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EARTH AND LIFE

SCIENCE
Quarter 2 - Module 2
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Mathematics- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 1: Annuities
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

EARTH AND
LIFE SCIENCE)
Quarter 2 - Module 2

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This page is intentionally blank
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About........................................................................................................................i

What I Need to Know...................................................................................................................................ii
How to Learn from this Module................................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module....................................................................................................................................iii

What I Know.................................................................................................................................................iii

Lesson 1:
Rocks.........................................................................................................................................................
What I Need to Know......................................................................................................
What’s New: Classifying of Rocks?..........................................................................
What Is It.............................................................................................................................
What’s More: Concept Map..........................................................................................
What Is It: Types of Rock..............................................................................................
What I Have Learned: The Rock Cycle ...................................................................
What I Can Do: Find Your Rock.................................................................................

Lesson 2:
Exogenic Processes.................................................................................................................
What’s In.............................................................................................................................
What I Need to Know......................................................................................................
What’s New: Convection Experiment....................................................................
What Is It:.........................................................................................................................
What I Have Learned: Create your Flowchart
What I Can Do: Define it!............................................................................................

Summary
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Key to Answers...........................................................................................................................................
References...................................................................................................................................................
This page is intentionally blank
What This Module is About

As we all know Earth is a very complex system which comprises of four main
components that are building blocks of life. These components are referred to as Earth’s
materials and include minerals, rocks, soil and water.
The Earth outermost layer is known as crust.This module discuss about Earth and
Life Process specifically rock cycle and different classification of rocks

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Classification of rocks
2. Source of the heat in Earth’s interior

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (S11/12ES -Ib-10)

2. Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from (S11/12ES -Ib-14
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

II
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. Igneous rocks are strong because of their

A. Temperature C. Water Content
B. Color D. Interlocking grain textures

2. Which of the following is one of the most durable igneous rocks?

A. Granite C. Marble
B. Sandstone D. Limestone

3. The pressure required for the metamorphism can be generated by

A. Pressure from weight of overlying rock.
B. Heat from magma bodies in touch with surrounding rock
C. Cementation and lithification
D. Hydrothermal solutions

4. Minerals that crystallize at higher temperatures as a result of contact

A. Coal deposits C. Coral reefs
B. Bodies of Water D. Igneous intrusions

5. Metamorphic rocks that lack mineral grains with long axes oriented in one direction
are described as
A. Marble-like B. Quartzite-like C. Foliated D. nonfoliated
6. What kind of rock that forms when magma cools?
A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C. Sedimentary D. Cement
This page is intentionally blank
 Lesson TYPES OF ROCKS
1
What I Need to Know

Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a

crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals are referred to as
naturally occurring because they are formed though natural geological processes.
Now that we know what minerals are, we can discuss rocks. Rocks is made up of
naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals.

What’s New

Activity 1: Classifying Rocks

Compete the table below
Type of Rocks
Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous

How it is
form?

What it
looks like?

Examples
of this
rocks
 What Is It

Rocks are found everywhere in the Earth surface or beneath land surface.
There are three types of rocks the sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks.
These rocks undergo rock cycle. During weathering and erosion these rocks on the
earth surface are constantly being broken down and by wind and water. Sedimentary
rocks are formed sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the
bottom of lakes and oceans this sediments are the minerals, small pieces of plant
and other organic matter, pre-existing rocks or pieces of remains of living organism
that accumulate in Earth Surface. These sediments are compressed over a long
period of time before they combine into solid layers of rocks. Sedimentary rocks
cover most of the rocky Earth surface and less amount of the Earth’s crust. When
these rocks are exposed to extreme heat caused by magma or by the intense
collisions and friction of tectonic plates which lead to changes in their mineralogy and
texture of the rock the Metamorphic rock is formed. Those rocks that are found
beneath the Earth surface melts and become magma when a volcano erupts,
magma flows out of it. (When magma is on the earth’s surface, it is called lava.) As
the lava cools it hardens and becomes igneous rock. As soon as new igneous rock is
formed, the processes of weathering and erosion begin, starting the whole cycle over
again!

Sedimentary structures include features like bedding, ripple marks, fossil tracks and
trails, and mud cracks. Sandstone, rock salt and limestone are sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic textures are salty, schistose, gneissose, granoblastic and
 Hornfelsic. Anthracite and Marble are metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks usually
hence no layering made up of two or more minerals and they are either glassy or
coarse in appearance. Basalt, granite, pumice, obsidian are examples of igneous
rocks
 What’s More
Activity 2: Types of Rock Concept Map

Complete the concept Map

Major Types of Rocks

Formed by weathering formed by application of

erosion, deposition, burial
and litification
1.__________________
Clastic chemical
formed by cooling and
high heat and temperature
crystallization of magma
to existing rocks
2.__________________
3.__________________
4._______
foliated 5._______

forms at or near Earth's forms inside Earth's

surface crust
6._______________ 7.____________

8.____________
intermediate
mafic
9._____________
 What I Have Learned
Activity 3: The Rock Cycle

Label each blank below as igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks

weathering
and erosion

sediments

3.______
3.____________
Cooling and Crystallization

Decomposition.
1._____________1._______
Burial

Heat
And
Pressure

Magma 2.______
2.______ Heat and Pressure
Melting

Answer the following question

1. How igneous rocks are formed?________________________________________________

2. What will happen to igneous rocks that undergo weathering and erosion? __________________

3. How do sediments become sedimentary rock?______________________

4. What forces cause sedimentary rocks to be transformed into metamorphic rocks? _____________

5. How can metamorphic rock be transformed into igneous rocks? __________________________

 What I Can Do

Activity 4: Find Your Rock

Gather rocks in your surrounding and take a picture and Answer the following questions.

PICTURE OF YOUR ROCK.

Name of the rock:

___________________
Type: _____
________
Color:_
____________
Size:__
___________
Where is it found?__
___________
How is it formed?_
____________
What are some uses?_
__________
What is it made of? _____________________
 Lesson Source of Earth’s Internal Heat e

2
What’s In

In lesson 1, we learned the three types of rocks the sedimentary,

metamorphic and igneous and rock cycle. We have also discuss the characteristics of each type of
rock. In Lesson 2, we will discuss the source Of Internal heat of the Earth and how it transfer from
internal surface of the Earth to the ground.

What I Need to Know

The Earth is composed of three distinct layers, mantle, crust and core . The hottest
layer is the core that produces heat. In this Lesson, we will be able to answer the following questions

1. How heat is originated in the Earth internal surface

2. What are the sources Earth’s Internal Heat?

3. What are the different process on heat transfer?

 What I Know

1. What is the primary source of Earth’s internal heat?

a. Radioactive decay
b. Convection
c. Conduction
d.Sun
2. Which of the following is NOT a major process that has contributed to Earth's
internal heat?
A. Heat released by colliding particles during the formation of the Earth
B. Heat released as iron crystallized to form the inner core
C. Heat from the sun since the beginning of Earth history
D. Heat from radioactivity of radioactive isotopes of U, Th and K
3. What are the types of heat transfer?
A Conduction and Convection
B. mantle and Crust
C. Earth layer
D. None of the Above
4. A heat that transfer when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then
travels away from the source
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Radiation
D. Energy
5. A heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter.
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Radiation
D. Energy
 What Is It

Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occurs beneath the surface
of the Earth. Forces that cause the Earth surface to move is Endogenic forces.
There are two categories of heat the primordial heat, generated during earth’s
formation and radioactive heat generated by long-term radioactive

The bowels of the Earth closely resemble a giant thermal power station,
powered by convection currents that heat the surface by taking energy
from the rocks buried deeper underground. At the very centre of this giant
factory we have the inner core and the molten outer core. Moving
outwards, we have the terrestrial mantle, followed by the Earth’s crust.
The outer layer of the mantle and the whole of the crust are sometimes
collectively referred to as the lithosphere: a puzzle comprised of twelve
enormous pieces that move against each other to the rhythm of powerful
subterranean currents. These pieces are known as tectonic plates, and the
boundaries between them are where the Earth’s inner workings can most
clearly be seen; as these are places where one frequently finds
earthquakes and volcanoes.

A major source of Earth’s heat is radioactivity, the energy released when the
unstable atoms decay. The radioactive isotopes uranium-235 (235U), uranium-
238 (238U), potassium-40 (40K), and thorium-232 (232Th) in Earth’s mantle
are the first source decay produced more heat early in Earth’s history than it
does today, because fewer atoms of these isotopes are left today (Figure 3.14).
Heat contributed by radioactivity is now roughly 1 / 4 what it had been when
Earth formed.
Production of heat within the Earth over time by
radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium.
Heat production has decreased over time as
the abundance of radioactive atoms has decreased.
 Source: Steven Earle (2015) CC BY 4.0 view source,
modified after Arevalo et al. (2009)

The Heat from Earth’s interior is distributed through heat transfer the Convection
and Conduction. Heat transfer is that the movement of thermal energy from a
hotter place to a cooler place
Convection is a heat transfer when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and
then travels away from the source, it carries the thermal energy along.
Conduction heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter.
Convection in Earth's Mantle Convection is typically discussed as it relates to heat
flow in liquids and gases. Warmer parts of a fluid tend to rise, while cooler parts tend
to sink. This results in convection currents that help distribute heat more evenly
throughout the fluid.

Warm Particle Rises

Cold Particles Sink

Convection currents occur when warmer parts of a fluid rise, while cooler parts sink.
Convection can also occur in some solids. For example, pressure and temperature
conditions in the Earth's mantle allow mantle rock to slowly convert. Hotter rock rises
and cooler rock sinks in mantle convection cells, or currents. This process is related
to several other processes, including the movement of tectonic plates and the
outward transfer of Earth's internal heat.
 What’s More

Convection Experiment

Materials

•   glass (empty) soda bottles

•   oil
•   quarters
•   hot water
•   bowl

Procedure

1. Put a drop of oil side of the quarter

2. Put the glass bottle in the bowl.
3. Place the quarter on top of the glass soda bottle, with the oil side facing down. (The
oil acts as a sealant and keeps the air trapped inside the bottle).
4.  Observe the quarter while you pour hot water (near boiling) into the bowl. 

Answer the following questions

1. What heat process is taking place in the experiment?

2. What happened to the quarter when you pour hot water into the bowl?

3. Describe how convection current form

4. What will happen to the convection currents in the mantle if Earth’s interior
eventually cools down? Explain
 What I Have Learned

Activity 2: Create your own flowchart

II. Create a flow chart on how the heat from the interior travels to the Earth
surface base on the image below
 What I Can Do
Activity 3: Define It!

I. In the table below, fill in your definition and a real-life example.

Real-Life Example
Your Definition

Conduction

Convection

Summary
 Rock is a solid collection of mineral grains that grow or become cemented
together.
 There are three types of rocks, Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
 Igneous rocks usually hence no layering made up of two or more minerals
and they are either glassy or coarse in appearance.
 Sedimentary rocks are formed sediment that is deposited over time, usually
as layers at the bottom of lakes and ocean. This sediments are the minerals,
small pieces of plant and other organic matter
 Igneous rockS are found beneath the Earth surface melts and become
magma when a volcano erupts, magma flows out of it. (When magma is on
the earth’s surface, it is called lava.) As the lava cools it hardens and
becomes igneous rock
 Rocks are any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals
 Radioactive decay is a major source of Earth’s heat
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from
among the given choices.
1. What type of heat transfer when there is rising of warm air currents?
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. None of the Above
2. What is the definition of CONDUCTION?
A. When heat is transferred through waves of heat across a distance.
B. When heat transfers from objects that are touching.
C. When heat is transferred through circulation of liquid or gases
D. All of the Above
3. During convection, hot substances _________while cooler substances_______________.
A. rise, remains at rest
B. rise, sink
C. sink, rise
D. sink, remains at rest
4. From deep within the earth molten magma bubbles up, heating rocks that surround it. This
process turns igneous and sedimentary rocks:
A. gnesis
B. slate
C. marble
D. Metamorphic rocks

5. A rigid substance composed of one or more minerals.

A. solid
B. rock
C. earth surface
D. Particles
6. A type of rock that results from the cooling of the magma
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Sedimentary
D. None of the Above
7. Rocks changed by temperature, pressure, and hot liquids
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Sedimentary
D. None of the Above
8. It is called a molten rock below the surface of the Earth
A. Lava
B. Magma
C. Rocks
D. Minerals
9. What layer of the Earth does convection currents occur in?
A. Crust
B. Outer Core
C. Mantle
D. Inner Core

10. Geological processes that occurs beneath the surface of the Earth.
A. Earthquake
B. Endogenic
C. Exogenic
D. Tectonism

Key to Answers
References

Arevalo, Ricardo, and William F. McDonough. "Tungsten geochemistry and implications for
understanding the Earth's interior." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 272, no. 3-4 (2008),
656-665. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.031.

10(F) Characteristics Of Sedimentary Rocks". 2020. Physicalgeography.Net.

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10f.html.

Sedimentary Rock - Sedimentary Structures". 2020. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/sedimentary-rock/Sedimentary-structures.

King, Hobart. 2020. "Sedimentary Rocks | Pictures, Characteristics, Textures,

Types". Geology.Com. https://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml.

"What Are Metamorphic Rocks?" Last modified 2012. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-

metamorphic-rocks-0?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products.

Metamorphic Rock Facts For Kids - Information & Examples". 2020. Sciencekids.Co.Nz.

https://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/earth/metamorphicrocks.html.

"Radioactive Decay Accounts for Half of Earth's Heat – Physics World." Physics World. Last
modified August 29, 2017. https://physicsworld.com/a/radioactive-decay-accounts-for-half-of-
earths-heat/.

"Earth's Internal Heat Source: Physical Science 2." Accessed June 25, 2020.
https://ops.instructure.com/courses/10087/pages/earths-internal-heat-source.

"What Are Metamorphic Rocks?" Last modified 2012. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-

metamorphic-rocks-0?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products.
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