Q.1. Define vibration.

When a particle goes on one side from mean position and returns back and then it goes to
other side and again returns back, then it is known as one vibration. In other words, to and
fro motion of a particle about a fixed point is known as vibration.

Q.2. Name different types of vibrations.

There are three important types of vibrations from subject point of view:

Free or natural vibrations,

Damped vibrations,

Force vibrations.

Q.3. Define free vibrations.

Answer.
If the vibrations of a particle after giving it an initial displacement remain continued, then
the vibrations are called free or natural vibrations. No external force acts on the particle. In
other words, the vibrations of the particle with fundamental frequency under the influence
of the restoring force are called free vibrations.

Q.4. Define damped vibrations.

Answer.
The vibrations of a body whose amplitude goes on reducing over every cycle of vibrations
are known as damped vibrations. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of energy
possessed by the vibrating body is always dissipated in overcoming frictional resistance to
the motion.

Q.5. Define forced vibrations.

Answer.
When the body vibrates under the influence of external periodic force, then the vibrations
are known as forced vibrations.
The body does not vibrate with its natural frequency, but it vibrates with the frequency of
the driver.
Q.6. Define resonance.
Answer.
When the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency of the vibrations,
resonance takes place, amplitude or deformation or displacement will reach to its maximum
at resonance and the system will fail due to breakdown. This state of disturbing force on the
vibrating body is known as the state of resonance.

Q.7. Define time period related to vibratory motion.

Answer.
The time interval after which the motion is repeated itself is called time period. It is usually
expressed in seconds.

Q.8. Define time cycle related to vibratory motion.

Answer.
The motion completed during one time period is called cycle.

Q.9. Define frequency related to vibratory motion.

Answer. The number of cycles executed in one second is called frequency. It is usually
expressed in hertz (Hz).

Q.10. Name different types of free vibrations.

Answer.
There are three types of free vibrations:

Longitudinal vibrations,

Transverse vibrations,

Torsional vibrations.
Q.11. Define longitudinal vibrations.
Answer.

Longitudinal Vibrations

When the particles of bar or disc move parallel to the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations
are called longitudinal vibrations.

Q.12. Define transverse vibrations.

Answer.

Transverse Vibrations
When the particles of the bar or disc move approximately perpendicular to the axis of the
shaft on either side in the transverse direction, then the vibrations are known as transverse
vibrations.
Q.13. Define torsional vibrations.
Answer.

Torsional vibrations
When the particles of the bar or disc get alternately twisted and untwisted on account of
vibratory motion of suspended body, it is said to be undergoing torsional vibrations.
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Question 1. What Is Meant By Vibrations?
Answer :
Vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point.
The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or
random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road.
Vibration is occasionally desirable. For example the motion of a tuning
fork, the reed in a woodwind instrument or harmonica, or the cone of a
loudspeaker is desirable vibration, necessary for the correct functioning
of the various devices.

Question 2. Define Force Vibration?

Answer :
Forced vibration is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a
mechanical system. Examples of this type of vibration include a shaking
washing machining due to an imbalance, transportation vibration
(caused by truck engine, springs, road, etc), or the vibration of a building
an earthquake.
In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is dependent on the
frequency content of the force or motion applied, but the magnitude of
the vibration is strongly dependent on the behaviour of the mechanical
system.

Question 3. What Is Meant By Logarithmic Decrement?

Answer :
Logarithmic decrement method is used to measure damping in time
domain. In this method, the free vibration displacement amplitude history
of a system to an impulse is measured and recorded. Logarithmic
decrement is the natural logarithmic value of the ratio of two adjacent
peak values of displacement in free decay vibration.

Question 4. Define Transmissibility?

Answer :
Transmissibility is a term that is a term that is used to describe the
response of a vibration isolation system. Literally, transmissibility is the
ratio of displacement of an isolated system to the input displacement. It
is used to describe the effectiveness of a vibration isolation system.
Transmissibility varies with frequency.
Question 5. What Is Dry Friction Damper?
Answer :
The dry-friction damper consists of a shock-absorbing mass with a
flexible link with the frame, dry friction shoes coupled to the mass, and
an expansion spring to provide the necessary amount of dry friction. The
damper is designed to reduce normal pressure on the contact surfaces
when there is a change in direction of the absorbing mass by
incorporating an inertia mass which has a flexible link with the shoes.
During oscillation in a system, inertia mass undergoes various
accelerations and the greater the acceleration on the inertia mass the
smaller is the effort with which shoes are pressed against the friction
surfaces. With a sufficiently rigid link the acceleration of the inertia mass
is virtually equal to the acceleration of the absorbing mass which means
that with maximum acceleration of the absorbing mass the dry friction
force will be the least.

Question 6. Mention The Uses Of Vibration?

Answer :
In the branch of engineering vibration is useful in the analysis, design,
construction, operation and maintenance of complex structures.

Question 7. What Is Rayleigh’s Method, Write Its Applications?

Answer :
It is a method used for calculating approximate natural frequencies for a
vibrating system assuming a deflected shape and balancing kinetic and
strain energies.

Question 8. What Is The Critical Speed Of Shaft?

Answer :
The angular speed at which a rotating shaft becomes dynamically
unstable with large lateral amplitudes, due to resonance with the natural
frequencies of lateral vibration of the shaft is called as the critical speed
of shaft.

Question 9. Define Continuous Beam?

Answer :
A beam having more than two supports is called as continuous beam.

Question 10. What Is Meant By Natural Vibration?

Answer :
Natural vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium
point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum
or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road.
Question 11. Define Resonance?
Answer :
Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum
amplitude at a certain frequency. This frequency is known as the
system’s natural frequency of vibration, resonant frequency, or
eigenfrequency.

Question 12. Mention Important Types Of Free Vibrations?

Answer :
Type of free vibration are, pulling a child back on a swing and then letting
go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring.

Question 13. What Is Meant By Viscous Damping?

Answer :
A method of converting mechanical vibrational energy of a body into heat
energy, in which a piston is attached to a support, is called viscous
damping.

Question 14. Define Vibration Isolation?

Answer :
Vibration isolation, in structures, of those vibrations or motions that are
classified as mechanical vibration; involves the control of the supporting
structure, the placement and arrangement of isolators, and control of the
internal construction of the equipment to be protected.

Question 15. What Is An Accelerometer And What Is Its Use?

Answer :
An accelerometer is a device for measuring acceleration. An
accelerometer inherently measures its own motion (locomotion), in
contrast to a device based on remote sensing. One application for
accelerometer is specifically configured for use in gravimetry.

Question 16. Define Influence Coefficients?

Answer :
It is defined as action required for or due to unit acceleration. It is used
for deriving the equations of motion for a vibrating system. There are two
types of influence coefficient; stiffness influence coefficient and the
flexibility influence coefficient.

Question 17. What Is Continuous System?

Answer :
A continuous system has infinite degree of freedom hence infinite
number of natural frequencies. These systems have their inertia and
stiffness properties distributed in a continuous way.
Question 18. What Are Three Elementary Part Of A Vibrating System?
Answer :
Mass of the body
Elasticity of available spring.
Dashpot which is for dumping.

Question 19. What Is Logarithmic Decrement?

Answer :
Logarithmic decrement is the “logarithmic ratio of any two consecutive
amplitudes on the same side of the main position” it is a measure of
decay of amplitude of the vibrating system it is denoted.

Question 20. Define The Term Magnification Factor?

Answer :
Magnification factor or magnifier is defined as the ratio of amplitude of
vibration to the amplitude of zero frequency deflection.

Question 21. How Can We Make A System To Vibrate In One Of Its Natural
Made?
Answer :
The motion where every point the system executes harmonic motion with
one of is natural frequencies of the system, is called the principal mode
of vibration, the amplitude for one of the masses is taken as unity the
principal mode is said to be normal mode of vibration.

Question 22. What Is Basic Assumption Is Deriving Dunker Lay’s Formula?

Answer :
Dunker lay’s formula is applicable to a uniform diameter shaft carrying
several loads.
This method can also account for self weight of the shift.

Question 23. How Does A Continuous System Differ From A Discrete System In
The Nature Of Its Equation Of Motion?
Answer :
Continuous system is equivalent to an infinite elements of masses
concentrated at different points. The equation of the continuous systems
is derived on the assumption that the bodies are homogeneous and
isotropic & that they obey Hooke’s law within the elastic limit.

Question 24. What Ate Various Methods Available For Vibration Control?
Answer :
Removing the Causes of vibration.
Putting the screen if noise is the objection.
Placing the machinery on proper type of isolators.
Shock absorbers.
Dynamic vibration absorbers.
Question 25. What Are Vibrometer?
Answer :
A vibrometer is an instrument to measure the displacement of a vibrating
machine part generally; the instrument natural frequency is designed
twice as slow as the slowest vibration recorded.

Question 26. What Is Common Type Of Damping?

Answer :
Viscous damping.
Dry friction damping.
Structural damping.
Slip or interfacial damping.

Question 27. Why Is It Important To Find The Natural Frequency Of A Vibrating

System?
Answer :
When the frequency of externally excited system equal to natural
frequency of vibration system it get failure due to resonance. So to avoid
the resonance at vibrating system natural frequency must be known.

Question 28. What Happens To The Response Of An Undamped System At

Resonance?
Answer :
In damped vibrating system; the system get vibrate till it’s frequency
reaches to the natural frequency. So it likely cause to failure of body. So
if system is having undamped vibration it leads to failure of body or
system.

Question 29. What Are Principal Coordinates?

Answer :
Principal coordinates: The three directions in space i.e. x, y, z direction
are known as the basic or principal coordinates these are very important
in designing of robots as it decide the degree of freedom for every
action.

Question 30. Define The Flexibility And Stiffness Influence Coefficients?

Answer :
Flexibility: It is defines as the design that can adapt any change when
any external change occurs.
Stiffness influence coefficients: It is defined as when the system is
unconstrained the stiffness matrix is positive semi definite hence a
constant is used to show the stiffness of system is knows as stiffness
influence coefficient denoted as ‘K’.
 Question 31. What Is Rayleigh’s Principle?
Answer :
Rayleigh principle: It is stated that the distribution of the potential and
kinetic energies of conservation, elastic system in the fundamental mode
of vibration is such that the frequency is minimum.

Question 32. How Many Natural Frequencies Does A Continuous System Have?
Answer :
A continuous system which is under a vibration has only one natural
frequency which creates the resonance if the frequency of system
matches with natural frequency.

Question 33. What Is The Difference Between A Vibration Absorber And A

Vibration Isolator?
Answer :
Difference between a vibration absorber and a vibration isolator:
A vibration absorber is a device that can absorb the vibration and make
its intensity low while an isolator is device that can keep apart the
vibration between two surface or system in contact in which one is
vibrate continuously.

Question 34. What Is An Accelerometer?

Answer :
A accelerometer is device or a transducer that sense the acceleration of
system and convert in into a useful signal are known as accelerometer.

Question 35. What Are The Causes Of Vibration?

Answer :
Unbalanced centrifugal forces in the system.
Elastic nature of the system.
External excitation applied on the system.
Winds may cause vibrations of certain systems such as electricity lines,
telephones lines etc.

Question 36. Give Two Examples Each Of The Bad And Good Effects Of
Vibration?
Answer :
Bad effects:
Proper readings of the instrument cannot be taken.
Many building, structures and bridges may fall.
Good effects:
Useful for the propagation of sound.
Vibratory conveyors.
Musical instruments.
Question 37. Define Degree Of Freedom Of A Vibrating System?
Answer :
The minimum number of independent coordinates required to specify the
motion of a system at any instant is known as degrees of freedom of the
system.

Question 40. What Is The Difference Between Deterministic And Random

Vibration?
Answer :
In deterministic the magnitude of excitation force is know but in random
magnitude of excitation is not known.

Question 41. What Methods Are Available For Solving The Governing Equations
Of A Vibration Problem?
Answer :
Rayleigh method, energy method, equilibrium method.

Question 42. How Do You Connect Several Springs To Increase The Overall
Stiffness?
Answer :
By connect springs in parallel.

Question 43. What Is The Difference Between Harmonic Motion And Periodic
Motion?
Answer :
The motion which repeat itself after an equal interval of time while
harmonic motion is one form of the periodic motion. All the harmonic
motions are periodic in nature while the vice-versa is not always true.

Question 44. Define Vibration?

Answer :
When a particle goes on one side from mean position and returns back
and then it goes to other side and again returns back, then it is known as
one vibration. In other words, to and fro motion of a particle about a fixed
point is known as vibration.

Question 45. Name Different Types Of Vibrations?

Answer :
There are three important types of vibrations from subject point of view:
Free or natural vibrations.
Damped vibrations.
Forced vibrations.
Question 46. Define Free Vibrations?
Answer :
If the vibrations of a particle after giving it an initial displacement remain
continued, then the vibrations are called free or natural vibrations. No
external force acts on the particle. In other words, the vibrations of the
particle with fundamental frequency under the influence of the restoring
force are called free vibrations.

Question 47. Define Damped Vibrations?

Answer :
The vibrations of a body whose amplitude goes on reducing over every
cycle of vibrations are known as damped vibrations. This is due to the
fact that a certain amount of energy possessed by the vibrating body is
always dissipated in overcoming frictional resistance to the motion.

Question 48. Define Forced Vibrations?

Answer :
When the body vibrates under the influence of external periodic force,
then the vibrations are known as forced vibrations.
The body does not vibrate with its natural frequency, but it vibrates with
the frequency of the driver.

Question 49. Define Time Period Related To Vibratory Motion?

Answer :
The time interval after which the motion is repeated itself is called time
period. It is usually expressed in seconds.

Question 50. Define Time Cycle Related To Vibratory Motion?

Answer :
The motion completed during one time period is called cycle.

Question 51. Define Frequency Related To Vibratory Motion?

Answer :
The number of cycles executed in one second is called frequency. It is
usually expressed in hertz (Hz).

Question 52. Name Different Types Of Free Vibrations?

Answer :
There are three types of free vibrations:
Longitudinal vibrations.
Transverse vibrations.
Torsional vibrations.