Finaljun2018.Pdf: Engineerspower

FinalJun2018.
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EngineersPower
Ingeniería Fluidomecánica
2º Grado en Ingeniería de Tecnologías Industriales
Escuela Politécnica Superior

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Reservados todos los derechos.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS
EXTRAORDINARY FINAL EXAM June 26, 2018
SURNAME:
NAME: GROUP:
When necessary, use the following values: g = 9.8 m/s2 for gravity, pa = 101325 Pa for
atmospheric pressure, and ⇢ = 103 kg/m3 for water density.
QUIZ A (3.0 pts.)

Correct answer = +0.6 pts.; wrong answer = -0.2 pts.; no answer = 0 pts.

1. Consider the velocity field v̄(x, y, t) = At 2 ēx + Bx2 y 2 ēy , where A and B are constants. The
expression for the streamlines when the flow reaches a steady state (t ! 1) is:
⇤ x3 y 2 = cte.
⇤ x = cte.
⇤ x3 y 2 t 1
= cte.
⇤ y x3 y 3A
B
t 2 = cte.
2. The device shown in the figure contains two fluids of densities ⇢1 and ⇢2 (⇢1 > ⇢2 ) separated
by a wall which initially forms an angle ✓ = 45 with respect to the horizontal plane. If the
system can rotate around the point O, which of the following statements is correct?
⇤ The position ✓ = 0 is a stable equilibrium

point.
𝜌2
⇤ The position ✓ = 180 is a stable equilib-
rium point.
𝜃
𝑂
⇤ The position ✓ = 0 is an unstable equi-
librium point.
⇤ The device is uncontrollable and will not 𝜌1

stop rotating.
a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-3650607
3. A cube of L = 1 m, with density ⇢ = 1200 kg/m3 is deposited in a tank which contains liquid
up to a level H = 20 m. The density of the liquid is given by ⇢(z) = 1000 5z kg/m3 . What
is the value of h at which the cube floats in equilibrium?
z
⇤
h= 5m x
⇤ h= 10 m h
H L
⇤ h= 15 m
⇤ The cube sinks to the bottom
4. Consider the inviscid incompressible 2D flow about a circular cylinder of radius a. The fluid
potential is defined as = U cos ✓(r + a2 /r), where U ex is the velocity of the oncoming flow
and (r, ✓) are polar cylindrical co-ordinates. The velocity components of the resulting flow field

may be computed from v = r (recall that r = er @r + e✓ 1r @✓ ). The stagnation points are thus
given by:
⇤ r = a, ✓=0
⇤ r = 1, ✓ = 0, ⇡
⇤ r = a, ✓ = ±⇡/2
⇤ r = a, ✓ = 0, ⇡
5. Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) (correct answer= +0.1
pts., wrong answer= -0.1 pts., no answer= 0 pts.)
⇤ The pressure force on an object immersed in a liquid acts on the center of mass of such
body
⇤ A gas reaches thermodynamic equilibrium through the collisions among its molecules
⇤ The compressibility of gasses is explained by the fact that its molecules are very close to
each other
⇤ A fluid cannot remain at rest under a shear stress
⇤ In a stationary flow, fluid particles cannot have any acceleration
⇤ The pressure distribution in a static liquid is described using a vector field
Esto no ha hecho más que empezar, querid@. Cruella en cines y Disney+ con Acceso Premium
LAST NAME:
FIRST NAME: GROUP:
Figure 1: Sketch of Nami invoking a tidal wave.
In the popular computer game League of Legends (LoL), the mermaid-like champion Nami
has the ultimate ability to invoke a tidal wave. She does so by fiercely swinging her sta↵ of
length L, thereby generating a violent disturbance in the waters that surround her.
The wave propagation velocity u and the pressure p that the wave can potentially exert
upon impact, are both known to depend on gravity g, on the depth h of the water below the
wave, on L, and on the density ⇢ of water and surface tension of the water–air interface.
(Recall that surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the
least surface area possible and that [ ] = MT 2 ).
1) Use dimensional analysis to obtain the non-dimensional relation between both the prop-
agation velocity and pressure and the other parameters. [2 points]
2) When can surface tension be neglected? Simplify the answer you obtained in 1) when
neglecting surface tension. [0.25 points]
In LoL, distance is not measured in metres, but instead it is specified in “units”. In the
game, Nami and her sta↵ are both L = 80 units tall and gravity is g = 1500 units/second2 .
The density of water in LoL is 1 kg/unit3 .
Nami is able to generate a tidal wave of h = 40 units high that propagates at u = 1000
units/second. The wave deals p = 150 points of magic damage to any enemy champion that
stands on its way. Note that magic damage is a measure of pressure: 1 point of magic damage
is equivalent to 104 kg unit 1 s 1 .
3) Determine a) the pressure in kPa, and b) the propagation speed, in m/s, of the wave
that Nami would be able to produce in real life (on Earth) under physical similarity
conditions, given that she now stands 2 m tall. Would Usain Bolt be able to outrun the
wave unscathed?1 Neglect the e↵ect of surface tension in this last part. [1.25 points]
1
The men’s 100 metres world record, held by Bolt himself, is 9.58 s.
LAST NAME:
FIRST NAME: GROUP:
A localized irrigation system is composed of a tank, a pump and a distribution tube. The tube
of length 2L and diameter D has a hole in the middle position, whose diameter is dh (dh ⌧ L).
The irrigation system must provide a flow rate Q/4 through the hole, so that the flow rate at the
outlet is 3Q/4. The pressure at the inlet of the tube is pe and the pressure of the surrounding
air is pa . The tank is filled up to a height h. The distance between the free surface of the
water and the midplane of the tube is equal to H D. In addition, the hydraulic installation
incorporates a filter (Kf ) and an elbow (Kc ) between the tank and the pump. The coefficient
of minor losses at the inlet is negligible (Ke = 0) and the walls of the pipe are smooth (" = 0).
Consider that the longitudinal velocity in a small region under the hole is equal to the average
of the mean velocities of the adjacent regions, i.e., um = (ue + us )/2. Neglect minor losses
around the hole, as well as main losses in the pipe that connects the tank and the
pump.
Data: L = 1 m, D = 1.5 cm, h = 1 m, H = 5 m, pe = 2⇥105 Pa, pa = 105 Pa, ⇢ = 103 kg m 3 ,

µ = 10 3 kg m 1 s 1 , Kf = 2, Kc = 0.25, Ke = 0, " = 0
Q=4; vh
_b
W Q dh
Kc 3Q=4
us ; p s = p a
ue ; p e um ; p h
H Kf L L
pa
D
h
1. Write the expression for the head loss along the tube, pe ps , in terms of the known data
and the friction factors e and s (0.75 pts.)
2. Determine numerically the total flow rate Q at the inlet of the tube (1.5 pts.)
3. Write the expression for the power of the pump Ẇb that is necessary to supply the flow
rate Q. Give the answer in terms of pe and other known quantities (0.75 pts.)
4. Assume hereafter that Q = 2.2 l s 1 . Determine numerically the pressure ph under the
hole (0.5 pts.)
5. Extra question: If the outlet velocity through the hole is given by vh ' (2p0h /⇢)1/2 ,
where p0h is the gauge pressure under the hole, determine numerically the diameter dh
with which the hole should be constructed (0.5 pts.)
LAST NAME:
FIRST NAME: GROUP:
We want to study a Pelton wheel as the one depicted in the figure, which is composed of four
injection nozzles and twelve spoon-shaped buckets. Each nozzle shoots a water jet of width he
and length L against the bucket at high velocity ve (absolute velocity). The jet hits the bucket
and is then split into two streams, which are deflected back an angle s given by the bucket
geometry. Consider the control volume proposed in the figure, and neglect body forces and

viscous e↵ects (Re 1).
vs hs
pa
he
s
pa
ve
he
pa
s
vs hs
STATIC WHEELS: (6 points) When the wheel is not rotating:

a) Determine the absolute velocity of the deflected water streams vs when the leave out the
bucket. (1.5 points)
b) Calculate the width of the two escaping water streams hs . (1.5 points)
c) Obtain the force F~ that both the water stream and the surrounding air exert on a single
bucket. (2 points)
d) Determine the torque exerted by the force previously obtained on the bucket center of
rotation T~ . The rotation radius of the bucket is Rc L. (1 points)
ROTATING WHEELS: (4 points) Assume that the force of the streams is sufficiently
intense to make the wheel rotate with constant angular speed ⌦. Consequently, the bucket is
moving with speed u = ⌦Rc such that the speed of the water stream relative to the bucket is
we = ve u. Now obtain:
e) the relative speed ws and the new absolute velocity vs of the water streams at the exit.
(1 point)
f) the force F~ that both the water stream and the surrounding air exert on one single bucket.
(1.5 points)
h) the power driving the turbine, knowing that it can be computed through Ẇ = N T ⌦,
where N refers to the number of streams acting on the wheel. (1.5 points)
For this case, it is convenient to use a control volume attached to the moving buckets.

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FinalJun2018.

2º Grado en Ingeniería de Tecnologías Industriales

Escuela Politécnica Superior

Reservados todos los derechos.

QUIZ A (3.0 pts.)

Reservados todos los derechos.

⇤ The position ✓ = 0 is a stable equilibrium

⇤ The device is uncontrollable and will not 𝜌1

⇤ The cube sinks to the bottom

Reservados todos los derechos.

⇤ A fluid cannot remain at rest under a shear stress

⇤ In a stationary flow, fluid particles cannot have any acceleration

⇤ The pressure distribution in a static liquid is described using a vector field

Data: L = 1 m, D = 1.5 cm, h = 1 m, H = 5 m, pe = 2⇥105 Pa, pa = 105 Pa, ⇢ = 103 kg m 3 ,

Reservados todos los derechos.

Reservados todos los derechos.

STATIC WHEELS: (6 points) When the wheel is not rotating:

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