Name : AHMAD ANDIKA ZULKAFI

Nim : P1337420419084 / 38
Class : 1B

Gerund and infinitive resumes

•Definition of Gerund and Infinitive

Gerund (Verb + ing) and Infinitive (to + base verb) are verbal in English sentences that can function
as nouns.
Example:
Gerund: singing, drinking, running, walking, studying
Infinitive: to sing, to drink, to run, to walk, to study

•Gerund and Infinitive functions

1. As a subject

In a sentence, Gerund and Infinitive can function as subjects. However, for the Infinitive, it is usually
at the end of the sentence and the subject at the beginning of the sentence is replaced with "It".

Example:

Gerund: Studying English is fun.

Infinitive: To travel to Mars would take months. (or) It would take months to travel to Mars.

2. As a subject complement

Both can be used as a complement to the subject in a sentence.

Example:

Gerund: My goal is winning the marathon.

Infinitive: My goal is to win the marathon.

3. As a noun complement

Noun complement adds the noun's description. In this function, only the Infinitive can be used as a
complement to nouns.
Example:
Infinitive: The instruction to wear safety goggles has saved many people’s eyes.
 4. As an adjective complement

There are several adjectives that can be followed by an infinitive.

Example:

Infinitive: I am happy to meet you.

Some of the adjectives that can be followed by infinitives are:

afraid determined proud

amazed eager ready
anxious eligible reluctant
apt (un)fit sad
ashamed fortunate shocked
bound glad sorry
careful hesitant sure
certain liable dissapointed
content likely surprised
delighted pleased upset

5. As a direct object

In a sentence, verbs are often followed by direct objects. There are rules about verbs that can only be
followed by gerunds, infinitives, or both.

Example:

Gerund: She enjoys drinking.

Infinitive: Sarah hopes to see the play

The following are a list of verbs that Gerund and Infinitive follow:

Kondition Gerund Infinitive

acknowledge, advise, appreaciate,
avoid, begin, consider, continue,
deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, agree, appear, begin,
forget, hate, (cannot) help, prefer, care, choose, continue, decide,
recommend, regret, remember, forget, happen, get, hate, learn,
start, stop, teach, understand, dll hope, like, love, plan, prefer,
Contoh kalimat: refuse, seem, start, try, wait,
without additional dllContoh kalimat:
agents I hate singing. He decided to go.
 hear, watch, see, dll advise, allow, choose,
Contoh kalimat: get, help, invite, teach, tell,
with additional dllContoh kalimat:
agents I watch her crying. I help him to study.
ask, beg, expect, need,
prepare, promise, want,
agent can be dllContoh kalimat:
added(opsional) I need him to stay.
feel, have, hear, help,
watch, see, dllContoh kalimat:
Without “to” I heard you pass the exam.

6. As an object of preposition

Only gerunds are objects of prepositions.

Example:

Thank you for helping me.

Gerund and Infinitive Formulas

Examples of gerund
Function Formula sentences and infinitives

Her problem is not

Simple Gerund verb + ing knowing enough.

He was excited about

having + past having watched the race
Perfective Gerund participle from the start to finish.

Being chosen to be part

of this team is really
Passive Gerund being + past participle great.

Having been selected for

having + been + past the experiment gave her
Gerund Perfective Passive Gerund participle career a boost.

Infinitive Her plan is always been

to return to her
Simple Infinitive to + verb homeland.

Perfective Infinitive to + have + past She hoped to have

 earned the gold medal
by the time she was
participle twenty.

to + be + present Their goal is to be

Progressive Infinitive participle working by March.

to + have + been + We wanted to have been

Perfective Progressive Infinitive present participle hiking by now.

The suggestion to be
to + be + past seen by a surgeon was
Passive Infinitive participle never followed.

They were happy to

to + have + been + have been chosen for the
Perfective Passive Infinitive past participle award.

•Difference between Gerund and Infinitive

Certain verbs such as verbs about emotions, resolutions, and verbs "remember") can be influenced
by the choice to use gerund or infinitive.

As explained above, gerund and infinitive have the same function as subjects and objects, and both
have the same meaning.

Example:

Gerund: To eat too much sugar is not healthy.

Infinitive: Eating too much sugar is not healthy.

However, for some cases, we choose gerund or infinitive based on the meaning to be
expressed. We can use gerunds to describe actual actions. On the other hand, we use the
infinitive to describe the actions that will occur,

Example:
Gerund: Playing golf everyday is boring.
Infinitive: To play golf everyday would be my idea of happy retirement.