3 ml. Ethanolic extract and shaken well and

allowing it to stand. 2 to 3 drops odf dragendorff reagent was then added. Yellow-

orange coloration indicates the presence of Alkaloids.

Test for Tannins

In determining the presence of Tannins, Ferric Chloride test was performed. 3

drops of 10% of FeCl3 was added in 1 ml. Ethanolic extract and shaken well. Green-

black coloration indicates the presence of Tannins.

Test for Terpenoids

In determining the presence of Terpenoids, Ketonic Terpenoid test was

performed. 1 ml. Mixture of 0.5 g 2, 4- dinitrophenyllhydrazine and 100 ml. 2molar

HCI was added in Ethanolic extract. Yellow-orange coloration indicates the presence

of Terpenoids.

21
 Schematic Diagram

Step 1

Entry Protocol, Organization and Orientation of the study

Step 2

Site Validation (Alpha Taxonomy)

Step 3

Collection, Air Drying of Specimen and Placement in packets

Step 4

Identification of Specimen

Step 5

Preparation of the Extracts

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 Step 6

Phytochemical Analysis

23
 RESULTS AND FINDINGS

Below are the information being presented regarding the conducted study about

phytochemical screening of erythrodontium latifolium.

Name: Erythrodontium Latifoluim

Family: Entodontaceae

Figure 1.

Erythrodontium Latiforium

Description:

Are moderately strong to vigorous mosses that form green to golden or

brownish turf. The leaves of the stems and branches are similar, lanceolate to ovate,

rounded to short pointed, usually hollow, with mostly flat leaf margins and toothed at

the top.

Phytochemicals:

Alkaloids, Tannins. Terpenoids

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Ethanolic extraction was used in this study. In the table below, it shows the result of

the phytochemical screening. The presence of various secondary metabolites supports

its potential as a good source of medicinally unique bioactive molecules and justifies

the use of Erythrodontium Latifoluim as a traditional medicine.

Table 1: Results of Phytochemical Screening

RESULT
Presence of
TEST TRIALS
positive result Undetected
Alkaloids 1 
2 
3 
Saponins 1 
2 
3 
Tannins 1 
2 
3 
Terpenoids 1 
2 
3 
Flavonoids 1 
2 
3 

Alkaloid is indicated by yellow-orange precipitate by dragondorff’s test. In the

table above, it shows that the three trials conducted have the presence of positive

result. Due to this, the demand for pharmaceutical formulation might emerge as

valuable metabolite.

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 Saponins is indicated by the persistence of froth by froth/foam test.

Unfortunately, saponins were not detected.

Tannins is indicated by green-black precipitate by ferric chloride test. In the

table above, it shows that the three trials conducted have the presence of positive

result. According to Ferriera et al., 2008 that rich tannins remedies are used as

antihelmintics, antimicrobials, antioxidant, antivirals, antiseptics, tonsillitis,

pharyngitis, and hemmorhoids. (Buzzini et al, 2008 & Koleckar et al., 2008)

Terpenoids is indicated by yellow orange precipitate by the use of ketonic

terpenoids test. According to Tholl D, 2015 plant-based terpenoids have been used by

humans in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries, and more recently have

been exploited in the development of biofuel products

Flavonoids is indicated by pink-red precipitate by Shinoda Test. But by this

long process test, flavonoids were not detected.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

From the results of phytochemical screening, Erythrodontium Latifoluim has three

phytochemicals and bioactive compounds namely Alkaloids, Tannins, and

Terpenoids. All were present with the 3 trials conducted.

26
 Conclusion

From the results of the study it would be worthy to come up with the following

generalization:

1. There are various phytochemicals found in Erythrodontium Latifoluim.

2. The present phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids are bioactive

compounds which can be a great source of medicine.

3. Erythrodontium Latifoluim can possibly be used as medicine.

Recommendation

In conducting the study, the researchers would like to recommend the following:

1. Antimicrobial activity of Erythrodontium Latifoluim.

2. Morphology and Taxonomy of the family Entodontaceae.

3. Pharmacognosy of Some Bryophytes.

REFFERENCES

Deora GS & Guhil N: Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungal Activity of

Moss Bryum Cellulare against Some Phytopathogenic Fungi. Int J Pharm Sci
Res 2015; 6(2): 688-91.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6 (2).688-91.

Adebiyi, A. Oyedeji, E. Chikwendu & O. Fatoke, "Phytochemical Screening of Two

Tropical Moss Plants: Thidium gratum P. Beauv and Barbula indica Brid
Grown in Southwestern Ecological Zone of Nigeria," American

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APPENDICES

30
FIGURES

31
Figure 2. Researchers collecting mosses

32
Figure 2.1. Researchers collecting mosses

33
Figure 3. Powdering the Erythrodantium Latifoluim by using
mortar and pestle

34
Figure 4. Erythrodantium Latifoluim extract

35
Figure 5. Filtering the extract of Erythrodantium Latifoluim by
using filter paper

36
37
 Figure 7. 3 test for Alkaloids (Original is on the left)

Figure 8. 3 test for Saponins (Original is on the left)

38
 Figure 9. 3 test for Tannins (Original is on the left)

Figure 10. 3 test for Terpenoids (Original is on the left)

39
Figure 11. 3 test for Flavonoids (Original is on the left)

40
Figure 12. Phytochemical Test Procedure

41
Figure 13. Report of Chemical Analysis

42
Figure 14. Natural Products Research and Development Center
letter

43
 RESULT
Presence of
TEST TRIALS
positive result Undetected
Alkaloids 1 
2 
3 
Saponins 1 
2 
3 
Tannins 1 
2 
3 
Terpenoids 1 
2 
3 
Flavonoids 1 
2 
3 

44